{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=2","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=4","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=11"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":3,"next_page":4,"prev_page":2,"total_pages":11,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":20,"total_count":101,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vi_vi02483","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, \n1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.)","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02483#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Hampton (Va.) Circuit Court\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02483#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eElizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, 1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.) consist of deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02483#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi02483","ead_ssi":"vi_vi02483","_root_":"vi_vi02483","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi02483","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi02483.xml","title_ssm":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, \n1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.)"],"title_tesim":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, \n1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1120436, 1120437, 1130453-1130455, 1135348, 1135355, 1135356, 1135359-1135361, 1135365-1135367, 1135370, 1135376, 1135377\n"],"text":["1120436, 1120437, 1130453-1130455, 1135348, 1135355, 1135356, 1135359-1135361, 1135365-1135367, 1135370, 1135376, 1135377\n","Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, \n1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.)","African Americans -- History","Land subdivision -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Land records -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Mortgage deeds -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","16.45 cu. ft. (17 boxes)","There are no restrictions.\n","Chronological\n","Hampton was located in Elizabeth City County, which is now extinct.  It takes its name from the Hampton Creek, earlier called Southampton River in honor of the earl of Southampton, an important figure in the Virginia Company of London.  An Indian village stood on the site in 1607, when John Smith visited the area.  The English established a village there in 1610 and a trading post in 1630.  Hampton was established by an act of assembly in 1680 and was designated as a port in 1708.  It was first incorporated as a town in 1849, then it was incorporated again in 1852, but the act of incorporation was repealed in 1860.  The General Assembly again incorporated the town of Hampton in 1887, and it became a city by court order in 1908.  It was greatly enlarged in 1952 by a merger with Elizabeth City County and the town of Phoebus; the county and town thereby became extinct.\n","Elizabeth City County was named for Elizabeth, daughter of James I, and was one of the eight shires established in 1634.  It was incorporated into the City of Hampton in 1952 and became extinct.","Records were burned or destroyed during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Additional records were burned in Richmond on 3 April 1865, where they had been moved for safekeeping during the Civil War. A few pre-Civil War volumes such as deed books, will books, and order books exist.\n","Deed Books and Indices to Deeds for Elizabeth City County can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","Additional Elizabeth City County Land Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","See the  Lost Records Localities Digital Collection  available at Virginia Memory.\n","For more information and a listing of lost records localities see  Lost Records research note . \n","Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, 1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.) consist of deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\n","On presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust.","The collection may include additional record types that were recorded in deed books such as officials' bonds, fiduciary records, marriage records, road and bridge records, and bills of sale of property including slaves.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Hampton (Va.) Circuit Court","Elizabeth City County (Va.) Circuit Court","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1120436, 1120437, 1130453-1130455, 1135348, 1135355, 1135356, 1135359-1135361, 1135365-1135367, 1135370, 1135376, 1135377\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, \n1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.)"],"collection_title_tesim":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, \n1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.)"],"collection_ssim":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, \n1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.)"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Hampton (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"creator_ssim":["Hampton (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in shipments of court papers from the city of Hampton.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Land subdivision -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Land records -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Mortgage deeds -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Land subdivision -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Land records -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Mortgage deeds -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["16.45 cu. ft. (17 boxes)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChronological\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Chronological\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHampton was located in Elizabeth City County, which is now extinct.  It takes its name from the Hampton Creek, earlier called Southampton River in honor of the earl of Southampton, an important figure in the Virginia Company of London.  An Indian village stood on the site in 1607, when John Smith visited the area.  The English established a village there in 1610 and a trading post in 1630.  Hampton was established by an act of assembly in 1680 and was designated as a port in 1708.  It was first incorporated as a town in 1849, then it was incorporated again in 1852, but the act of incorporation was repealed in 1860.  The General Assembly again incorporated the town of Hampton in 1887, and it became a city by court order in 1908.  It was greatly enlarged in 1952 by a merger with Elizabeth City County and the town of Phoebus; the county and town thereby became extinct.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElizabeth City County was named for Elizabeth, daughter of James I, and was one of the eight shires established in 1634.  It was incorporated into the City of Hampton in 1952 and became extinct.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords were burned or destroyed during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Additional records were burned in Richmond on 3 April 1865, where they had been moved for safekeeping during the Civil War. A few pre-Civil War volumes such as deed books, will books, and order books exist.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Hampton was located in Elizabeth City County, which is now extinct.  It takes its name from the Hampton Creek, earlier called Southampton River in honor of the earl of Southampton, an important figure in the Virginia Company of London.  An Indian village stood on the site in 1607, when John Smith visited the area.  The English established a village there in 1610 and a trading post in 1630.  Hampton was established by an act of assembly in 1680 and was designated as a port in 1708.  It was first incorporated as a town in 1849, then it was incorporated again in 1852, but the act of incorporation was repealed in 1860.  The General Assembly again incorporated the town of Hampton in 1887, and it became a city by court order in 1908.  It was greatly enlarged in 1952 by a merger with Elizabeth City County and the town of Phoebus; the county and town thereby became extinct.\n","Elizabeth City County was named for Elizabeth, daughter of James I, and was one of the eight shires established in 1634.  It was incorporated into the City of Hampton in 1952 and became extinct.","Records were burned or destroyed during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Additional records were burned in Richmond on 3 April 1865, where they had been moved for safekeeping during the Civil War. A few pre-Civil War volumes such as deed books, will books, and order books exist.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eElizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, 1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.). Local government records collection, Hampton (City)/Elizabeth City County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, 1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.). Local government records collection, Hampton (City)/Elizabeth City County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDeed Books and Indices to Deeds for Elizabeth City County can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA077\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Elizabeth City County Land Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA077\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.virginiamemory.com/collections/lost\"\u003eLost Records Localities Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e available at Virginia Memory.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor more information and a listing of lost records localities see \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn30_lostrecords.pdf\"\u003eLost Records research note\u003c/extref\u003e. \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Deed Books and Indices to Deeds for Elizabeth City County can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","Additional Elizabeth City County Land Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","See the  Lost Records Localities Digital Collection  available at Virginia Memory.\n","For more information and a listing of lost records localities see  Lost Records research note . \n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eElizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, 1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.) consist of deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection may include additional record types that were recorded in deed books such as officials' bonds, fiduciary records, marriage records, road and bridge records, and bills of sale of property including slaves.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, 1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.) consist of deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\n","On presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust.","The collection may include additional record types that were recorded in deed books such as officials' bonds, fiduciary records, marriage records, road and bridge records, and bills of sale of property including slaves.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Hampton (Va.) Circuit Court","Elizabeth City County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"corpname_ssim":["Hampton (Va.) Circuit Court","Elizabeth City County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T11:39:54.823Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi02483","ead_ssi":"vi_vi02483","_root_":"vi_vi02483","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi02483","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi02483.xml","title_ssm":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, \n1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.)"],"title_tesim":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, \n1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1120436, 1120437, 1130453-1130455, 1135348, 1135355, 1135356, 1135359-1135361, 1135365-1135367, 1135370, 1135376, 1135377\n"],"text":["1120436, 1120437, 1130453-1130455, 1135348, 1135355, 1135356, 1135359-1135361, 1135365-1135367, 1135370, 1135376, 1135377\n","Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, \n1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.)","African Americans -- History","Land subdivision -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Land records -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Mortgage deeds -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","16.45 cu. ft. (17 boxes)","There are no restrictions.\n","Chronological\n","Hampton was located in Elizabeth City County, which is now extinct.  It takes its name from the Hampton Creek, earlier called Southampton River in honor of the earl of Southampton, an important figure in the Virginia Company of London.  An Indian village stood on the site in 1607, when John Smith visited the area.  The English established a village there in 1610 and a trading post in 1630.  Hampton was established by an act of assembly in 1680 and was designated as a port in 1708.  It was first incorporated as a town in 1849, then it was incorporated again in 1852, but the act of incorporation was repealed in 1860.  The General Assembly again incorporated the town of Hampton in 1887, and it became a city by court order in 1908.  It was greatly enlarged in 1952 by a merger with Elizabeth City County and the town of Phoebus; the county and town thereby became extinct.\n","Elizabeth City County was named for Elizabeth, daughter of James I, and was one of the eight shires established in 1634.  It was incorporated into the City of Hampton in 1952 and became extinct.","Records were burned or destroyed during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Additional records were burned in Richmond on 3 April 1865, where they had been moved for safekeeping during the Civil War. A few pre-Civil War volumes such as deed books, will books, and order books exist.\n","Deed Books and Indices to Deeds for Elizabeth City County can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","Additional Elizabeth City County Land Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","See the  Lost Records Localities Digital Collection  available at Virginia Memory.\n","For more information and a listing of lost records localities see  Lost Records research note . \n","Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, 1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.) consist of deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\n","On presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust.","The collection may include additional record types that were recorded in deed books such as officials' bonds, fiduciary records, marriage records, road and bridge records, and bills of sale of property including slaves.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Hampton (Va.) Circuit Court","Elizabeth City County (Va.) Circuit Court","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1120436, 1120437, 1130453-1130455, 1135348, 1135355, 1135356, 1135359-1135361, 1135365-1135367, 1135370, 1135376, 1135377\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, \n1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.)"],"collection_title_tesim":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, \n1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.)"],"collection_ssim":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, \n1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.)"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Hampton (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"creator_ssim":["Hampton (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in shipments of court papers from the city of Hampton.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Land subdivision -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Land records -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Mortgage deeds -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Land subdivision -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Land records -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County","Mortgage deeds -- Virginia -- Elizabeth City County"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["16.45 cu. ft. (17 boxes)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChronological\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Chronological\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHampton was located in Elizabeth City County, which is now extinct.  It takes its name from the Hampton Creek, earlier called Southampton River in honor of the earl of Southampton, an important figure in the Virginia Company of London.  An Indian village stood on the site in 1607, when John Smith visited the area.  The English established a village there in 1610 and a trading post in 1630.  Hampton was established by an act of assembly in 1680 and was designated as a port in 1708.  It was first incorporated as a town in 1849, then it was incorporated again in 1852, but the act of incorporation was repealed in 1860.  The General Assembly again incorporated the town of Hampton in 1887, and it became a city by court order in 1908.  It was greatly enlarged in 1952 by a merger with Elizabeth City County and the town of Phoebus; the county and town thereby became extinct.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElizabeth City County was named for Elizabeth, daughter of James I, and was one of the eight shires established in 1634.  It was incorporated into the City of Hampton in 1952 and became extinct.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords were burned or destroyed during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Additional records were burned in Richmond on 3 April 1865, where they had been moved for safekeeping during the Civil War. A few pre-Civil War volumes such as deed books, will books, and order books exist.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Hampton was located in Elizabeth City County, which is now extinct.  It takes its name from the Hampton Creek, earlier called Southampton River in honor of the earl of Southampton, an important figure in the Virginia Company of London.  An Indian village stood on the site in 1607, when John Smith visited the area.  The English established a village there in 1610 and a trading post in 1630.  Hampton was established by an act of assembly in 1680 and was designated as a port in 1708.  It was first incorporated as a town in 1849, then it was incorporated again in 1852, but the act of incorporation was repealed in 1860.  The General Assembly again incorporated the town of Hampton in 1887, and it became a city by court order in 1908.  It was greatly enlarged in 1952 by a merger with Elizabeth City County and the town of Phoebus; the county and town thereby became extinct.\n","Elizabeth City County was named for Elizabeth, daughter of James I, and was one of the eight shires established in 1634.  It was incorporated into the City of Hampton in 1952 and became extinct.","Records were burned or destroyed during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Additional records were burned in Richmond on 3 April 1865, where they had been moved for safekeeping during the Civil War. A few pre-Civil War volumes such as deed books, will books, and order books exist.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eElizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, 1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.). Local government records collection, Hampton (City)/Elizabeth City County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, 1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.). Local government records collection, Hampton (City)/Elizabeth City County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDeed Books and Indices to Deeds for Elizabeth City County can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA077\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Elizabeth City County Land Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA077\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.virginiamemory.com/collections/lost\"\u003eLost Records Localities Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e available at Virginia Memory.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor more information and a listing of lost records localities see \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn30_lostrecords.pdf\"\u003eLost Records research note\u003c/extref\u003e. \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Deed Books and Indices to Deeds for Elizabeth City County can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","Additional Elizabeth City County Land Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","See the  Lost Records Localities Digital Collection  available at Virginia Memory.\n","For more information and a listing of lost records localities see  Lost Records research note . \n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eElizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, 1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.) consist of deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection may include additional record types that were recorded in deed books such as officials' bonds, fiduciary records, marriage records, road and bridge records, and bills of sale of property including slaves.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Elizabeth City County (Va.) Deeds of Trust, 1820 Apr.-1945 Dec. (bulk 1898 Dec.-1945 Dec.) consist of deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\n","On presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust.","The collection may include additional record types that were recorded in deed books such as officials' bonds, fiduciary records, marriage records, road and bridge records, and bills of sale of property including slaves.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Hampton (Va.) Circuit Court","Elizabeth City County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"corpname_ssim":["Hampton (Va.) Circuit Court","Elizabeth City County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T11:39:54.823Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02483"}},{"id":"vi_vi03272","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Essex County (Va.) List of Tithables, \ncirca 1742, 1766, 1775.","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03272#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Essex County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03272#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eEssex County (Va.) Lists of Tithables circa 1742, 1766, 1775, consists of manuscript of the list of tithable heads of household in the county. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03272#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi03272","ead_ssi":"vi_vi03272","_root_":"vi_vi03272","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi03272","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi03272.xml","title_ssm":["Essex County (Va.) List of Tithables, \ncirca 1742, 1766, 1775."],"title_tesim":["Essex County (Va.) List of Tithables, \ncirca 1742, 1766, 1775."],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1156708\n"],"text":["1156708\n","Essex County (Va.) List of Tithables, \ncirca 1742, 1766, 1775.","African Americans -- History","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Essex County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Essex County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Essex County","Taxation -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Tax and fiscal records -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Tithable lists -- Virginia -- Essex County.","0.1 cu. ft.","There are no restrictions.\n","Chronological.\n","Essex County was named for the English county.  It was formed from old Rappahannock County in 1692. \n","In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Virginia, the term \"tithable\" referred to a person who paid (or for whom someone else paid) one of the taxes imposed by the General Assembly for the support of civil government in the colony. In colonial Virginia, a poll tax or capitation tax was assessed on free white males, African American slaves, and Native American servants (both male and female), all age sixteen or older. Owners and masters paid the taxes levied on their slaves and servants. For a more detailed history of tithables, consult the Library of Virginia's website for  Colonial Tithables","Additional Essex County Tax and Fiscal Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","Essex County (Va.) Lists of Tithables circa 1742, 1766, 1775, consists of manuscript of the list of tithable heads of household in the county.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Essex County (Va.) Circuit Court.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1156708\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Essex County (Va.) List of Tithables, \ncirca 1742, 1766, 1775."],"collection_title_tesim":["Essex County (Va.) List of Tithables, \ncirca 1742, 1766, 1775."],"collection_ssim":["Essex County (Va.) List of Tithables, \ncirca 1742, 1766, 1775."],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Essex County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"creator_ssim":["Essex County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records came to the Library of Virginia in a shipment of court papers from Essex County. \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Essex County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Essex County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Essex County","Taxation -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Tax and fiscal records -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Tithable lists -- Virginia -- Essex County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Essex County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Essex County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Essex County","Taxation -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Tax and fiscal records -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Tithable lists -- Virginia -- Essex County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["0.1 cu. ft."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChronological.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Chronological.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEssex County was named for the English county.  It was formed from old Rappahannock County in 1692. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Virginia, the term \"tithable\" referred to a person who paid (or for whom someone else paid) one of the taxes imposed by the General Assembly for the support of civil government in the colony. In colonial Virginia, a poll tax or capitation tax was assessed on free white males, African American slaves, and Native American servants (both male and female), all age sixteen or older. Owners and masters paid the taxes levied on their slaves and servants. For a more detailed history of tithables, consult the Library of Virginia's website for \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn17_tithables.htm\"\u003eColonial Tithables\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Essex County was named for the English county.  It was formed from old Rappahannock County in 1692. \n","In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Virginia, the term \"tithable\" referred to a person who paid (or for whom someone else paid) one of the taxes imposed by the General Assembly for the support of civil government in the colony. In colonial Virginia, a poll tax or capitation tax was assessed on free white males, African American slaves, and Native American servants (both male and female), all age sixteen or older. Owners and masters paid the taxes levied on their slaves and servants. For a more detailed history of tithables, consult the Library of Virginia's website for  Colonial Tithables"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEssex County (Va.) Lists of Tithables circa 1742, 1766, 1775. Local government records collection, Essex County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Essex County (Va.) Lists of Tithables circa 1742, 1766, 1775. Local government records collection, Essex County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Essex County Tax and Fiscal Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA079\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Essex County Tax and Fiscal Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEssex County (Va.) Lists of Tithables circa 1742, 1766, 1775, consists of manuscript of the list of tithable heads of household in the county.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Essex County (Va.) Lists of Tithables circa 1742, 1766, 1775, consists of manuscript of the list of tithable heads of household in the county.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Essex County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"corpname_ssim":["Essex County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T09:07:23.198Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi03272","ead_ssi":"vi_vi03272","_root_":"vi_vi03272","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi03272","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi03272.xml","title_ssm":["Essex County (Va.) List of Tithables, \ncirca 1742, 1766, 1775."],"title_tesim":["Essex County (Va.) List of Tithables, \ncirca 1742, 1766, 1775."],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1156708\n"],"text":["1156708\n","Essex County (Va.) List of Tithables, \ncirca 1742, 1766, 1775.","African Americans -- History","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Essex County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Essex County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Essex County","Taxation -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Tax and fiscal records -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Tithable lists -- Virginia -- Essex County.","0.1 cu. ft.","There are no restrictions.\n","Chronological.\n","Essex County was named for the English county.  It was formed from old Rappahannock County in 1692. \n","In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Virginia, the term \"tithable\" referred to a person who paid (or for whom someone else paid) one of the taxes imposed by the General Assembly for the support of civil government in the colony. In colonial Virginia, a poll tax or capitation tax was assessed on free white males, African American slaves, and Native American servants (both male and female), all age sixteen or older. Owners and masters paid the taxes levied on their slaves and servants. For a more detailed history of tithables, consult the Library of Virginia's website for  Colonial Tithables","Additional Essex County Tax and Fiscal Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","Essex County (Va.) Lists of Tithables circa 1742, 1766, 1775, consists of manuscript of the list of tithable heads of household in the county.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Essex County (Va.) Circuit Court.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1156708\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Essex County (Va.) List of Tithables, \ncirca 1742, 1766, 1775."],"collection_title_tesim":["Essex County (Va.) List of Tithables, \ncirca 1742, 1766, 1775."],"collection_ssim":["Essex County (Va.) List of Tithables, \ncirca 1742, 1766, 1775."],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Essex County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"creator_ssim":["Essex County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records came to the Library of Virginia in a shipment of court papers from Essex County. \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Essex County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Essex County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Essex County","Taxation -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Tax and fiscal records -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Tithable lists -- Virginia -- Essex County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Essex County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Essex County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Essex County","Taxation -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Tax and fiscal records -- Virginia -- Essex County.","Tithable lists -- Virginia -- Essex County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["0.1 cu. ft."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChronological.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Chronological.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEssex County was named for the English county.  It was formed from old Rappahannock County in 1692. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Virginia, the term \"tithable\" referred to a person who paid (or for whom someone else paid) one of the taxes imposed by the General Assembly for the support of civil government in the colony. In colonial Virginia, a poll tax or capitation tax was assessed on free white males, African American slaves, and Native American servants (both male and female), all age sixteen or older. Owners and masters paid the taxes levied on their slaves and servants. For a more detailed history of tithables, consult the Library of Virginia's website for \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn17_tithables.htm\"\u003eColonial Tithables\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Essex County was named for the English county.  It was formed from old Rappahannock County in 1692. \n","In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Virginia, the term \"tithable\" referred to a person who paid (or for whom someone else paid) one of the taxes imposed by the General Assembly for the support of civil government in the colony. In colonial Virginia, a poll tax or capitation tax was assessed on free white males, African American slaves, and Native American servants (both male and female), all age sixteen or older. Owners and masters paid the taxes levied on their slaves and servants. For a more detailed history of tithables, consult the Library of Virginia's website for  Colonial Tithables"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEssex County (Va.) Lists of Tithables circa 1742, 1766, 1775. Local government records collection, Essex County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Essex County (Va.) Lists of Tithables circa 1742, 1766, 1775. Local government records collection, Essex County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Essex County Tax and Fiscal Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA079\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Essex County Tax and Fiscal Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEssex County (Va.) Lists of Tithables circa 1742, 1766, 1775, consists of manuscript of the list of tithable heads of household in the county.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Essex County (Va.) Lists of Tithables circa 1742, 1766, 1775, consists of manuscript of the list of tithable heads of household in the county.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Essex County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"corpname_ssim":["Essex County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T09:07:23.198Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03272"}},{"id":"vi_vi03273","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Fairfax County (Va.) List of Tithables, \n1749.","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03273#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Fairfax County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03273#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eFairfax County (Va.) Lists of Tithables, 1749, consists of negative photostat images of the list of tithable heads of household in the county for the year 1749. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03273#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi03273","ead_ssi":"vi_vi03273","_root_":"vi_vi03273","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi03273","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi03273.xml","title_ssm":["Fairfax County (Va.) List of Tithables, \n1749."],"title_tesim":["Fairfax County (Va.) List of Tithables, \n1749."],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1114744\n"],"text":["1114744\n","Fairfax County (Va.) List of Tithables, \n1749.","African Americans -- History","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Taxation -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Tax and fiscal records -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Tithable lists -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","0.1 cu. ft.","There are no restrictions.\n","Chronological.\n","Fairfax County was named for Thomas Fairfax, sixth baron Fairfax of Cameron, proprietor of the Northern Neck. It was formed from Prince William County in 1742.\n","In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Virginia, the term \"tithable\" referred to a person who paid (or for whom someone else paid) one of the taxes imposed by the General Assembly for the support of civil government in the colony. In colonial Virginia, a poll tax or capitation tax was assessed on free white males, African American slaves, and Native American servants (both male and female), all age sixteen or older. Owners and masters paid the taxes levied on their slaves and servants. For a more detailed history of tithables, consult the Library of Virginia's website for  Colonial Tithables","Original wills and deeds as well as many other loose papers were destroyed during the Civil War; deed books for twenty-six of the fifty-six years between 1763 and 1819 are missing. Numerous pre-Civil War minute books are missing as well.\n","Additional Fairfax County Tax and Fiscal Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","See the  Lost Records Localities Digital Collection  available at Virginia Memory.\n","For more information and a listing of lost records localities see  Lost Records research note . \n","Fairfax County (Va.) Lists of Tithables, 1749, consists of negative photostat images of the list of tithable heads of household in the county for the year 1749.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Fairfax County (Va.) Circuit Court.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1114744\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Fairfax County (Va.) List of Tithables, \n1749."],"collection_title_tesim":["Fairfax County (Va.) List of Tithables, \n1749."],"collection_ssim":["Fairfax County (Va.) List of Tithables, \n1749."],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Fairfax County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"creator_ssim":["Fairfax County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records came to the Library of Virginia in a shipment of court papers from Fairfax County under the accession number 27171. \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Taxation -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Tax and fiscal records -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Tithable lists -- Virginia -- Fairfax County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Taxation -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Tax and fiscal records -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Tithable lists -- Virginia -- Fairfax County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["0.1 cu. ft."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChronological.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Chronological.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFairfax County was named for Thomas Fairfax, sixth baron Fairfax of Cameron, proprietor of the Northern Neck. It was formed from Prince William County in 1742.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Virginia, the term \"tithable\" referred to a person who paid (or for whom someone else paid) one of the taxes imposed by the General Assembly for the support of civil government in the colony. In colonial Virginia, a poll tax or capitation tax was assessed on free white males, African American slaves, and Native American servants (both male and female), all age sixteen or older. Owners and masters paid the taxes levied on their slaves and servants. For a more detailed history of tithables, consult the Library of Virginia's website for \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn17_tithables.htm\"\u003eColonial Tithables\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOriginal wills and deeds as well as many other loose papers were destroyed during the Civil War; deed books for twenty-six of the fifty-six years between 1763 and 1819 are missing. Numerous pre-Civil War minute books are missing as well.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Fairfax County was named for Thomas Fairfax, sixth baron Fairfax of Cameron, proprietor of the Northern Neck. It was formed from Prince William County in 1742.\n","In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Virginia, the term \"tithable\" referred to a person who paid (or for whom someone else paid) one of the taxes imposed by the General Assembly for the support of civil government in the colony. In colonial Virginia, a poll tax or capitation tax was assessed on free white males, African American slaves, and Native American servants (both male and female), all age sixteen or older. Owners and masters paid the taxes levied on their slaves and servants. For a more detailed history of tithables, consult the Library of Virginia's website for  Colonial Tithables","Original wills and deeds as well as many other loose papers were destroyed during the Civil War; deed books for twenty-six of the fifty-six years between 1763 and 1819 are missing. Numerous pre-Civil War minute books are missing as well.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFairfax County (Va.) Lists of Tithables, 1749. Local government records collection, Fairfax County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Fairfax County (Va.) Lists of Tithables, 1749. Local government records collection, Fairfax County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Fairfax County Tax and Fiscal Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA081\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.virginiamemory.com/collections/lost\"\u003eLost Records Localities Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e available at Virginia Memory.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor more information and a listing of lost records localities see \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn30_lostrecords.pdf\"\u003eLost Records research note\u003c/extref\u003e. \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Fairfax County Tax and Fiscal Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","See the  Lost Records Localities Digital Collection  available at Virginia Memory.\n","For more information and a listing of lost records localities see  Lost Records research note . \n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFairfax County (Va.) Lists of Tithables, 1749, consists of negative photostat images of the list of tithable heads of household in the county for the year 1749.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Fairfax County (Va.) Lists of Tithables, 1749, consists of negative photostat images of the list of tithable heads of household in the county for the year 1749.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Fairfax County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"corpname_ssim":["Fairfax County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T10:49:17.446Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi03273","ead_ssi":"vi_vi03273","_root_":"vi_vi03273","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi03273","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi03273.xml","title_ssm":["Fairfax County (Va.) List of Tithables, \n1749."],"title_tesim":["Fairfax County (Va.) List of Tithables, \n1749."],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1114744\n"],"text":["1114744\n","Fairfax County (Va.) List of Tithables, \n1749.","African Americans -- History","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Taxation -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Tax and fiscal records -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Tithable lists -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","0.1 cu. ft.","There are no restrictions.\n","Chronological.\n","Fairfax County was named for Thomas Fairfax, sixth baron Fairfax of Cameron, proprietor of the Northern Neck. It was formed from Prince William County in 1742.\n","In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Virginia, the term \"tithable\" referred to a person who paid (or for whom someone else paid) one of the taxes imposed by the General Assembly for the support of civil government in the colony. In colonial Virginia, a poll tax or capitation tax was assessed on free white males, African American slaves, and Native American servants (both male and female), all age sixteen or older. Owners and masters paid the taxes levied on their slaves and servants. For a more detailed history of tithables, consult the Library of Virginia's website for  Colonial Tithables","Original wills and deeds as well as many other loose papers were destroyed during the Civil War; deed books for twenty-six of the fifty-six years between 1763 and 1819 are missing. Numerous pre-Civil War minute books are missing as well.\n","Additional Fairfax County Tax and Fiscal Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","See the  Lost Records Localities Digital Collection  available at Virginia Memory.\n","For more information and a listing of lost records localities see  Lost Records research note . \n","Fairfax County (Va.) Lists of Tithables, 1749, consists of negative photostat images of the list of tithable heads of household in the county for the year 1749.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Fairfax County (Va.) Circuit Court.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1114744\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Fairfax County (Va.) List of Tithables, \n1749."],"collection_title_tesim":["Fairfax County (Va.) List of Tithables, \n1749."],"collection_ssim":["Fairfax County (Va.) List of Tithables, \n1749."],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Fairfax County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"creator_ssim":["Fairfax County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records came to the Library of Virginia in a shipment of court papers from Fairfax County under the accession number 27171. \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Taxation -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Tax and fiscal records -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Tithable lists -- Virginia -- Fairfax County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Fairfax County","Taxation -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Tax and fiscal records -- Virginia -- Fairfax County.","Tithable lists -- Virginia -- Fairfax County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["0.1 cu. ft."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChronological.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Chronological.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFairfax County was named for Thomas Fairfax, sixth baron Fairfax of Cameron, proprietor of the Northern Neck. It was formed from Prince William County in 1742.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Virginia, the term \"tithable\" referred to a person who paid (or for whom someone else paid) one of the taxes imposed by the General Assembly for the support of civil government in the colony. In colonial Virginia, a poll tax or capitation tax was assessed on free white males, African American slaves, and Native American servants (both male and female), all age sixteen or older. Owners and masters paid the taxes levied on their slaves and servants. For a more detailed history of tithables, consult the Library of Virginia's website for \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn17_tithables.htm\"\u003eColonial Tithables\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOriginal wills and deeds as well as many other loose papers were destroyed during the Civil War; deed books for twenty-six of the fifty-six years between 1763 and 1819 are missing. Numerous pre-Civil War minute books are missing as well.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Fairfax County was named for Thomas Fairfax, sixth baron Fairfax of Cameron, proprietor of the Northern Neck. It was formed from Prince William County in 1742.\n","In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Virginia, the term \"tithable\" referred to a person who paid (or for whom someone else paid) one of the taxes imposed by the General Assembly for the support of civil government in the colony. In colonial Virginia, a poll tax or capitation tax was assessed on free white males, African American slaves, and Native American servants (both male and female), all age sixteen or older. Owners and masters paid the taxes levied on their slaves and servants. For a more detailed history of tithables, consult the Library of Virginia's website for  Colonial Tithables","Original wills and deeds as well as many other loose papers were destroyed during the Civil War; deed books for twenty-six of the fifty-six years between 1763 and 1819 are missing. Numerous pre-Civil War minute books are missing as well.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFairfax County (Va.) Lists of Tithables, 1749. Local government records collection, Fairfax County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Fairfax County (Va.) Lists of Tithables, 1749. Local government records collection, Fairfax County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Fairfax County Tax and Fiscal Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA081\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.virginiamemory.com/collections/lost\"\u003eLost Records Localities Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e available at Virginia Memory.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor more information and a listing of lost records localities see \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn30_lostrecords.pdf\"\u003eLost Records research note\u003c/extref\u003e. \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Fairfax County Tax and Fiscal Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","See the  Lost Records Localities Digital Collection  available at Virginia Memory.\n","For more information and a listing of lost records localities see  Lost Records research note . \n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFairfax County (Va.) Lists of Tithables, 1749, consists of negative photostat images of the list of tithable heads of household in the county for the year 1749.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Fairfax County (Va.) Lists of Tithables, 1749, consists of negative photostat images of the list of tithable heads of household in the county for the year 1749.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Fairfax County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"corpname_ssim":["Fairfax County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T10:49:17.446Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03273"}},{"id":"vi_vi03106","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, \n1789-1937","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03106#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03106#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, 1789-1937, are judgments or civil suits that were heard in the County Court, District Court, Superior Court of Law, Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery, and Circuit Court in which justice was administered on the strictly formulated rules of common law. The majority of cases in this record series relate to matters of debt. Documents commonly found in civil suits include declarations or narratios that explain the plaintiff's complaint, executions, affidavits, and depositions. Suits may include exhibits such as wills, plats, deeds, indentures, estate inventories, and business records. The collection includes copies of decisions made by the Supreme Court of Appeals in Richmond, Virginia, in response to suits appealed to it from the various Franklin County courts. Most of the original documents of the Supreme Court of Appeals were destroyed by fire in 1865. Pre-1865 suits involve slaves. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03106#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi03106","ead_ssi":"vi_vi03106","_root_":"vi_vi03106","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi03106","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi03106.xml","title_ssm":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, \n1789-1937"],"title_tesim":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, \n1789-1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Barcode numbers 1116855-1116856, 1116858-1117036, 1117038, 1180896/Franklin County (Va.) Reel numbers 94-221\n"],"text":["Barcode numbers 1116855-1116856, 1116858-1117036, 1117038, 1180896/Franklin County (Va.) Reel numbers 94-221\n","Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, \n1789-1937","African Americans -- History","Civil procedure -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Courts -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Debt -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Public records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Affidavits -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Decisions -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Depositions -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Judicial records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Plats -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Wills -- Virginia -- Franklin County","82.35 cu. ft. (183 boxes); 128 microfilm reels","There are no restrictions.\n","Franklin County was named for Benjamin Franklin and was formed from Bedford and Henry Counties in 1785. The county court first met on 2 January 1786. Part of Patrick County was added in 1848.\n","The County Court was the original colonial court of adjudication and recordation, and it was the principal tribunal for the administration of local justice. The individual justices could act on small claims matters as well as criminal matters where imminent bodily harm was a possibility, there being an appeal to the full County Court, which met monthly. This court ceased to exist in 1904 and the recordation function was transferred to the circuit court.\n","The General Court was created in 1777. Prior to the creation of the District Courts in 1788, the General Court held appellate jurisdiction in common law cases. All of the records of the General Court were destroyed except for one pre-Revolutionary War order book, in April 1865.\n","The District Court was created in 1788. The purpose of the creation of the District Court was to alleviate congestion in the General Court which had caused unreasonable delays in the adjudication of common law cases. Virginia was divided into eighteen districts, each composed of several counties, plust the district of Kentucky. Courts were held in each district twice yearly and cases were heard from the several counties in that district. The District Court always met at the same place in each district, and its records were kept at that one location. The District Courts were abolished in 1808 and were replaced by the Superior Courts of Law.\n","The District Court for Bedford, Campbell, Franklin, Pittsylvania, and Henry counties met at Franklin County Courthouse from 1800 to 1808. The District Court prior to 1800 met at New London Courthouse in Bedford County.\n","The Superior Court of Law was created in 1808. It met twice a year in each county, presided over by a circuit-riding General Court judge. Records were filed with the County Court. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction. The court ceased to exist in 1831.\n","The Circuit Superior Courts of Law and Chancery, established in 1831, were the upper courts on the local level. Sessions were held twice a year in each county, presided over by a General Court judge. The counties were grouped into districts for the convenience of the judge. The court ceased to exist in 1851.\n","The Circuit Court was authorized by the Constitution of 1851 and established by an act of the General Assembly passed in May 1852. Courts were held twice yearly in each county, presided over by 21 judges who rode circuits in the area of their jurisdiction. The records were filed with County Court records. These courts were granted original jurisdiction concurrrent with that of the County Courts, as well as appellate jurisdiction in all civil cases of more than fifty dollars and criminal cases not \"expressly cognizable in some other court,\" including those involving loss of life.\n","Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, 1789-1937, are judgments or civil suits that were heard in the County Court, District Court, Superior Court of Law, Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery, and Circuit Court in which justice was administered on the strictly formulated rules of common law. The majority of cases in this record series relate to matters of debt. Documents commonly found in civil suits include declarations or narratios that explain the plaintiff's complaint, executions, affidavits, and depositions. Suits may include exhibits such as wills, plats, deeds, indentures, estate inventories, and business records. The collection includes copies of decisions made by the Supreme Court of Appeals in Richmond, Virginia, in response to suits appealed to it from the various Franklin County courts. Most of the original documents of the Supreme Court of Appeals were destroyed by fire in 1865. Pre-1865 suits involve slaves.\n","The District Court portion of the Determined Papers, 1789-1808, contain suits from Bedford, Campbell, Franklin, Pittsylvania, and Henry counties. It also includes suits from these localities that originally began in the General Court of Richmond and were transferred to the District Court of New London following its creation in 1788. The collection also includes suits heard in the District Court of New London which were transferred to Franklin County following the removal of the district Court to Franklin County Courthouse in 1800.\n","Use microfilm copies, Franklin County (Va.) Reel numbers 94-221.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Court","Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery","Franklin County (Va.) County Court","Franklin County (Va.) District Court","Franklin County (Va.) Superior Court of Law","New London (Va.) District Court","Virginia. General Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court of Appeals.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["Barcode numbers 1116855-1116856, 1116858-1117036, 1117038, 1180896/Franklin County (Va.) Reel numbers 94-221\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, \n1789-1937"],"collection_title_tesim":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, \n1789-1937"],"collection_ssim":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, \n1789-1937"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"creator_ssim":["Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in shipments of court papers from Franklin County.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Civil procedure -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Courts -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Debt -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Public records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Affidavits -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Decisions -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Depositions -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Judicial records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Plats -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Wills -- Virginia -- Franklin County"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Civil procedure -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Courts -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Debt -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Public records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Affidavits -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Decisions -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Depositions -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Judicial records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Plats -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Wills -- Virginia -- Franklin County"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["82.35 cu. ft. (183 boxes); 128 microfilm reels"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFranklin County was named for Benjamin Franklin and was formed from Bedford and Henry Counties in 1785. The county court first met on 2 January 1786. Part of Patrick County was added in 1848.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe County Court was the original colonial court of adjudication and recordation, and it was the principal tribunal for the administration of local justice. The individual justices could act on small claims matters as well as criminal matters where imminent bodily harm was a possibility, there being an appeal to the full County Court, which met monthly. This court ceased to exist in 1904 and the recordation function was transferred to the circuit court.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe General Court was created in 1777. Prior to the creation of the District Courts in 1788, the General Court held appellate jurisdiction in common law cases. All of the records of the General Court were destroyed except for one pre-Revolutionary War order book, in April 1865.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe District Court was created in 1788. The purpose of the creation of the District Court was to alleviate congestion in the General Court which had caused unreasonable delays in the adjudication of common law cases. Virginia was divided into eighteen districts, each composed of several counties, plust the district of Kentucky. Courts were held in each district twice yearly and cases were heard from the several counties in that district. The District Court always met at the same place in each district, and its records were kept at that one location. The District Courts were abolished in 1808 and were replaced by the Superior Courts of Law.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe District Court for Bedford, Campbell, Franklin, Pittsylvania, and Henry counties met at Franklin County Courthouse from 1800 to 1808. The District Court prior to 1800 met at New London Courthouse in Bedford County.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Superior Court of Law was created in 1808. It met twice a year in each county, presided over by a circuit-riding General Court judge. Records were filed with the County Court. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction. The court ceased to exist in 1831.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Circuit Superior Courts of Law and Chancery, established in 1831, were the upper courts on the local level. Sessions were held twice a year in each county, presided over by a General Court judge. The counties were grouped into districts for the convenience of the judge. The court ceased to exist in 1851.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Circuit Court was authorized by the Constitution of 1851 and established by an act of the General Assembly passed in May 1852. Courts were held twice yearly in each county, presided over by 21 judges who rode circuits in the area of their jurisdiction. The records were filed with County Court records. These courts were granted original jurisdiction concurrrent with that of the County Courts, as well as appellate jurisdiction in all civil cases of more than fifty dollars and criminal cases not \"expressly cognizable in some other court,\" including those involving loss of life.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Franklin County was named for Benjamin Franklin and was formed from Bedford and Henry Counties in 1785. The county court first met on 2 January 1786. Part of Patrick County was added in 1848.\n","The County Court was the original colonial court of adjudication and recordation, and it was the principal tribunal for the administration of local justice. The individual justices could act on small claims matters as well as criminal matters where imminent bodily harm was a possibility, there being an appeal to the full County Court, which met monthly. This court ceased to exist in 1904 and the recordation function was transferred to the circuit court.\n","The General Court was created in 1777. Prior to the creation of the District Courts in 1788, the General Court held appellate jurisdiction in common law cases. All of the records of the General Court were destroyed except for one pre-Revolutionary War order book, in April 1865.\n","The District Court was created in 1788. The purpose of the creation of the District Court was to alleviate congestion in the General Court which had caused unreasonable delays in the adjudication of common law cases. Virginia was divided into eighteen districts, each composed of several counties, plust the district of Kentucky. Courts were held in each district twice yearly and cases were heard from the several counties in that district. The District Court always met at the same place in each district, and its records were kept at that one location. The District Courts were abolished in 1808 and were replaced by the Superior Courts of Law.\n","The District Court for Bedford, Campbell, Franklin, Pittsylvania, and Henry counties met at Franklin County Courthouse from 1800 to 1808. The District Court prior to 1800 met at New London Courthouse in Bedford County.\n","The Superior Court of Law was created in 1808. It met twice a year in each county, presided over by a circuit-riding General Court judge. Records were filed with the County Court. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction. The court ceased to exist in 1831.\n","The Circuit Superior Courts of Law and Chancery, established in 1831, were the upper courts on the local level. Sessions were held twice a year in each county, presided over by a General Court judge. The counties were grouped into districts for the convenience of the judge. The court ceased to exist in 1851.\n","The Circuit Court was authorized by the Constitution of 1851 and established by an act of the General Assembly passed in May 1852. Courts were held twice yearly in each county, presided over by 21 judges who rode circuits in the area of their jurisdiction. The records were filed with County Court records. These courts were granted original jurisdiction concurrrent with that of the County Courts, as well as appellate jurisdiction in all civil cases of more than fifty dollars and criminal cases not \"expressly cognizable in some other court,\" including those involving loss of life.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFranklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, 1789-1937. Local government records collection, Franklin County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, 1789-1937. Local government records collection, Franklin County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFranklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, 1789-1937, are judgments or civil suits that were heard in the County Court, District Court, Superior Court of Law, Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery, and Circuit Court in which justice was administered on the strictly formulated rules of common law. The majority of cases in this record series relate to matters of debt. Documents commonly found in civil suits include declarations or narratios that explain the plaintiff's complaint, executions, affidavits, and depositions. Suits may include exhibits such as wills, plats, deeds, indentures, estate inventories, and business records. The collection includes copies of decisions made by the Supreme Court of Appeals in Richmond, Virginia, in response to suits appealed to it from the various Franklin County courts. Most of the original documents of the Supreme Court of Appeals were destroyed by fire in 1865. Pre-1865 suits involve slaves.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe District Court portion of the Determined Papers, 1789-1808, contain suits from Bedford, Campbell, Franklin, Pittsylvania, and Henry counties. It also includes suits from these localities that originally began in the General Court of Richmond and were transferred to the District Court of New London following its creation in 1788. The collection also includes suits heard in the District Court of New London which were transferred to Franklin County following the removal of the district Court to Franklin County Courthouse in 1800.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, 1789-1937, are judgments or civil suits that were heard in the County Court, District Court, Superior Court of Law, Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery, and Circuit Court in which justice was administered on the strictly formulated rules of common law. The majority of cases in this record series relate to matters of debt. Documents commonly found in civil suits include declarations or narratios that explain the plaintiff's complaint, executions, affidavits, and depositions. Suits may include exhibits such as wills, plats, deeds, indentures, estate inventories, and business records. The collection includes copies of decisions made by the Supreme Court of Appeals in Richmond, Virginia, in response to suits appealed to it from the various Franklin County courts. Most of the original documents of the Supreme Court of Appeals were destroyed by fire in 1865. Pre-1865 suits involve slaves.\n","The District Court portion of the Determined Papers, 1789-1808, contain suits from Bedford, Campbell, Franklin, Pittsylvania, and Henry counties. It also includes suits from these localities that originally began in the General Court of Richmond and were transferred to the District Court of New London following its creation in 1788. The collection also includes suits heard in the District Court of New London which were transferred to Franklin County following the removal of the district Court to Franklin County Courthouse in 1800.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUse microfilm copies, Franklin County (Va.) Reel numbers 94-221.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["Use microfilm copies, Franklin County (Va.) Reel numbers 94-221.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Court","Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery","Franklin County (Va.) County Court","Franklin County (Va.) District Court","Franklin County (Va.) Superior Court of Law","New London (Va.) District Court","Virginia. General Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court of Appeals."],"corpname_ssim":["Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Court","Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery","Franklin County (Va.) County Court","Franklin County (Va.) District Court","Franklin County (Va.) Superior Court of Law","New London (Va.) District Court","Virginia. General Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court of Appeals."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T08:50:25.981Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi03106","ead_ssi":"vi_vi03106","_root_":"vi_vi03106","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi03106","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi03106.xml","title_ssm":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, \n1789-1937"],"title_tesim":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, \n1789-1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Barcode numbers 1116855-1116856, 1116858-1117036, 1117038, 1180896/Franklin County (Va.) Reel numbers 94-221\n"],"text":["Barcode numbers 1116855-1116856, 1116858-1117036, 1117038, 1180896/Franklin County (Va.) Reel numbers 94-221\n","Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, \n1789-1937","African Americans -- History","Civil procedure -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Courts -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Debt -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Public records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Affidavits -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Decisions -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Depositions -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Judicial records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Plats -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Wills -- Virginia -- Franklin County","82.35 cu. ft. (183 boxes); 128 microfilm reels","There are no restrictions.\n","Franklin County was named for Benjamin Franklin and was formed from Bedford and Henry Counties in 1785. The county court first met on 2 January 1786. Part of Patrick County was added in 1848.\n","The County Court was the original colonial court of adjudication and recordation, and it was the principal tribunal for the administration of local justice. The individual justices could act on small claims matters as well as criminal matters where imminent bodily harm was a possibility, there being an appeal to the full County Court, which met monthly. This court ceased to exist in 1904 and the recordation function was transferred to the circuit court.\n","The General Court was created in 1777. Prior to the creation of the District Courts in 1788, the General Court held appellate jurisdiction in common law cases. All of the records of the General Court were destroyed except for one pre-Revolutionary War order book, in April 1865.\n","The District Court was created in 1788. The purpose of the creation of the District Court was to alleviate congestion in the General Court which had caused unreasonable delays in the adjudication of common law cases. Virginia was divided into eighteen districts, each composed of several counties, plust the district of Kentucky. Courts were held in each district twice yearly and cases were heard from the several counties in that district. The District Court always met at the same place in each district, and its records were kept at that one location. The District Courts were abolished in 1808 and were replaced by the Superior Courts of Law.\n","The District Court for Bedford, Campbell, Franklin, Pittsylvania, and Henry counties met at Franklin County Courthouse from 1800 to 1808. The District Court prior to 1800 met at New London Courthouse in Bedford County.\n","The Superior Court of Law was created in 1808. It met twice a year in each county, presided over by a circuit-riding General Court judge. Records were filed with the County Court. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction. The court ceased to exist in 1831.\n","The Circuit Superior Courts of Law and Chancery, established in 1831, were the upper courts on the local level. Sessions were held twice a year in each county, presided over by a General Court judge. The counties were grouped into districts for the convenience of the judge. The court ceased to exist in 1851.\n","The Circuit Court was authorized by the Constitution of 1851 and established by an act of the General Assembly passed in May 1852. Courts were held twice yearly in each county, presided over by 21 judges who rode circuits in the area of their jurisdiction. The records were filed with County Court records. These courts were granted original jurisdiction concurrrent with that of the County Courts, as well as appellate jurisdiction in all civil cases of more than fifty dollars and criminal cases not \"expressly cognizable in some other court,\" including those involving loss of life.\n","Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, 1789-1937, are judgments or civil suits that were heard in the County Court, District Court, Superior Court of Law, Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery, and Circuit Court in which justice was administered on the strictly formulated rules of common law. The majority of cases in this record series relate to matters of debt. Documents commonly found in civil suits include declarations or narratios that explain the plaintiff's complaint, executions, affidavits, and depositions. Suits may include exhibits such as wills, plats, deeds, indentures, estate inventories, and business records. The collection includes copies of decisions made by the Supreme Court of Appeals in Richmond, Virginia, in response to suits appealed to it from the various Franklin County courts. Most of the original documents of the Supreme Court of Appeals were destroyed by fire in 1865. Pre-1865 suits involve slaves.\n","The District Court portion of the Determined Papers, 1789-1808, contain suits from Bedford, Campbell, Franklin, Pittsylvania, and Henry counties. It also includes suits from these localities that originally began in the General Court of Richmond and were transferred to the District Court of New London following its creation in 1788. The collection also includes suits heard in the District Court of New London which were transferred to Franklin County following the removal of the district Court to Franklin County Courthouse in 1800.\n","Use microfilm copies, Franklin County (Va.) Reel numbers 94-221.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Court","Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery","Franklin County (Va.) County Court","Franklin County (Va.) District Court","Franklin County (Va.) Superior Court of Law","New London (Va.) District Court","Virginia. General Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court of Appeals.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["Barcode numbers 1116855-1116856, 1116858-1117036, 1117038, 1180896/Franklin County (Va.) Reel numbers 94-221\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, \n1789-1937"],"collection_title_tesim":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, \n1789-1937"],"collection_ssim":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, \n1789-1937"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"creator_ssim":["Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in shipments of court papers from Franklin County.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Civil procedure -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Courts -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Debt -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Public records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Affidavits -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Decisions -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Depositions -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Judicial records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Plats -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Wills -- Virginia -- Franklin County"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Civil procedure -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Courts -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Debt -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Public records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Affidavits -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Decisions -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Depositions -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Judicial records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Plats -- Virginia -- Franklin County","Wills -- Virginia -- Franklin County"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["82.35 cu. ft. (183 boxes); 128 microfilm reels"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFranklin County was named for Benjamin Franklin and was formed from Bedford and Henry Counties in 1785. The county court first met on 2 January 1786. Part of Patrick County was added in 1848.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe County Court was the original colonial court of adjudication and recordation, and it was the principal tribunal for the administration of local justice. The individual justices could act on small claims matters as well as criminal matters where imminent bodily harm was a possibility, there being an appeal to the full County Court, which met monthly. This court ceased to exist in 1904 and the recordation function was transferred to the circuit court.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe General Court was created in 1777. Prior to the creation of the District Courts in 1788, the General Court held appellate jurisdiction in common law cases. All of the records of the General Court were destroyed except for one pre-Revolutionary War order book, in April 1865.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe District Court was created in 1788. The purpose of the creation of the District Court was to alleviate congestion in the General Court which had caused unreasonable delays in the adjudication of common law cases. Virginia was divided into eighteen districts, each composed of several counties, plust the district of Kentucky. Courts were held in each district twice yearly and cases were heard from the several counties in that district. The District Court always met at the same place in each district, and its records were kept at that one location. The District Courts were abolished in 1808 and were replaced by the Superior Courts of Law.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe District Court for Bedford, Campbell, Franklin, Pittsylvania, and Henry counties met at Franklin County Courthouse from 1800 to 1808. The District Court prior to 1800 met at New London Courthouse in Bedford County.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Superior Court of Law was created in 1808. It met twice a year in each county, presided over by a circuit-riding General Court judge. Records were filed with the County Court. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction. The court ceased to exist in 1831.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Circuit Superior Courts of Law and Chancery, established in 1831, were the upper courts on the local level. Sessions were held twice a year in each county, presided over by a General Court judge. The counties were grouped into districts for the convenience of the judge. The court ceased to exist in 1851.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Circuit Court was authorized by the Constitution of 1851 and established by an act of the General Assembly passed in May 1852. Courts were held twice yearly in each county, presided over by 21 judges who rode circuits in the area of their jurisdiction. The records were filed with County Court records. These courts were granted original jurisdiction concurrrent with that of the County Courts, as well as appellate jurisdiction in all civil cases of more than fifty dollars and criminal cases not \"expressly cognizable in some other court,\" including those involving loss of life.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Franklin County was named for Benjamin Franklin and was formed from Bedford and Henry Counties in 1785. The county court first met on 2 January 1786. Part of Patrick County was added in 1848.\n","The County Court was the original colonial court of adjudication and recordation, and it was the principal tribunal for the administration of local justice. The individual justices could act on small claims matters as well as criminal matters where imminent bodily harm was a possibility, there being an appeal to the full County Court, which met monthly. This court ceased to exist in 1904 and the recordation function was transferred to the circuit court.\n","The General Court was created in 1777. Prior to the creation of the District Courts in 1788, the General Court held appellate jurisdiction in common law cases. All of the records of the General Court were destroyed except for one pre-Revolutionary War order book, in April 1865.\n","The District Court was created in 1788. The purpose of the creation of the District Court was to alleviate congestion in the General Court which had caused unreasonable delays in the adjudication of common law cases. Virginia was divided into eighteen districts, each composed of several counties, plust the district of Kentucky. Courts were held in each district twice yearly and cases were heard from the several counties in that district. The District Court always met at the same place in each district, and its records were kept at that one location. The District Courts were abolished in 1808 and were replaced by the Superior Courts of Law.\n","The District Court for Bedford, Campbell, Franklin, Pittsylvania, and Henry counties met at Franklin County Courthouse from 1800 to 1808. The District Court prior to 1800 met at New London Courthouse in Bedford County.\n","The Superior Court of Law was created in 1808. It met twice a year in each county, presided over by a circuit-riding General Court judge. Records were filed with the County Court. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction. The court ceased to exist in 1831.\n","The Circuit Superior Courts of Law and Chancery, established in 1831, were the upper courts on the local level. Sessions were held twice a year in each county, presided over by a General Court judge. The counties were grouped into districts for the convenience of the judge. The court ceased to exist in 1851.\n","The Circuit Court was authorized by the Constitution of 1851 and established by an act of the General Assembly passed in May 1852. Courts were held twice yearly in each county, presided over by 21 judges who rode circuits in the area of their jurisdiction. The records were filed with County Court records. These courts were granted original jurisdiction concurrrent with that of the County Courts, as well as appellate jurisdiction in all civil cases of more than fifty dollars and criminal cases not \"expressly cognizable in some other court,\" including those involving loss of life.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFranklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, 1789-1937. Local government records collection, Franklin County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, 1789-1937. Local government records collection, Franklin County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFranklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, 1789-1937, are judgments or civil suits that were heard in the County Court, District Court, Superior Court of Law, Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery, and Circuit Court in which justice was administered on the strictly formulated rules of common law. The majority of cases in this record series relate to matters of debt. Documents commonly found in civil suits include declarations or narratios that explain the plaintiff's complaint, executions, affidavits, and depositions. Suits may include exhibits such as wills, plats, deeds, indentures, estate inventories, and business records. The collection includes copies of decisions made by the Supreme Court of Appeals in Richmond, Virginia, in response to suits appealed to it from the various Franklin County courts. Most of the original documents of the Supreme Court of Appeals were destroyed by fire in 1865. Pre-1865 suits involve slaves.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe District Court portion of the Determined Papers, 1789-1808, contain suits from Bedford, Campbell, Franklin, Pittsylvania, and Henry counties. It also includes suits from these localities that originally began in the General Court of Richmond and were transferred to the District Court of New London following its creation in 1788. The collection also includes suits heard in the District Court of New London which were transferred to Franklin County following the removal of the district Court to Franklin County Courthouse in 1800.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Franklin County (Va.) Determined Papers, 1789-1937, are judgments or civil suits that were heard in the County Court, District Court, Superior Court of Law, Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery, and Circuit Court in which justice was administered on the strictly formulated rules of common law. The majority of cases in this record series relate to matters of debt. Documents commonly found in civil suits include declarations or narratios that explain the plaintiff's complaint, executions, affidavits, and depositions. Suits may include exhibits such as wills, plats, deeds, indentures, estate inventories, and business records. The collection includes copies of decisions made by the Supreme Court of Appeals in Richmond, Virginia, in response to suits appealed to it from the various Franklin County courts. Most of the original documents of the Supreme Court of Appeals were destroyed by fire in 1865. Pre-1865 suits involve slaves.\n","The District Court portion of the Determined Papers, 1789-1808, contain suits from Bedford, Campbell, Franklin, Pittsylvania, and Henry counties. It also includes suits from these localities that originally began in the General Court of Richmond and were transferred to the District Court of New London following its creation in 1788. The collection also includes suits heard in the District Court of New London which were transferred to Franklin County following the removal of the district Court to Franklin County Courthouse in 1800.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUse microfilm copies, Franklin County (Va.) Reel numbers 94-221.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["Use microfilm copies, Franklin County (Va.) Reel numbers 94-221.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Court","Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery","Franklin County (Va.) County Court","Franklin County (Va.) District Court","Franklin County (Va.) Superior Court of Law","New London (Va.) District Court","Virginia. General Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court of Appeals."],"corpname_ssim":["Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Court","Franklin County (Va.) Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery","Franklin County (Va.) County Court","Franklin County (Va.) District Court","Franklin County (Va.) Superior Court of Law","New London (Va.) District Court","Virginia. General Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court of Appeals."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T08:50:25.981Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03106"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3280","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Freedmen's Bureau Special Order","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3280#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collection consists of an order issued by Colonel Orlando Brown, superintendent of the 8th District of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), on September 14, 1865, written from Christiansburg, Virginia. Special Order No. 12 requested the assistant superintendent of the bureau to report on the condition of freedmen in their districts.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3280#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3280","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3280","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3280","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3280","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3280.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Freedmen's Bureau Special Order","title_ssm":["Freedmen's Bureau Special Order"],"title_tesim":["Freedmen's Bureau Special Order"],"unitdate_ssm":["1865"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1865"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2018.022"],"text":["Ms.2018.022","Freedmen's Bureau Special Order","Christiansburg (Va.)","African Americans -- History","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","The collection is open for research.","The U. S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (better known as the Freedmen's Bureau) was established in March 1865 to provide provisions, healthcare, and education to refugees and people who were formerly enslaved. It's Virginia operations ended in January 1869, and the bureau was abolished in June 1872.","External Sources: ","\"African American Research at the Library of Virginia to 1870\", Library of Virginia,  https://lva-virginia.libguides.com/african-american/freedmens-bureau , accessed June 11, 2024.","\"The Freedmen's Bureau\" in \"Remaking Virginia: Transformation Through Emancipation\" exhibit, Library of Virginia,  https://www.virginiamemory.com/online-exhibitions/exhibits/show/remaking-virginia/freedmens-bureau , accessed June 11, 2024.","The guide to the Freedmen's Bureau Special Order by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Freedmen's Bureau Special Order was completed in September 2018. Additional description was completed in June 2024.","This collection consists of an order issued by Colonel Orlando Brown, superintendent of the 8th District of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), on September 14, 1865, written from Christiansburg, Virginia. Special Order No. 12 requested the assistant superintendent of the bureau to report on the condition of freedmen in their districts in terms of whether they were willing to work for or rent land from the people who formerly enslaved them, how they were working, and how they were treated by the people who formerly enslaved them. It also inquired why they may refuse to work.","Content Warning:  This collection  contains outdated language and racist stereotypes.","The organization that has made the collection available believes that the collection is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The collection may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection consists of an order issued by Colonel Orlando Brown, superintendent of the 8th District of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), on September 14, 1865, written from Christiansburg, Virginia.  Special Order No. 12 requested the assistant superintendent of the bureau to report on the condition of freedmen in their districts.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","United States.  Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2018.022"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Freedmen's Bureau Special Order"],"collection_title_tesim":["Freedmen's Bureau Special Order"],"collection_ssim":["Freedmen's Bureau Special Order"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The organization that has made the collection available believes that the collection is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The collection may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Freedmen's Bureau Special Order was purchased by Special Collections in April 2017."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1865],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe U. S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (better known as the Freedmen's Bureau) was established in March 1865 to provide provisions, healthcare, and education to refugees and people who were formerly enslaved. It's Virginia operations ended in January 1869, and the bureau was abolished in June 1872.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eExternal Sources: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"African American Research at the Library of Virginia to 1870\", Library of Virginia, \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://lva-virginia.libguides.com/african-american/freedmens-bureau\"\u003ehttps://lva-virginia.libguides.com/african-american/freedmens-bureau\u003c/a\u003e, accessed June 11, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"The Freedmen's Bureau\" in \"Remaking Virginia: Transformation Through Emancipation\" exhibit, Library of Virginia, \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.virginiamemory.com/online-exhibitions/exhibits/show/remaking-virginia/freedmens-bureau\"\u003ehttps://www.virginiamemory.com/online-exhibitions/exhibits/show/remaking-virginia/freedmens-bureau\u003c/a\u003e, accessed June 11, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative History"],"bioghist_tesim":["The U. S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (better known as the Freedmen's Bureau) was established in March 1865 to provide provisions, healthcare, and education to refugees and people who were formerly enslaved. It's Virginia operations ended in January 1869, and the bureau was abolished in June 1872.","External Sources: ","\"African American Research at the Library of Virginia to 1870\", Library of Virginia,  https://lva-virginia.libguides.com/african-american/freedmens-bureau , accessed June 11, 2024.","\"The Freedmen's Bureau\" in \"Remaking Virginia: Transformation Through Emancipation\" exhibit, Library of Virginia,  https://www.virginiamemory.com/online-exhibitions/exhibits/show/remaking-virginia/freedmens-bureau , accessed June 11, 2024."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Freedmen's Bureau Special Order by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Freedmen's Bureau Special Order by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Freedmen's Bureau Special Order, 1865, Ms2018-022, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Freedmen's Bureau Special Order, 1865, Ms2018-022, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Freedmen's Bureau Special Order was completed in September 2018. Additional description was completed in June 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Freedmen's Bureau Special Order was completed in September 2018. Additional description was completed in June 2024."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of an order issued by Colonel Orlando Brown, superintendent of the 8th District of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), on September 14, 1865, written from Christiansburg, Virginia. Special Order No. 12 requested the assistant superintendent of the bureau to report on the condition of freedmen in their districts in terms of whether they were willing to work for or rent land from the people who formerly enslaved them, how they were working, and how they were treated by the people who formerly enslaved them. It also inquired why they may refuse to work.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eContent Warning:\u003c/emph\u003e This collection  contains outdated language and racist stereotypes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of an order issued by Colonel Orlando Brown, superintendent of the 8th District of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), on September 14, 1865, written from Christiansburg, Virginia. Special Order No. 12 requested the assistant superintendent of the bureau to report on the condition of freedmen in their districts in terms of whether they were willing to work for or rent land from the people who formerly enslaved them, how they were working, and how they were treated by the people who formerly enslaved them. It also inquired why they may refuse to work.","Content Warning:  This collection  contains outdated language and racist stereotypes."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe organization that has made the collection available believes that the collection is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The collection may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (\u003ca href=\"mailto:specref@vt.edu\"\u003especref@vt.edu\u003c/a\u003e or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The organization that has made the collection available believes that the collection is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The collection may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_6364691c93606b3b222dc2bb0e32a154\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection consists of an order issued by Colonel Orlando Brown, superintendent of the 8th District of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), on September 14, 1865, written from Christiansburg, Virginia.  Special Order No. 12 requested the assistant superintendent of the bureau to report on the condition of freedmen in their districts.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection consists of an order issued by Colonel Orlando Brown, superintendent of the 8th District of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), on September 14, 1865, written from Christiansburg, Virginia.  Special Order No. 12 requested the assistant superintendent of the bureau to report on the condition of freedmen in their districts."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States.  Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","United States.  Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","United States.  Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:18:21.060Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3280","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3280","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3280","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3280","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3280.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Freedmen's Bureau Special Order","title_ssm":["Freedmen's Bureau Special Order"],"title_tesim":["Freedmen's Bureau Special Order"],"unitdate_ssm":["1865"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1865"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2018.022"],"text":["Ms.2018.022","Freedmen's Bureau Special Order","Christiansburg (Va.)","African Americans -- History","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","The collection is open for research.","The U. S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (better known as the Freedmen's Bureau) was established in March 1865 to provide provisions, healthcare, and education to refugees and people who were formerly enslaved. It's Virginia operations ended in January 1869, and the bureau was abolished in June 1872.","External Sources: ","\"African American Research at the Library of Virginia to 1870\", Library of Virginia,  https://lva-virginia.libguides.com/african-american/freedmens-bureau , accessed June 11, 2024.","\"The Freedmen's Bureau\" in \"Remaking Virginia: Transformation Through Emancipation\" exhibit, Library of Virginia,  https://www.virginiamemory.com/online-exhibitions/exhibits/show/remaking-virginia/freedmens-bureau , accessed June 11, 2024.","The guide to the Freedmen's Bureau Special Order by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Freedmen's Bureau Special Order was completed in September 2018. Additional description was completed in June 2024.","This collection consists of an order issued by Colonel Orlando Brown, superintendent of the 8th District of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), on September 14, 1865, written from Christiansburg, Virginia. Special Order No. 12 requested the assistant superintendent of the bureau to report on the condition of freedmen in their districts in terms of whether they were willing to work for or rent land from the people who formerly enslaved them, how they were working, and how they were treated by the people who formerly enslaved them. It also inquired why they may refuse to work.","Content Warning:  This collection  contains outdated language and racist stereotypes.","The organization that has made the collection available believes that the collection is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The collection may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection consists of an order issued by Colonel Orlando Brown, superintendent of the 8th District of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), on September 14, 1865, written from Christiansburg, Virginia.  Special Order No. 12 requested the assistant superintendent of the bureau to report on the condition of freedmen in their districts.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","United States.  Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2018.022"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Freedmen's Bureau Special Order"],"collection_title_tesim":["Freedmen's Bureau Special Order"],"collection_ssim":["Freedmen's Bureau Special Order"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The organization that has made the collection available believes that the collection is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The collection may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Freedmen's Bureau Special Order was purchased by Special Collections in April 2017."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1865],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe U. S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (better known as the Freedmen's Bureau) was established in March 1865 to provide provisions, healthcare, and education to refugees and people who were formerly enslaved. It's Virginia operations ended in January 1869, and the bureau was abolished in June 1872.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eExternal Sources: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"African American Research at the Library of Virginia to 1870\", Library of Virginia, \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://lva-virginia.libguides.com/african-american/freedmens-bureau\"\u003ehttps://lva-virginia.libguides.com/african-american/freedmens-bureau\u003c/a\u003e, accessed June 11, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"The Freedmen's Bureau\" in \"Remaking Virginia: Transformation Through Emancipation\" exhibit, Library of Virginia, \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.virginiamemory.com/online-exhibitions/exhibits/show/remaking-virginia/freedmens-bureau\"\u003ehttps://www.virginiamemory.com/online-exhibitions/exhibits/show/remaking-virginia/freedmens-bureau\u003c/a\u003e, accessed June 11, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative History"],"bioghist_tesim":["The U. S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (better known as the Freedmen's Bureau) was established in March 1865 to provide provisions, healthcare, and education to refugees and people who were formerly enslaved. It's Virginia operations ended in January 1869, and the bureau was abolished in June 1872.","External Sources: ","\"African American Research at the Library of Virginia to 1870\", Library of Virginia,  https://lva-virginia.libguides.com/african-american/freedmens-bureau , accessed June 11, 2024.","\"The Freedmen's Bureau\" in \"Remaking Virginia: Transformation Through Emancipation\" exhibit, Library of Virginia,  https://www.virginiamemory.com/online-exhibitions/exhibits/show/remaking-virginia/freedmens-bureau , accessed June 11, 2024."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Freedmen's Bureau Special Order by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Freedmen's Bureau Special Order by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Freedmen's Bureau Special Order, 1865, Ms2018-022, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Freedmen's Bureau Special Order, 1865, Ms2018-022, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Freedmen's Bureau Special Order was completed in September 2018. Additional description was completed in June 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Freedmen's Bureau Special Order was completed in September 2018. Additional description was completed in June 2024."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of an order issued by Colonel Orlando Brown, superintendent of the 8th District of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), on September 14, 1865, written from Christiansburg, Virginia. Special Order No. 12 requested the assistant superintendent of the bureau to report on the condition of freedmen in their districts in terms of whether they were willing to work for or rent land from the people who formerly enslaved them, how they were working, and how they were treated by the people who formerly enslaved them. It also inquired why they may refuse to work.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eContent Warning:\u003c/emph\u003e This collection  contains outdated language and racist stereotypes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of an order issued by Colonel Orlando Brown, superintendent of the 8th District of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), on September 14, 1865, written from Christiansburg, Virginia. Special Order No. 12 requested the assistant superintendent of the bureau to report on the condition of freedmen in their districts in terms of whether they were willing to work for or rent land from the people who formerly enslaved them, how they were working, and how they were treated by the people who formerly enslaved them. It also inquired why they may refuse to work.","Content Warning:  This collection  contains outdated language and racist stereotypes."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe organization that has made the collection available believes that the collection is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The collection may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (\u003ca href=\"mailto:specref@vt.edu\"\u003especref@vt.edu\u003c/a\u003e or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The organization that has made the collection available believes that the collection is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The collection may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_6364691c93606b3b222dc2bb0e32a154\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection consists of an order issued by Colonel Orlando Brown, superintendent of the 8th District of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), on September 14, 1865, written from Christiansburg, Virginia.  Special Order No. 12 requested the assistant superintendent of the bureau to report on the condition of freedmen in their districts.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection consists of an order issued by Colonel Orlando Brown, superintendent of the 8th District of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), on September 14, 1865, written from Christiansburg, Virginia.  Special Order No. 12 requested the assistant superintendent of the bureau to report on the condition of freedmen in their districts."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States.  Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","United States.  Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","United States.  Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:18:21.060Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3280"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2297","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2297#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2297#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collection includes the papers of Gary Ann Giovanni, a chef, caterer, and cooking teacher active in Blacksburg, Virginia. The collection contains records, menus, and recipes from her catering jobs and from the cooking classes she taught for the local YMCA Open University. Materials also relate to the various community organizations for which Gary worked or volunteered, and some materials are associated with her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2297#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2297","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2297","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2297","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2297","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2297.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Giovanni, Gary Ann, Culinary Papers","title_ssm":["Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers"],"title_tesim":["Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1997-2004"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1997-2004"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2006.011"],"text":["Ms.2006.011","Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers","Blacksburg (Va.)","African Americans -- History","History of Food and Drink","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into five series:","Series I: Family is arranged by person. ","Series II: Community Involvement is arranged by organization.","Series III: Professional Activity-Culinary is arranged by subject. General information about professional acticity is followed by Sub-series A: Catering and Sub-series B. Teaching at the Open U, each of which are arranged by date. ","Series IV: Professional Activity-Non-Culinary is organized by subject. ","Series V: Ephemera is arranged by subject. ","Gary Ann Giovanni was born in September 1940 in Knoxville, Tennessee and attended Central State University in Ohio. She married young, divorced, and then married Joe Black, the first African American player to pitch in a World Series and had one son with him. ","In 1973, Giovanni graduated from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. Giovanni volunteered with Fannie Lou Hamer in delivering Christmas turkeys in Mississippi during the Civil Rights movement. She attended the California Culinary Academy, studying with master pastry chef Bo Freiburg, as well as with pastry chef Jim Dodge at the Stanford Court Hotel, chef Herbert Keller of Fleur de Lys, and many others. ","For five years, Giovanni owned and ran a full-service catering business in Oakland, California. Giovanni worked for SeaLand Corporation in Oakland, California until 1994 when she retired and moved with her mother to Blacksburg, Virginia, where her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni, lived. ","While in Blacksburg, Giovanni opened a catering business with Rebecca Isenhour which they named B.I.G.G., the acronym representing both of their initials. At the same time, Giovanni taught numerous well-received classes through the YMCA's Open University program. She studied at several of the Greenbrier's cooking workshops. In 2005, Giovanni was diagnosed with a brain tumor. She died that August in Blacksburg, Virginia. ","The guide to the Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers began in May 2006 and was completed in August 2006.","The majority of this collection contains detailed information about the various catering jobs and \"Open U\" YMCA classes that Gary Ann Giovanni handled during her ten years in Blacksburg, Virginia. There is some material related to her sister Nikki Giovanni, most related to various speaking activities or awards. Other items of interest include printed menus and recipes from Giovanni's attendance at the Greenbrier's cooking school, as well as food-related ephemera (pamphlets and other media produced by various food companies or publishers). ","Series I: Family  contains personal information about Gary Ann Giovanni and her family. The material about her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni, contains information about her activities and awards that she received.","Series II: Community Involvement highlights Giovanni's community involvement in non-culinary activities. Material pertaining to St. Paul's African Methodist Episcopal Church, the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc./Blacksburg Alumnae Chapter, and miscellaneous references to Giovanni's Oakland ties (chiefly with activist Mitch Snyder) make up the bulk of this series. In addition, the material about the AME and the Delta Sigma Sorority contains information of interest to those researching these institutions and their role during the time Giovanni belonged to them. Conferences and projects that Giovanni was associated with are well represented.","Series III: Professional Activity-Culinary contains catering jobs and YMCA Open University Classes, which form the bulk of this series, and recipes, menues, and handwritten notes. Each catering job file is listed by client name and date, and contains menus, recipes, information about clients, grocery lists, and receipts with food prices. Most of Giovanni's catering jobs were for faculty and administration at Virginia Tech. YMCA cooking class files contain student-attendee lists, menus, recipes, and sometimes general information about the cuisine if the class focused on an aspect of international cooking. The series also contains some handwritten recipes and food-related ephemera, the latter of interest to those researching food media and publications/pamphlets. Greenbrier menus and recipes enhance the series.","Series IV: Professional Activity-Non-Culinary contains employment-related materials, primarily from the YMCA.","Series V: Ephemera is contains Black culture and culinary-related materials.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection includes the papers of Gary Ann Giovanni, a chef, caterer, and cooking teacher active in Blacksburg, Virginia. The collection contains records, menus, and recipes from her catering jobs and from the cooking classes she taught for the local YMCA Open University. Materials also relate to the various community organizations for which Gary worked or volunteered, and some materials are associated with her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","YMCA at Virginia Tech","Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005","Giovanni, Nikki","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2006.011"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005"],"creator_ssim":["Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005"],"creators_ssim":["Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005"],"places_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers were donated to the Special Collections in 2005."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","History of Food and Drink","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","History of Food and Drink","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.5 Cubic Feet 3 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.5 Cubic Feet 3 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into five series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Family is arranged by person. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: Community Involvement is arranged by organization.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: Professional Activity-Culinary is arranged by subject. General information about professional acticity is followed by Sub-series A: Catering and Sub-series B. Teaching at the Open U, each of which are arranged by date. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Professional Activity-Non-Culinary is organized by subject. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries V: Ephemera is arranged by subject. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into five series:","Series I: Family is arranged by person. ","Series II: Community Involvement is arranged by organization.","Series III: Professional Activity-Culinary is arranged by subject. General information about professional acticity is followed by Sub-series A: Catering and Sub-series B. Teaching at the Open U, each of which are arranged by date. ","Series IV: Professional Activity-Non-Culinary is organized by subject. ","Series V: Ephemera is arranged by subject. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGary Ann Giovanni was born in September 1940 in Knoxville, Tennessee and attended Central State University in Ohio. She married young, divorced, and then married Joe Black, the first African American player to pitch in a World Series and had one son with him. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1973, Giovanni graduated from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. Giovanni volunteered with Fannie Lou Hamer in delivering Christmas turkeys in Mississippi during the Civil Rights movement. She attended the California Culinary Academy, studying with master pastry chef Bo Freiburg, as well as with pastry chef Jim Dodge at the Stanford Court Hotel, chef Herbert Keller of Fleur de Lys, and many others. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor five years, Giovanni owned and ran a full-service catering business in Oakland, California. Giovanni worked for SeaLand Corporation in Oakland, California until 1994 when she retired and moved with her mother to Blacksburg, Virginia, where her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni, lived. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile in Blacksburg, Giovanni opened a catering business with Rebecca Isenhour which they named B.I.G.G., the acronym representing both of their initials. At the same time, Giovanni taught numerous well-received classes through the YMCA's Open University program. She studied at several of the Greenbrier's cooking workshops. In 2005, Giovanni was diagnosed with a brain tumor. She died that August in Blacksburg, Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Gary Ann Giovanni was born in September 1940 in Knoxville, Tennessee and attended Central State University in Ohio. She married young, divorced, and then married Joe Black, the first African American player to pitch in a World Series and had one son with him. ","In 1973, Giovanni graduated from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. Giovanni volunteered with Fannie Lou Hamer in delivering Christmas turkeys in Mississippi during the Civil Rights movement. She attended the California Culinary Academy, studying with master pastry chef Bo Freiburg, as well as with pastry chef Jim Dodge at the Stanford Court Hotel, chef Herbert Keller of Fleur de Lys, and many others. ","For five years, Giovanni owned and ran a full-service catering business in Oakland, California. Giovanni worked for SeaLand Corporation in Oakland, California until 1994 when she retired and moved with her mother to Blacksburg, Virginia, where her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni, lived. ","While in Blacksburg, Giovanni opened a catering business with Rebecca Isenhour which they named B.I.G.G., the acronym representing both of their initials. At the same time, Giovanni taught numerous well-received classes through the YMCA's Open University program. She studied at several of the Greenbrier's cooking workshops. In 2005, Giovanni was diagnosed with a brain tumor. She died that August in Blacksburg, Virginia. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers, Ms2006-011, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers, Ms2006-011, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers began in May 2006 and was completed in August 2006.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers began in May 2006 and was completed in August 2006."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe majority of this collection contains detailed information about the various catering jobs and \"Open U\" YMCA classes that Gary Ann Giovanni handled during her ten years in Blacksburg, Virginia. There is some material related to her sister Nikki Giovanni, most related to various speaking activities or awards. Other items of interest include printed menus and recipes from Giovanni's attendance at the Greenbrier's cooking school, as well as food-related ephemera (pamphlets and other media produced by various food companies or publishers). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Family  contains personal information about Gary Ann Giovanni and her family. The material about her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni, contains information about her activities and awards that she received.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: Community Involvement highlights Giovanni's community involvement in non-culinary activities. Material pertaining to St. Paul's African Methodist Episcopal Church, the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc./Blacksburg Alumnae Chapter, and miscellaneous references to Giovanni's Oakland ties (chiefly with activist Mitch Snyder) make up the bulk of this series. In addition, the material about the AME and the Delta Sigma Sorority contains information of interest to those researching these institutions and their role during the time Giovanni belonged to them. Conferences and projects that Giovanni was associated with are well represented.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: Professional Activity-Culinary contains catering jobs and YMCA Open University Classes, which form the bulk of this series, and recipes, menues, and handwritten notes. Each catering job file is listed by client name and date, and contains menus, recipes, information about clients, grocery lists, and receipts with food prices. Most of Giovanni's catering jobs were for faculty and administration at Virginia Tech. YMCA cooking class files contain student-attendee lists, menus, recipes, and sometimes general information about the cuisine if the class focused on an aspect of international cooking. The series also contains some handwritten recipes and food-related ephemera, the latter of interest to those researching food media and publications/pamphlets. Greenbrier menus and recipes enhance the series.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Professional Activity-Non-Culinary contains employment-related materials, primarily from the YMCA.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries V: Ephemera is contains Black culture and culinary-related materials.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The majority of this collection contains detailed information about the various catering jobs and \"Open U\" YMCA classes that Gary Ann Giovanni handled during her ten years in Blacksburg, Virginia. There is some material related to her sister Nikki Giovanni, most related to various speaking activities or awards. Other items of interest include printed menus and recipes from Giovanni's attendance at the Greenbrier's cooking school, as well as food-related ephemera (pamphlets and other media produced by various food companies or publishers). ","Series I: Family  contains personal information about Gary Ann Giovanni and her family. The material about her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni, contains information about her activities and awards that she received.","Series II: Community Involvement highlights Giovanni's community involvement in non-culinary activities. Material pertaining to St. Paul's African Methodist Episcopal Church, the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc./Blacksburg Alumnae Chapter, and miscellaneous references to Giovanni's Oakland ties (chiefly with activist Mitch Snyder) make up the bulk of this series. In addition, the material about the AME and the Delta Sigma Sorority contains information of interest to those researching these institutions and their role during the time Giovanni belonged to them. Conferences and projects that Giovanni was associated with are well represented.","Series III: Professional Activity-Culinary contains catering jobs and YMCA Open University Classes, which form the bulk of this series, and recipes, menues, and handwritten notes. Each catering job file is listed by client name and date, and contains menus, recipes, information about clients, grocery lists, and receipts with food prices. Most of Giovanni's catering jobs were for faculty and administration at Virginia Tech. YMCA cooking class files contain student-attendee lists, menus, recipes, and sometimes general information about the cuisine if the class focused on an aspect of international cooking. The series also contains some handwritten recipes and food-related ephemera, the latter of interest to those researching food media and publications/pamphlets. Greenbrier menus and recipes enhance the series.","Series IV: Professional Activity-Non-Culinary contains employment-related materials, primarily from the YMCA.","Series V: Ephemera is contains Black culture and culinary-related materials."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ee479455ae84d6ffa875365a9c1eb1d6\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection includes the papers of Gary Ann Giovanni, a chef, caterer, and cooking teacher active in Blacksburg, Virginia. The collection contains records, menus, and recipes from her catering jobs and from the cooking classes she taught for the local YMCA Open University. Materials also relate to the various community organizations for which Gary worked or volunteered, and some materials are associated with her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection includes the papers of Gary Ann Giovanni, a chef, caterer, and cooking teacher active in Blacksburg, Virginia. The collection contains records, menus, and recipes from her catering jobs and from the cooking classes she taught for the local YMCA Open University. Materials also relate to the various community organizations for which Gary worked or volunteered, and some materials are associated with her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni."],"names_coll_ssim":["YMCA at Virginia Tech","Giovanni, Nikki"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","YMCA at Virginia Tech","Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005","Giovanni, Nikki"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","YMCA at Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005","Giovanni, Nikki"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":217,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:23:08.863Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2297","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2297","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2297","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2297","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2297.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Giovanni, Gary Ann, Culinary Papers","title_ssm":["Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers"],"title_tesim":["Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1997-2004"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1997-2004"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2006.011"],"text":["Ms.2006.011","Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers","Blacksburg (Va.)","African Americans -- History","History of Food and Drink","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into five series:","Series I: Family is arranged by person. ","Series II: Community Involvement is arranged by organization.","Series III: Professional Activity-Culinary is arranged by subject. General information about professional acticity is followed by Sub-series A: Catering and Sub-series B. Teaching at the Open U, each of which are arranged by date. ","Series IV: Professional Activity-Non-Culinary is organized by subject. ","Series V: Ephemera is arranged by subject. ","Gary Ann Giovanni was born in September 1940 in Knoxville, Tennessee and attended Central State University in Ohio. She married young, divorced, and then married Joe Black, the first African American player to pitch in a World Series and had one son with him. ","In 1973, Giovanni graduated from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. Giovanni volunteered with Fannie Lou Hamer in delivering Christmas turkeys in Mississippi during the Civil Rights movement. She attended the California Culinary Academy, studying with master pastry chef Bo Freiburg, as well as with pastry chef Jim Dodge at the Stanford Court Hotel, chef Herbert Keller of Fleur de Lys, and many others. ","For five years, Giovanni owned and ran a full-service catering business in Oakland, California. Giovanni worked for SeaLand Corporation in Oakland, California until 1994 when she retired and moved with her mother to Blacksburg, Virginia, where her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni, lived. ","While in Blacksburg, Giovanni opened a catering business with Rebecca Isenhour which they named B.I.G.G., the acronym representing both of their initials. At the same time, Giovanni taught numerous well-received classes through the YMCA's Open University program. She studied at several of the Greenbrier's cooking workshops. In 2005, Giovanni was diagnosed with a brain tumor. She died that August in Blacksburg, Virginia. ","The guide to the Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers began in May 2006 and was completed in August 2006.","The majority of this collection contains detailed information about the various catering jobs and \"Open U\" YMCA classes that Gary Ann Giovanni handled during her ten years in Blacksburg, Virginia. There is some material related to her sister Nikki Giovanni, most related to various speaking activities or awards. Other items of interest include printed menus and recipes from Giovanni's attendance at the Greenbrier's cooking school, as well as food-related ephemera (pamphlets and other media produced by various food companies or publishers). ","Series I: Family  contains personal information about Gary Ann Giovanni and her family. The material about her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni, contains information about her activities and awards that she received.","Series II: Community Involvement highlights Giovanni's community involvement in non-culinary activities. Material pertaining to St. Paul's African Methodist Episcopal Church, the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc./Blacksburg Alumnae Chapter, and miscellaneous references to Giovanni's Oakland ties (chiefly with activist Mitch Snyder) make up the bulk of this series. In addition, the material about the AME and the Delta Sigma Sorority contains information of interest to those researching these institutions and their role during the time Giovanni belonged to them. Conferences and projects that Giovanni was associated with are well represented.","Series III: Professional Activity-Culinary contains catering jobs and YMCA Open University Classes, which form the bulk of this series, and recipes, menues, and handwritten notes. Each catering job file is listed by client name and date, and contains menus, recipes, information about clients, grocery lists, and receipts with food prices. Most of Giovanni's catering jobs were for faculty and administration at Virginia Tech. YMCA cooking class files contain student-attendee lists, menus, recipes, and sometimes general information about the cuisine if the class focused on an aspect of international cooking. The series also contains some handwritten recipes and food-related ephemera, the latter of interest to those researching food media and publications/pamphlets. Greenbrier menus and recipes enhance the series.","Series IV: Professional Activity-Non-Culinary contains employment-related materials, primarily from the YMCA.","Series V: Ephemera is contains Black culture and culinary-related materials.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection includes the papers of Gary Ann Giovanni, a chef, caterer, and cooking teacher active in Blacksburg, Virginia. The collection contains records, menus, and recipes from her catering jobs and from the cooking classes she taught for the local YMCA Open University. Materials also relate to the various community organizations for which Gary worked or volunteered, and some materials are associated with her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","YMCA at Virginia Tech","Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005","Giovanni, Nikki","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2006.011"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005"],"creator_ssim":["Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005"],"creators_ssim":["Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005"],"places_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers were donated to the Special Collections in 2005."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","History of Food and Drink","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","History of Food and Drink","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.5 Cubic Feet 3 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.5 Cubic Feet 3 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into five series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Family is arranged by person. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: Community Involvement is arranged by organization.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: Professional Activity-Culinary is arranged by subject. General information about professional acticity is followed by Sub-series A: Catering and Sub-series B. Teaching at the Open U, each of which are arranged by date. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Professional Activity-Non-Culinary is organized by subject. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries V: Ephemera is arranged by subject. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into five series:","Series I: Family is arranged by person. ","Series II: Community Involvement is arranged by organization.","Series III: Professional Activity-Culinary is arranged by subject. General information about professional acticity is followed by Sub-series A: Catering and Sub-series B. Teaching at the Open U, each of which are arranged by date. ","Series IV: Professional Activity-Non-Culinary is organized by subject. ","Series V: Ephemera is arranged by subject. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGary Ann Giovanni was born in September 1940 in Knoxville, Tennessee and attended Central State University in Ohio. She married young, divorced, and then married Joe Black, the first African American player to pitch in a World Series and had one son with him. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1973, Giovanni graduated from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. Giovanni volunteered with Fannie Lou Hamer in delivering Christmas turkeys in Mississippi during the Civil Rights movement. She attended the California Culinary Academy, studying with master pastry chef Bo Freiburg, as well as with pastry chef Jim Dodge at the Stanford Court Hotel, chef Herbert Keller of Fleur de Lys, and many others. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor five years, Giovanni owned and ran a full-service catering business in Oakland, California. Giovanni worked for SeaLand Corporation in Oakland, California until 1994 when she retired and moved with her mother to Blacksburg, Virginia, where her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni, lived. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile in Blacksburg, Giovanni opened a catering business with Rebecca Isenhour which they named B.I.G.G., the acronym representing both of their initials. At the same time, Giovanni taught numerous well-received classes through the YMCA's Open University program. She studied at several of the Greenbrier's cooking workshops. In 2005, Giovanni was diagnosed with a brain tumor. She died that August in Blacksburg, Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Gary Ann Giovanni was born in September 1940 in Knoxville, Tennessee and attended Central State University in Ohio. She married young, divorced, and then married Joe Black, the first African American player to pitch in a World Series and had one son with him. ","In 1973, Giovanni graduated from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. Giovanni volunteered with Fannie Lou Hamer in delivering Christmas turkeys in Mississippi during the Civil Rights movement. She attended the California Culinary Academy, studying with master pastry chef Bo Freiburg, as well as with pastry chef Jim Dodge at the Stanford Court Hotel, chef Herbert Keller of Fleur de Lys, and many others. ","For five years, Giovanni owned and ran a full-service catering business in Oakland, California. Giovanni worked for SeaLand Corporation in Oakland, California until 1994 when she retired and moved with her mother to Blacksburg, Virginia, where her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni, lived. ","While in Blacksburg, Giovanni opened a catering business with Rebecca Isenhour which they named B.I.G.G., the acronym representing both of their initials. At the same time, Giovanni taught numerous well-received classes through the YMCA's Open University program. She studied at several of the Greenbrier's cooking workshops. In 2005, Giovanni was diagnosed with a brain tumor. She died that August in Blacksburg, Virginia. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers, Ms2006-011, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers, Ms2006-011, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers began in May 2006 and was completed in August 2006.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Gary Ann Giovanni Culinary Papers began in May 2006 and was completed in August 2006."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe majority of this collection contains detailed information about the various catering jobs and \"Open U\" YMCA classes that Gary Ann Giovanni handled during her ten years in Blacksburg, Virginia. There is some material related to her sister Nikki Giovanni, most related to various speaking activities or awards. Other items of interest include printed menus and recipes from Giovanni's attendance at the Greenbrier's cooking school, as well as food-related ephemera (pamphlets and other media produced by various food companies or publishers). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Family  contains personal information about Gary Ann Giovanni and her family. The material about her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni, contains information about her activities and awards that she received.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: Community Involvement highlights Giovanni's community involvement in non-culinary activities. Material pertaining to St. Paul's African Methodist Episcopal Church, the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc./Blacksburg Alumnae Chapter, and miscellaneous references to Giovanni's Oakland ties (chiefly with activist Mitch Snyder) make up the bulk of this series. In addition, the material about the AME and the Delta Sigma Sorority contains information of interest to those researching these institutions and their role during the time Giovanni belonged to them. Conferences and projects that Giovanni was associated with are well represented.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: Professional Activity-Culinary contains catering jobs and YMCA Open University Classes, which form the bulk of this series, and recipes, menues, and handwritten notes. Each catering job file is listed by client name and date, and contains menus, recipes, information about clients, grocery lists, and receipts with food prices. Most of Giovanni's catering jobs were for faculty and administration at Virginia Tech. YMCA cooking class files contain student-attendee lists, menus, recipes, and sometimes general information about the cuisine if the class focused on an aspect of international cooking. The series also contains some handwritten recipes and food-related ephemera, the latter of interest to those researching food media and publications/pamphlets. Greenbrier menus and recipes enhance the series.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Professional Activity-Non-Culinary contains employment-related materials, primarily from the YMCA.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries V: Ephemera is contains Black culture and culinary-related materials.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The majority of this collection contains detailed information about the various catering jobs and \"Open U\" YMCA classes that Gary Ann Giovanni handled during her ten years in Blacksburg, Virginia. There is some material related to her sister Nikki Giovanni, most related to various speaking activities or awards. Other items of interest include printed menus and recipes from Giovanni's attendance at the Greenbrier's cooking school, as well as food-related ephemera (pamphlets and other media produced by various food companies or publishers). ","Series I: Family  contains personal information about Gary Ann Giovanni and her family. The material about her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni, contains information about her activities and awards that she received.","Series II: Community Involvement highlights Giovanni's community involvement in non-culinary activities. Material pertaining to St. Paul's African Methodist Episcopal Church, the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc./Blacksburg Alumnae Chapter, and miscellaneous references to Giovanni's Oakland ties (chiefly with activist Mitch Snyder) make up the bulk of this series. In addition, the material about the AME and the Delta Sigma Sorority contains information of interest to those researching these institutions and their role during the time Giovanni belonged to them. Conferences and projects that Giovanni was associated with are well represented.","Series III: Professional Activity-Culinary contains catering jobs and YMCA Open University Classes, which form the bulk of this series, and recipes, menues, and handwritten notes. Each catering job file is listed by client name and date, and contains menus, recipes, information about clients, grocery lists, and receipts with food prices. Most of Giovanni's catering jobs were for faculty and administration at Virginia Tech. YMCA cooking class files contain student-attendee lists, menus, recipes, and sometimes general information about the cuisine if the class focused on an aspect of international cooking. The series also contains some handwritten recipes and food-related ephemera, the latter of interest to those researching food media and publications/pamphlets. Greenbrier menus and recipes enhance the series.","Series IV: Professional Activity-Non-Culinary contains employment-related materials, primarily from the YMCA.","Series V: Ephemera is contains Black culture and culinary-related materials."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ee479455ae84d6ffa875365a9c1eb1d6\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection includes the papers of Gary Ann Giovanni, a chef, caterer, and cooking teacher active in Blacksburg, Virginia. The collection contains records, menus, and recipes from her catering jobs and from the cooking classes she taught for the local YMCA Open University. Materials also relate to the various community organizations for which Gary worked or volunteered, and some materials are associated with her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection includes the papers of Gary Ann Giovanni, a chef, caterer, and cooking teacher active in Blacksburg, Virginia. The collection contains records, menus, and recipes from her catering jobs and from the cooking classes she taught for the local YMCA Open University. Materials also relate to the various community organizations for which Gary worked or volunteered, and some materials are associated with her sister, poet Nikki Giovanni."],"names_coll_ssim":["YMCA at Virginia Tech","Giovanni, Nikki"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","YMCA at Virginia Tech","Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005","Giovanni, Nikki"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","YMCA at Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Giovanni, Gary Ann, 1940-2005","Giovanni, Nikki"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":217,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:23:08.863Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2297"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4072","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"George Mills / Albert Burch Evidence of Title","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4072#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Application of Albert Burch, of St. Mary's County, Maryland, requesting compensation for the military service of George Mills (or Miles), an enslaved man who served in Company B, 38th U. S. Colored Troops during the American Civil War.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4072#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4072","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4072","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4072","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4072","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_4072.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Mills, George, / Burch, Albert, Certificate of Title","title_ssm":["George Mills / Albert Burch Evidence of Title"],"title_tesim":["George Mills / Albert Burch Evidence of Title"],"unitdate_ssm":["1864"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2023.027"],"text":["Ms.2023.027","George Mills / Albert Burch Evidence of Title","African Americans -- History","Civil War","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","The collection is open for research.","Although the soldier is identified in this document as \"George Mills,\" he may in fact have been George Miles, a 29-year-old native of St. Mary's County, Maryland, who enlisted for three years' service in Company B, 38th United States Colored Troops (USCT) at Great Mills, Maryland, on February 14, 1864 during the American Civil War. (No service record for a George Mills could be found in the 38th USCT.) Miles appears to have been detached to service in the regiment's recruiting office in March, 1864; as assistant regimental teamster later that spring; with the acting regimental quartermaster in August; and as forage master that autumn. Beginning around January 1865, Miles was assigned to detached service in the 25th Army Corps headquarters. He appears to have remained in service at headquarters when the corps was transferred to duty in Texas, and he was mustered out with the company at Indianola, Texas, on January 25, 1867.","The 1870 federal census for Chesapeake (Elizabeth City County), Virginia, lists a 35-year-old day laborer named George Miles living with Joanna Miles, and two Miles children. The 1880 census shows George H. Miles, a 45-year-old coachman, living in Hampton (Elizabeth City County) with wife \"Joana\" and four Miles children. A register for the U. S. National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers at Hampton, Virginia, lists a 46-year-old coachman named George Miles among the home's patients. A veteran of Company B, 38th USCT, Miles suffered from rheumatism and was admitted to the hospital on Febrary 1, 1881. George Miles died at Hampton, Virginia, on December 29, 1902. ","Records show that an Albert Burch was born in Maryland on September 2, 1809. He married Mary Amanda Turner, and the couple had nine children. Following his first wife's death, Burch married her cousin, Susanna Turner; they had five children. Albert Burch died on December 29, 1882, and was buried in All Saints Episcopal Church Cemetery in Oakley, St. Mary's County. ","The guide to the George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing and description of the George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title commenced and was completed in May, 2023.","This collection consists of a printed document bearing the title \"Evidence of Title.\" Completed and signed by Albert Burch of St. Mary's County, Maryland, in 1864, the document was submitted by Burch in an attempt to obtain compensation for the military service of George Mills, an enslaved man who enlisted in Company B, 38th United States Colored Troops during the American Civil War. Burch attests that Mills \"is my slave for life ... [and] that I have not purchased said slave from any person or persons disloyal to the Government of the United States, with the object of obtaining compensation for the same ...\" Burch's affidavit was affirmed by the signatures of Oscar Miles and T. H. Miles; notarized by C. Camalier, justice of the peace; and countersigned by Jno. A. Camalier, clerk of the cicuit court.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","Application of Albert Burch, of St. Mary's County, Maryland, requesting compensation for the military service of George Mills (or Miles), an enslaved man who served in Company B, 38th U. S. Colored Troops during the American Civil War.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2023.027"],"normalized_title_ssm":["George Mills / Albert Burch Evidence of Title"],"collection_title_tesim":["George Mills / Albert Burch Evidence of Title"],"collection_ssim":["George Mills / Albert Burch Evidence of Title"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title was donated to Special Collections and University Archives in 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Civil War","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Civil War","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1864],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlthough the soldier is identified in this document as \"George Mills,\" he may in fact have been George Miles, a 29-year-old native of St. Mary's County, Maryland, who enlisted for three years' service in Company B, 38th United States Colored Troops (USCT) at Great Mills, Maryland, on February 14, 1864 during the American Civil War. (No service record for a George Mills could be found in the 38th USCT.) Miles appears to have been detached to service in the regiment's recruiting office in March, 1864; as assistant regimental teamster later that spring; with the acting regimental quartermaster in August; and as forage master that autumn. Beginning around January 1865, Miles was assigned to detached service in the 25th Army Corps headquarters. He appears to have remained in service at headquarters when the corps was transferred to duty in Texas, and he was mustered out with the company at Indianola, Texas, on January 25, 1867.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe 1870 federal census for Chesapeake (Elizabeth City County), Virginia, lists a 35-year-old day laborer named George Miles living with Joanna Miles, and two Miles children. The 1880 census shows George H. Miles, a 45-year-old coachman, living in Hampton (Elizabeth City County) with wife \"Joana\" and four Miles children. A register for the U. S. National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers at Hampton, Virginia, lists a 46-year-old coachman named George Miles among the home's patients. A veteran of Company B, 38th USCT, Miles suffered from rheumatism and was admitted to the hospital on Febrary 1, 1881. George Miles died at Hampton, Virginia, on December 29, 1902. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRecords show that an Albert Burch was born in Maryland on September 2, 1809. He married Mary Amanda Turner, and the couple had nine children. Following his first wife's death, Burch married her cousin, Susanna Turner; they had five children. Albert Burch died on December 29, 1882, and was buried in All Saints Episcopal Church Cemetery in Oakley, St. Mary's County. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Although the soldier is identified in this document as \"George Mills,\" he may in fact have been George Miles, a 29-year-old native of St. Mary's County, Maryland, who enlisted for three years' service in Company B, 38th United States Colored Troops (USCT) at Great Mills, Maryland, on February 14, 1864 during the American Civil War. (No service record for a George Mills could be found in the 38th USCT.) Miles appears to have been detached to service in the regiment's recruiting office in March, 1864; as assistant regimental teamster later that spring; with the acting regimental quartermaster in August; and as forage master that autumn. Beginning around January 1865, Miles was assigned to detached service in the 25th Army Corps headquarters. He appears to have remained in service at headquarters when the corps was transferred to duty in Texas, and he was mustered out with the company at Indianola, Texas, on January 25, 1867.","The 1870 federal census for Chesapeake (Elizabeth City County), Virginia, lists a 35-year-old day laborer named George Miles living with Joanna Miles, and two Miles children. The 1880 census shows George H. Miles, a 45-year-old coachman, living in Hampton (Elizabeth City County) with wife \"Joana\" and four Miles children. A register for the U. S. National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers at Hampton, Virginia, lists a 46-year-old coachman named George Miles among the home's patients. A veteran of Company B, 38th USCT, Miles suffered from rheumatism and was admitted to the hospital on Febrary 1, 1881. George Miles died at Hampton, Virginia, on December 29, 1902. ","Records show that an Albert Burch was born in Maryland on September 2, 1809. He married Mary Amanda Turner, and the couple had nine children. Following his first wife's death, Burch married her cousin, Susanna Turner; they had five children. Albert Burch died on December 29, 1882, and was buried in All Saints Episcopal Church Cemetery in Oakley, St. Mary's County. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003cextref href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/extref\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title, 1864, Ms2023-027, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title, 1864, Ms2023-027, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing and description of the George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title commenced and was completed in May, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing and description of the George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title commenced and was completed in May, 2023."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of a printed document bearing the title \"Evidence of Title.\" Completed and signed by Albert Burch of St. Mary's County, Maryland, in 1864, the document was submitted by Burch in an attempt to obtain compensation for the military service of George Mills, an enslaved man who enlisted in Company B, 38th United States Colored Troops during the American Civil War. Burch attests that Mills \"is my slave for life ... [and] that I have not purchased said slave from any person or persons disloyal to the Government of the United States, with the object of obtaining compensation for the same ...\" Burch's affidavit was affirmed by the signatures of Oscar Miles and T. H. Miles; notarized by C. Camalier, justice of the peace; and countersigned by Jno. A. Camalier, clerk of the cicuit court.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of a printed document bearing the title \"Evidence of Title.\" Completed and signed by Albert Burch of St. Mary's County, Maryland, in 1864, the document was submitted by Burch in an attempt to obtain compensation for the military service of George Mills, an enslaved man who enlisted in Company B, 38th United States Colored Troops during the American Civil War. Burch attests that Mills \"is my slave for life ... [and] that I have not purchased said slave from any person or persons disloyal to the Government of the United States, with the object of obtaining compensation for the same ...\" Burch's affidavit was affirmed by the signatures of Oscar Miles and T. H. Miles; notarized by C. Camalier, justice of the peace; and countersigned by Jno. A. Camalier, clerk of the cicuit court."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_222f74dfc412a6d648b12957fcf392e9\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eApplication of Albert Burch, of St. Mary's County, Maryland, requesting compensation for the military service of George Mills (or Miles), an enslaved man who served in Company B, 38th U. S. Colored Troops during the American Civil War.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Application of Albert Burch, of St. Mary's County, Maryland, requesting compensation for the military service of George Mills (or Miles), an enslaved man who served in Company B, 38th U. S. Colored Troops during the American Civil War."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:18:57.060Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4072","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4072","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4072","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4072","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_4072.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Mills, George, / Burch, Albert, Certificate of Title","title_ssm":["George Mills / Albert Burch Evidence of Title"],"title_tesim":["George Mills / Albert Burch Evidence of Title"],"unitdate_ssm":["1864"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2023.027"],"text":["Ms.2023.027","George Mills / Albert Burch Evidence of Title","African Americans -- History","Civil War","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","The collection is open for research.","Although the soldier is identified in this document as \"George Mills,\" he may in fact have been George Miles, a 29-year-old native of St. Mary's County, Maryland, who enlisted for three years' service in Company B, 38th United States Colored Troops (USCT) at Great Mills, Maryland, on February 14, 1864 during the American Civil War. (No service record for a George Mills could be found in the 38th USCT.) Miles appears to have been detached to service in the regiment's recruiting office in March, 1864; as assistant regimental teamster later that spring; with the acting regimental quartermaster in August; and as forage master that autumn. Beginning around January 1865, Miles was assigned to detached service in the 25th Army Corps headquarters. He appears to have remained in service at headquarters when the corps was transferred to duty in Texas, and he was mustered out with the company at Indianola, Texas, on January 25, 1867.","The 1870 federal census for Chesapeake (Elizabeth City County), Virginia, lists a 35-year-old day laborer named George Miles living with Joanna Miles, and two Miles children. The 1880 census shows George H. Miles, a 45-year-old coachman, living in Hampton (Elizabeth City County) with wife \"Joana\" and four Miles children. A register for the U. S. National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers at Hampton, Virginia, lists a 46-year-old coachman named George Miles among the home's patients. A veteran of Company B, 38th USCT, Miles suffered from rheumatism and was admitted to the hospital on Febrary 1, 1881. George Miles died at Hampton, Virginia, on December 29, 1902. ","Records show that an Albert Burch was born in Maryland on September 2, 1809. He married Mary Amanda Turner, and the couple had nine children. Following his first wife's death, Burch married her cousin, Susanna Turner; they had five children. Albert Burch died on December 29, 1882, and was buried in All Saints Episcopal Church Cemetery in Oakley, St. Mary's County. ","The guide to the George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing and description of the George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title commenced and was completed in May, 2023.","This collection consists of a printed document bearing the title \"Evidence of Title.\" Completed and signed by Albert Burch of St. Mary's County, Maryland, in 1864, the document was submitted by Burch in an attempt to obtain compensation for the military service of George Mills, an enslaved man who enlisted in Company B, 38th United States Colored Troops during the American Civil War. Burch attests that Mills \"is my slave for life ... [and] that I have not purchased said slave from any person or persons disloyal to the Government of the United States, with the object of obtaining compensation for the same ...\" Burch's affidavit was affirmed by the signatures of Oscar Miles and T. H. Miles; notarized by C. Camalier, justice of the peace; and countersigned by Jno. A. Camalier, clerk of the cicuit court.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","Application of Albert Burch, of St. Mary's County, Maryland, requesting compensation for the military service of George Mills (or Miles), an enslaved man who served in Company B, 38th U. S. Colored Troops during the American Civil War.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2023.027"],"normalized_title_ssm":["George Mills / Albert Burch Evidence of Title"],"collection_title_tesim":["George Mills / Albert Burch Evidence of Title"],"collection_ssim":["George Mills / Albert Burch Evidence of Title"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title was donated to Special Collections and University Archives in 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Civil War","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Civil War","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1864],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlthough the soldier is identified in this document as \"George Mills,\" he may in fact have been George Miles, a 29-year-old native of St. Mary's County, Maryland, who enlisted for three years' service in Company B, 38th United States Colored Troops (USCT) at Great Mills, Maryland, on February 14, 1864 during the American Civil War. (No service record for a George Mills could be found in the 38th USCT.) Miles appears to have been detached to service in the regiment's recruiting office in March, 1864; as assistant regimental teamster later that spring; with the acting regimental quartermaster in August; and as forage master that autumn. Beginning around January 1865, Miles was assigned to detached service in the 25th Army Corps headquarters. He appears to have remained in service at headquarters when the corps was transferred to duty in Texas, and he was mustered out with the company at Indianola, Texas, on January 25, 1867.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe 1870 federal census for Chesapeake (Elizabeth City County), Virginia, lists a 35-year-old day laborer named George Miles living with Joanna Miles, and two Miles children. The 1880 census shows George H. Miles, a 45-year-old coachman, living in Hampton (Elizabeth City County) with wife \"Joana\" and four Miles children. A register for the U. S. National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers at Hampton, Virginia, lists a 46-year-old coachman named George Miles among the home's patients. A veteran of Company B, 38th USCT, Miles suffered from rheumatism and was admitted to the hospital on Febrary 1, 1881. George Miles died at Hampton, Virginia, on December 29, 1902. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRecords show that an Albert Burch was born in Maryland on September 2, 1809. He married Mary Amanda Turner, and the couple had nine children. Following his first wife's death, Burch married her cousin, Susanna Turner; they had five children. Albert Burch died on December 29, 1882, and was buried in All Saints Episcopal Church Cemetery in Oakley, St. Mary's County. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Although the soldier is identified in this document as \"George Mills,\" he may in fact have been George Miles, a 29-year-old native of St. Mary's County, Maryland, who enlisted for three years' service in Company B, 38th United States Colored Troops (USCT) at Great Mills, Maryland, on February 14, 1864 during the American Civil War. (No service record for a George Mills could be found in the 38th USCT.) Miles appears to have been detached to service in the regiment's recruiting office in March, 1864; as assistant regimental teamster later that spring; with the acting regimental quartermaster in August; and as forage master that autumn. Beginning around January 1865, Miles was assigned to detached service in the 25th Army Corps headquarters. He appears to have remained in service at headquarters when the corps was transferred to duty in Texas, and he was mustered out with the company at Indianola, Texas, on January 25, 1867.","The 1870 federal census for Chesapeake (Elizabeth City County), Virginia, lists a 35-year-old day laborer named George Miles living with Joanna Miles, and two Miles children. The 1880 census shows George H. Miles, a 45-year-old coachman, living in Hampton (Elizabeth City County) with wife \"Joana\" and four Miles children. A register for the U. S. National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers at Hampton, Virginia, lists a 46-year-old coachman named George Miles among the home's patients. A veteran of Company B, 38th USCT, Miles suffered from rheumatism and was admitted to the hospital on Febrary 1, 1881. George Miles died at Hampton, Virginia, on December 29, 1902. ","Records show that an Albert Burch was born in Maryland on September 2, 1809. He married Mary Amanda Turner, and the couple had nine children. Following his first wife's death, Burch married her cousin, Susanna Turner; they had five children. Albert Burch died on December 29, 1882, and was buried in All Saints Episcopal Church Cemetery in Oakley, St. Mary's County. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003cextref href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/extref\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title, 1864, Ms2023-027, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title, 1864, Ms2023-027, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing and description of the George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title commenced and was completed in May, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing and description of the George Mills / Albert Burch Certificate of Title commenced and was completed in May, 2023."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of a printed document bearing the title \"Evidence of Title.\" Completed and signed by Albert Burch of St. Mary's County, Maryland, in 1864, the document was submitted by Burch in an attempt to obtain compensation for the military service of George Mills, an enslaved man who enlisted in Company B, 38th United States Colored Troops during the American Civil War. Burch attests that Mills \"is my slave for life ... [and] that I have not purchased said slave from any person or persons disloyal to the Government of the United States, with the object of obtaining compensation for the same ...\" Burch's affidavit was affirmed by the signatures of Oscar Miles and T. H. Miles; notarized by C. Camalier, justice of the peace; and countersigned by Jno. A. Camalier, clerk of the cicuit court.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of a printed document bearing the title \"Evidence of Title.\" Completed and signed by Albert Burch of St. Mary's County, Maryland, in 1864, the document was submitted by Burch in an attempt to obtain compensation for the military service of George Mills, an enslaved man who enlisted in Company B, 38th United States Colored Troops during the American Civil War. Burch attests that Mills \"is my slave for life ... [and] that I have not purchased said slave from any person or persons disloyal to the Government of the United States, with the object of obtaining compensation for the same ...\" Burch's affidavit was affirmed by the signatures of Oscar Miles and T. H. Miles; notarized by C. Camalier, justice of the peace; and countersigned by Jno. A. Camalier, clerk of the cicuit court."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_222f74dfc412a6d648b12957fcf392e9\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eApplication of Albert Burch, of St. Mary's County, Maryland, requesting compensation for the military service of George Mills (or Miles), an enslaved man who served in Company B, 38th U. S. Colored Troops during the American Civil War.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Application of Albert Burch, of St. Mary's County, Maryland, requesting compensation for the military service of George Mills (or Miles), an enslaved man who served in Company B, 38th U. S. Colored Troops during the American Civil War."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:18:57.060Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4072"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3413","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"G. E. Roberts Letter","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3413#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The G. E. Roberts Letter contains information pertaining to an African American man shooting a white doctor, Dr. Hammet, in Christiansburg, VA. The letter is written to Walter J. Reeve in Central Depot, VA on February 8, 1874.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3413#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3413","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3413","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3413","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3413","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3413.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Roberts, G. E. Letter","title_ssm":["G. E. Roberts Letter"],"title_tesim":["G. E. Roberts Letter"],"unitdate_ssm":["1874-02-08"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1874-02-08"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2019.026"],"text":["Ms.2019.026","G. E. Roberts Letter","African Americans -- History","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Virginia -- History","Correspondence","The collection is open for research.","George E. Roberts was born in 1834 in Montgomery County, VA. He was a white merchant in Central Depot, Virginia. He married Julia A. Cofer on May 4, 1859 in Pulaski, VA. They had five children. Roberts died on June 7, 1887. ","Dr. James Preston Hammet (b. 1833) of Christiansburg, VA was a surgeon with both Whites and African-Americans patients. Following an incident where he was shot by an African-American patient, he continued to practice medicine. He died in lived until 1879.  ","The guide to the G. E. Roberts Letter by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the G. E. Roberts Letter was completed in June 2019.","The G. E. Roberts Letter contains information pertaining to an African American man shooting a white doctor, Dr. Hammet, in Christiansburg, VA. The letter is written to Walter J. Reeve in Central Depot, VA on February 8, 1874.","Permission to publish material from the G. E. Roberts Letter must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.","The G. E. Roberts Letter contains information pertaining to an African American man shooting a white doctor, Dr. Hammet, in Christiansburg, VA. The letter is written to Walter J. Reeve in Central Depot, VA on February 8, 1874.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Roberts, George E. , 1834-1887","Hammet, James Preston, d. 1879","The letter is in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2019.026"],"normalized_title_ssm":["G. E. Roberts Letter"],"collection_title_tesim":["G. E. Roberts Letter"],"collection_ssim":["G. E. Roberts Letter"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish material from the G. E. Roberts Letter must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The G. E. Roberts Letter was purchased by Special Collections in 2018."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Virginia -- History","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Virginia -- History","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1874],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGeorge E. Roberts was born in 1834 in Montgomery County, VA. He was a white merchant in Central Depot, Virginia. He married Julia A. Cofer on May 4, 1859 in Pulaski, VA. They had five children. Roberts died on June 7, 1887. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. James Preston Hammet (b. 1833) of Christiansburg, VA was a surgeon with both Whites and African-Americans patients. Following an incident where he was shot by an African-American patient, he continued to practice medicine. He died in lived until 1879.  \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["George E. Roberts was born in 1834 in Montgomery County, VA. He was a white merchant in Central Depot, Virginia. He married Julia A. Cofer on May 4, 1859 in Pulaski, VA. They had five children. Roberts died on June 7, 1887. ","Dr. James Preston Hammet (b. 1833) of Christiansburg, VA was a surgeon with both Whites and African-Americans patients. Following an incident where he was shot by an African-American patient, he continued to practice medicine. He died in lived until 1879.  "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the G. E. Roberts Letter by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statements for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the G. E. Roberts Letter by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: G. E. Roberts Letter, Ms2019-026, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: G. E. Roberts Letter, Ms2019-026, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the G. E. Roberts Letter was completed in June 2019.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the G. E. Roberts Letter was completed in June 2019."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe G. E. Roberts Letter contains information pertaining to an African American man shooting a white doctor, Dr. Hammet, in Christiansburg, VA. The letter is written to Walter J. Reeve in Central Depot, VA on February 8, 1874.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The G. E. Roberts Letter contains information pertaining to an African American man shooting a white doctor, Dr. Hammet, in Christiansburg, VA. The letter is written to Walter J. Reeve in Central Depot, VA on February 8, 1874."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish material from the G. E. Roberts Letter must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish material from the G. E. Roberts Letter must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_bd91e560fe4c76791a3296b945ff214d\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe G. E. Roberts Letter contains information pertaining to an African American man shooting a white doctor, Dr. Hammet, in Christiansburg, VA. The letter is written to Walter J. Reeve in Central Depot, VA on February 8, 1874.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The G. E. Roberts Letter contains information pertaining to an African American man shooting a white doctor, Dr. Hammet, in Christiansburg, VA. The letter is written to Walter J. Reeve in Central Depot, VA on February 8, 1874."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Roberts, George E. , 1834-1887","Hammet, James Preston, d. 1879"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"names_coll_ssim":["Roberts, George E. , 1834-1887","Hammet, James Preston, d. 1879"],"persname_ssim":["Roberts, George E. , 1834-1887","Hammet, James Preston, d. 1879"],"language_ssim":["The letter is in English."],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:08:07.409Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3413","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3413","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3413","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3413","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3413.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Roberts, G. E. Letter","title_ssm":["G. E. Roberts Letter"],"title_tesim":["G. E. Roberts Letter"],"unitdate_ssm":["1874-02-08"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1874-02-08"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2019.026"],"text":["Ms.2019.026","G. E. Roberts Letter","African Americans -- History","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Virginia -- History","Correspondence","The collection is open for research.","George E. Roberts was born in 1834 in Montgomery County, VA. He was a white merchant in Central Depot, Virginia. He married Julia A. Cofer on May 4, 1859 in Pulaski, VA. They had five children. Roberts died on June 7, 1887. ","Dr. James Preston Hammet (b. 1833) of Christiansburg, VA was a surgeon with both Whites and African-Americans patients. Following an incident where he was shot by an African-American patient, he continued to practice medicine. He died in lived until 1879.  ","The guide to the G. E. Roberts Letter by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the G. E. Roberts Letter was completed in June 2019.","The G. E. Roberts Letter contains information pertaining to an African American man shooting a white doctor, Dr. Hammet, in Christiansburg, VA. The letter is written to Walter J. Reeve in Central Depot, VA on February 8, 1874.","Permission to publish material from the G. E. Roberts Letter must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.","The G. E. Roberts Letter contains information pertaining to an African American man shooting a white doctor, Dr. Hammet, in Christiansburg, VA. The letter is written to Walter J. Reeve in Central Depot, VA on February 8, 1874.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Roberts, George E. , 1834-1887","Hammet, James Preston, d. 1879","The letter is in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2019.026"],"normalized_title_ssm":["G. E. Roberts Letter"],"collection_title_tesim":["G. E. Roberts Letter"],"collection_ssim":["G. E. Roberts Letter"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish material from the G. E. Roberts Letter must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The G. E. Roberts Letter was purchased by Special Collections in 2018."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Virginia -- History","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Virginia -- History","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1874],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGeorge E. Roberts was born in 1834 in Montgomery County, VA. He was a white merchant in Central Depot, Virginia. He married Julia A. Cofer on May 4, 1859 in Pulaski, VA. They had five children. Roberts died on June 7, 1887. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. James Preston Hammet (b. 1833) of Christiansburg, VA was a surgeon with both Whites and African-Americans patients. Following an incident where he was shot by an African-American patient, he continued to practice medicine. He died in lived until 1879.  \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["George E. Roberts was born in 1834 in Montgomery County, VA. He was a white merchant in Central Depot, Virginia. He married Julia A. Cofer on May 4, 1859 in Pulaski, VA. They had five children. Roberts died on June 7, 1887. ","Dr. James Preston Hammet (b. 1833) of Christiansburg, VA was a surgeon with both Whites and African-Americans patients. Following an incident where he was shot by an African-American patient, he continued to practice medicine. He died in lived until 1879.  "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the G. E. Roberts Letter by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statements for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the G. E. Roberts Letter by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: G. E. Roberts Letter, Ms2019-026, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: G. E. Roberts Letter, Ms2019-026, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the G. E. Roberts Letter was completed in June 2019.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the G. E. Roberts Letter was completed in June 2019."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe G. E. Roberts Letter contains information pertaining to an African American man shooting a white doctor, Dr. Hammet, in Christiansburg, VA. The letter is written to Walter J. Reeve in Central Depot, VA on February 8, 1874.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The G. E. Roberts Letter contains information pertaining to an African American man shooting a white doctor, Dr. Hammet, in Christiansburg, VA. The letter is written to Walter J. Reeve in Central Depot, VA on February 8, 1874."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish material from the G. E. Roberts Letter must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish material from the G. E. Roberts Letter must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_bd91e560fe4c76791a3296b945ff214d\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe G. E. Roberts Letter contains information pertaining to an African American man shooting a white doctor, Dr. Hammet, in Christiansburg, VA. The letter is written to Walter J. Reeve in Central Depot, VA on February 8, 1874.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The G. E. Roberts Letter contains information pertaining to an African American man shooting a white doctor, Dr. Hammet, in Christiansburg, VA. The letter is written to Walter J. Reeve in Central Depot, VA on February 8, 1874."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Roberts, George E. , 1834-1887","Hammet, James Preston, d. 1879"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"names_coll_ssim":["Roberts, George E. , 1834-1887","Hammet, James Preston, d. 1879"],"persname_ssim":["Roberts, George E. , 1834-1887","Hammet, James Preston, d. 1879"],"language_ssim":["The letter is in English."],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:08:07.409Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3413"}},{"id":"vi_vi02478","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Greene County (Va.), \n1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979)","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02478#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Greene County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02478#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eGreene County (Va.) Deeds, 1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979) consist of deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, deeds of trust, and deeds of emancipation. On presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often transferred in deeds of gift or were the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02478#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi02478","ead_ssi":"vi_vi02478","_root_":"vi_vi02478","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi02478","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi02478.xml","title_ssm":["Greene County (Va.), \n1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979)"],"title_tesim":["Greene County (Va.), \n1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1145489-1145502, 1145505\n"],"text":["1145489-1145502, 1145505\n","Greene County (Va.), \n1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979)","African Americans -- History","Land subdivision -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Greene County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Greene County","Land records -- Virginia -- Greene County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Greene County","Mortgage deeds -- Virginia -- Greene County","15 boxes","There are no restrictions.\n","Chronological\n","Greene County was named for Nathanael Greene, American commander of the Army of the South in the Revolutionary War.  It was formed from Orange County in 1838.\n","Deed Books and Indices to Deeds for Greene County can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","Additional Greene County Land Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","Greene County (Va.) Deeds, 1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979) consist of deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, deeds of trust, and deeds of emancipation. On presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often transferred in deeds of gift or were the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust.\n","Deeds of bargain and sale are the most commonly recorded deed in which one individual sells property, usually land, but occasionally personal property, to another individual. Such deeds show the names of the grantor and grantee, the residence of both parties, a description of what is being sold, the consideration (or price), the location of the tract of land, the tract's boundaries, and any limitations on the property being sold. The deed was signed by the grantor, and possibly his wife or anyone else having a claim to the property, and by at least two witnesses. Appended to the deed may be a memorandum of livery of seisin, stating that the property has changed hands and that peaceful possession has taken place.\n","Deeds of gift are often found transferring property, either real or personal, from one individual to another \"for love and affection.\" The degree of kinship, if any, between the grantor and grantee is sometimes stated.\n","Mortgages and deeds of trust were deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\n","The collection may include additional record types that were recorded in deed books such as officials' bonds, fiduciary records, marriage records, road and bridge records, and bills of sale of property including slaves.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Greene County (Va.) Circuit Court","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1145489-1145502, 1145505\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Greene County (Va.), \n1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979)"],"collection_title_tesim":["Greene County (Va.), \n1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979)"],"collection_ssim":["Greene County (Va.), \n1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979)"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Greene County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"creator_ssim":["Greene County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in shipments of court papers from Greene County.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Land subdivision -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Greene County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Greene County","Land records -- Virginia -- Greene County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Greene County","Mortgage deeds -- Virginia -- Greene County"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Land subdivision -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Greene County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Greene County","Land records -- Virginia -- Greene County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Greene County","Mortgage deeds -- Virginia -- Greene County"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["15 boxes"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChronological\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Chronological\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGreene County was named for Nathanael Greene, American commander of the Army of the South in the Revolutionary War.  It was formed from Orange County in 1838.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Greene County was named for Nathanael Greene, American commander of the Army of the South in the Revolutionary War.  It was formed from Orange County in 1838.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGreene County (Va.) Deeds, 1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979). Local government records collection, Greene County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Greene County (Va.) Deeds, 1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979). Local government records collection, Greene County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDeed Books and Indices to Deeds for Greene County can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA109\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Greene County Land Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA109\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Deed Books and Indices to Deeds for Greene County can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","Additional Greene County Land Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGreene County (Va.) Deeds, 1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979) consist of deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, deeds of trust, and deeds of emancipation. On presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often transferred in deeds of gift or were the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDeeds of bargain and sale are the most commonly recorded deed in which one individual sells property, usually land, but occasionally personal property, to another individual. Such deeds show the names of the grantor and grantee, the residence of both parties, a description of what is being sold, the consideration (or price), the location of the tract of land, the tract's boundaries, and any limitations on the property being sold. The deed was signed by the grantor, and possibly his wife or anyone else having a claim to the property, and by at least two witnesses. Appended to the deed may be a memorandum of livery of seisin, stating that the property has changed hands and that peaceful possession has taken place.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDeeds of gift are often found transferring property, either real or personal, from one individual to another \"for love and affection.\" The degree of kinship, if any, between the grantor and grantee is sometimes stated.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMortgages and deeds of trust were deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection may include additional record types that were recorded in deed books such as officials' bonds, fiduciary records, marriage records, road and bridge records, and bills of sale of property including slaves.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Greene County (Va.) Deeds, 1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979) consist of deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, deeds of trust, and deeds of emancipation. On presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often transferred in deeds of gift or were the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust.\n","Deeds of bargain and sale are the most commonly recorded deed in which one individual sells property, usually land, but occasionally personal property, to another individual. Such deeds show the names of the grantor and grantee, the residence of both parties, a description of what is being sold, the consideration (or price), the location of the tract of land, the tract's boundaries, and any limitations on the property being sold. The deed was signed by the grantor, and possibly his wife or anyone else having a claim to the property, and by at least two witnesses. Appended to the deed may be a memorandum of livery of seisin, stating that the property has changed hands and that peaceful possession has taken place.\n","Deeds of gift are often found transferring property, either real or personal, from one individual to another \"for love and affection.\" The degree of kinship, if any, between the grantor and grantee is sometimes stated.\n","Mortgages and deeds of trust were deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\n","The collection may include additional record types that were recorded in deed books such as officials' bonds, fiduciary records, marriage records, road and bridge records, and bills of sale of property including slaves.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Greene County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"corpname_ssim":["Greene County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T11:03:44.020Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi02478","ead_ssi":"vi_vi02478","_root_":"vi_vi02478","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi02478","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi02478.xml","title_ssm":["Greene County (Va.), \n1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979)"],"title_tesim":["Greene County (Va.), \n1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1145489-1145502, 1145505\n"],"text":["1145489-1145502, 1145505\n","Greene County (Va.), \n1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979)","African Americans -- History","Land subdivision -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Greene County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Greene County","Land records -- Virginia -- Greene County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Greene County","Mortgage deeds -- Virginia -- Greene County","15 boxes","There are no restrictions.\n","Chronological\n","Greene County was named for Nathanael Greene, American commander of the Army of the South in the Revolutionary War.  It was formed from Orange County in 1838.\n","Deed Books and Indices to Deeds for Greene County can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","Additional Greene County Land Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","Greene County (Va.) Deeds, 1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979) consist of deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, deeds of trust, and deeds of emancipation. On presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often transferred in deeds of gift or were the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust.\n","Deeds of bargain and sale are the most commonly recorded deed in which one individual sells property, usually land, but occasionally personal property, to another individual. Such deeds show the names of the grantor and grantee, the residence of both parties, a description of what is being sold, the consideration (or price), the location of the tract of land, the tract's boundaries, and any limitations on the property being sold. The deed was signed by the grantor, and possibly his wife or anyone else having a claim to the property, and by at least two witnesses. Appended to the deed may be a memorandum of livery of seisin, stating that the property has changed hands and that peaceful possession has taken place.\n","Deeds of gift are often found transferring property, either real or personal, from one individual to another \"for love and affection.\" The degree of kinship, if any, between the grantor and grantee is sometimes stated.\n","Mortgages and deeds of trust were deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\n","The collection may include additional record types that were recorded in deed books such as officials' bonds, fiduciary records, marriage records, road and bridge records, and bills of sale of property including slaves.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Greene County (Va.) Circuit Court","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1145489-1145502, 1145505\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Greene County (Va.), \n1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979)"],"collection_title_tesim":["Greene County (Va.), \n1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979)"],"collection_ssim":["Greene County (Va.), \n1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979)"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Greene County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"creator_ssim":["Greene County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in shipments of court papers from Greene County.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Land subdivision -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Greene County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Greene County","Land records -- Virginia -- Greene County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Greene County","Mortgage deeds -- Virginia -- Greene County"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Land subdivision -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slavery -- Virginia -- Greene County","Slaves -- Virginia -- Greene County","Deeds -- Virginia -- Greene County","Land records -- Virginia -- Greene County","Local government records -- Virginia -- Greene County","Mortgage deeds -- Virginia -- Greene County"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["15 boxes"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChronological\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Chronological\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGreene County was named for Nathanael Greene, American commander of the Army of the South in the Revolutionary War.  It was formed from Orange County in 1838.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Greene County was named for Nathanael Greene, American commander of the Army of the South in the Revolutionary War.  It was formed from Orange County in 1838.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGreene County (Va.) Deeds, 1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979). Local government records collection, Greene County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Greene County (Va.) Deeds, 1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979). Local government records collection, Greene County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDeed Books and Indices to Deeds for Greene County can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA109\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Greene County Land Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA109\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Deed Books and Indices to Deeds for Greene County can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm","Additional Greene County Land Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGreene County (Va.) Deeds, 1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979) consist of deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, deeds of trust, and deeds of emancipation. On presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often transferred in deeds of gift or were the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDeeds of bargain and sale are the most commonly recorded deed in which one individual sells property, usually land, but occasionally personal property, to another individual. Such deeds show the names of the grantor and grantee, the residence of both parties, a description of what is being sold, the consideration (or price), the location of the tract of land, the tract's boundaries, and any limitations on the property being sold. The deed was signed by the grantor, and possibly his wife or anyone else having a claim to the property, and by at least two witnesses. Appended to the deed may be a memorandum of livery of seisin, stating that the property has changed hands and that peaceful possession has taken place.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDeeds of gift are often found transferring property, either real or personal, from one individual to another \"for love and affection.\" The degree of kinship, if any, between the grantor and grantee is sometimes stated.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMortgages and deeds of trust were deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection may include additional record types that were recorded in deed books such as officials' bonds, fiduciary records, marriage records, road and bridge records, and bills of sale of property including slaves.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Greene County (Va.) Deeds, 1756-1979 (bulk 1901-1979) consist of deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, deeds of trust, and deeds of emancipation. On presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often transferred in deeds of gift or were the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust.\n","Deeds of bargain and sale are the most commonly recorded deed in which one individual sells property, usually land, but occasionally personal property, to another individual. Such deeds show the names of the grantor and grantee, the residence of both parties, a description of what is being sold, the consideration (or price), the location of the tract of land, the tract's boundaries, and any limitations on the property being sold. The deed was signed by the grantor, and possibly his wife or anyone else having a claim to the property, and by at least two witnesses. Appended to the deed may be a memorandum of livery of seisin, stating that the property has changed hands and that peaceful possession has taken place.\n","Deeds of gift are often found transferring property, either real or personal, from one individual to another \"for love and affection.\" The degree of kinship, if any, between the grantor and grantee is sometimes stated.\n","Mortgages and deeds of trust were deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\n","The collection may include additional record types that were recorded in deed books such as officials' bonds, fiduciary records, marriage records, road and bridge records, and bills of sale of property including slaves.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Greene County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"corpname_ssim":["Greene County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T11:03:44.020Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02478"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3426","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Hard Times Blues Collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3426#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The \u003cem\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/em\u003e Collection contains materials about the play \u003cem\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/em\u003e by Lucy Sweeney and its production by the Dumas Theatre Troupe in 2003. Items include background research, correspondence, and a 2019 revised copy of the play as well as programs, flyers, photographs, and a newspaper article about the 2003 production. The play is about Blacksburg local and Virginia Tech employee Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade (1882-1941), who was influential as a mascot performer and turkey trainer for football games. His turkeys served as an early predecessor to the HokieBird mascot representing Virginia Tech today.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3426#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3426","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3426","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3426","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3426","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3426.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Hard Times Blues Collection","title_ssm":["Hard Times Blues Collection"],"title_tesim":["Hard Times Blues Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1966, 2001, 2003, 2019"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1966, 2001, 2003, 2019"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2019.038"],"text":["Ms.2019.038","Hard Times Blues Collection","Blacksburg (Va.)","African Americans -- History","Community theater","Faculty and staff","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Theater  -- United States","University Archives","University History","Theater programs","The collection is open for research.","Virginia Tech employee Floyd Hobson \"Hardtimes\" Meade (also Mead) was born October 2, 1882, in Blacksburg to Denie (also Dina) Meade and either William Meade or Joe Dill. Meade also had a brother Emmett (b. 1880), sister Octavia (b. May 1885), and probably another brother named Alex (1887-1896). Emmett also worked at Virginia Tech, in the Mess Hall as a waiter and later the Machine Shop as a machinist.","According to Col. Harry Temple's Virginia Tech epic history  The Bugle's Echo , Meade briefly lived with the family of Cadet N. W. Thomas, who brought him to campus in 1889. After that, Meade started advertising the school's athletic games. By 1896, he traveled with the football team on their trips as a mascot in an orange and maroon clown costume. (pp. 254-255) At this time, he also began working at the college in the Mess Hall (p. 448).","In 1913, Meade started bringing live turkeys to football games, inspired by the team's informal nickname the \"Gobblers.\" He trained the birds to pull carts, walk on a leash, and flap their wings and gobble on command. Temple even recounts after a victorious Thanksgiving Day game against V.M.I., that the rotund turkey was cooked and served in the Mess Hall! He also played music for himself and for the cadets – Temple states Meade was a regular one-man-band playing a guitar, bass drum, and harmonica all at once (p. 3115-3116).","On August 25, 1913, Floyd married Lucy M. Turner, daughter of Giles Turner and a cook in private service. Floyd and Lucy were both involved in the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America. In 1905, he joined Tadmore Light Lodge #6184, the Blacksburg chapter of the fraternal organization. Minutes and attendance records list him as Past Noble Father (the highest degree or rank in the organization), and a number of other documents refer to Meade's service as secretary of the organization. Lucy Meade was a member of the Household of Ruth, the female auxiliary of the Odd Fellows.","In December 1929, Floyd lost his job at Virginia Tech, according to Temple. So students took up a collection to help with his family's living expenses, and alumni wrote letters to try and change administrators' minds – to no avail. (p. 3846-3847) Then, tragedy struck once more, when Lucy died on June 28, 1931, around age 45 of heart disease.","Floyd continued to work as a cook or waiter in restaurants around town and even served as head waiter at the Lake Hotel in Mountain Lake. By 1940, he was working as a janitor in private service. The next year, Meade died on February 8, after a car accident.","Sources Blacksburg (Virginia) Odd Fellows Records, Ms1988-009, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. Biographical Vertical Files, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. The Bugle's Echo  by Col. Harry Temple Marriage certificate for Floyd Meade and Lucy Turner, FamilySearch.org Draft card for Floyd Meade, FamilySearch.org Death certificates for Denie, Floyd, and Lucy Meade, Ancestry.com Death certificate for Alex Meade, FamilySearch.org U.S. Census records from 1880 through 1940 for Denie, Emmett, and Floyd Meade and their families, Ancestry.com","Playwright and licensed psychologist, Lucy Sweeney, Psy.D., earned a Bachelor's degree in theatre arts at the University of Denver before receiving a Master's in developmental psychology at Columbia University and a Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) from Rutgers, awarded in 1990. Her dissertation,  Eminent Women in Acting: Personality \u0026 Development of Five Actresses  melded her two passions for psychology and the arts. Upon receiving her doctorate, Sweeney began practicing psychology and became a member of the American Psychological Society. During this time, she also joined Actors' Equity as an actress in the New York and regional area, keeping her interest in theatre alive.","Sweeney opened her first private practice in Scotch Plains, NJ, in 1993, closing in 1999. The next year, she opened a private practice in Blacksburg, Virginia. Here she also joined the faculty of Virginia Tech in 2002, teaching the course \"Women and Creativity\" in the Department of Women's Studies. It was during this time that she wrote the first edition of  Hard Times Blues  (2001) about Blacksburg-native Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade, which was performed in Blacksburg and Roanoke by the Dumas Theatre Players. Sweeney's practiced closed down in 2005, but she continued to work, publishing the play  Nashville Dreams  in 2007. The next year, Sweeney opened a new practice in Gallatin, TN, just outside Nashville.","The guide to the  Hard Times Blues  Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the  Hard Times Blues  Collection was completed in July 2019.","The  Hard Times Blues  Collection contains materials about the play  Hard Times Blues  by Lucy Sweeney and its production by the Dumas Theatre Troupe in 2003. Items include background research, correspondence, and a 2019 revised copy of the play as well as programs, flyers, photographs, and a newspaper article about the 2003 production. The play is about Blacksburg local and Virginia Tech employee Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade (1882-1941), who was influential as a mascot performer and turkey trainer for football games. His turkeys served as an early predecessor to the HokieBird mascot representing Virginia Tech today.","Two copies of  Hard Times Blues  by Lucy Sweeney (2019 rev. ed.) separated to the Rare Books Collection and Newman Library's Scripts Collection (call number PS3619.W44 H37 2019).","The playwright Lucy Sweeney retains all rights to  Hard Times Blues , and permission to publish or perform must be obtained from Sweeney. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information on permissions.","For the rest of the collection, the copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The  Hard Times Blues  Collection contains materials about the play  Hard Times Blues  by Lucy Sweeney and its production by the Dumas Theatre Troupe in 2003. Items include background research, correspondence, and a 2019 revised copy of the play as well as programs, flyers, photographs, and a newspaper article about the 2003 production. The play is about Blacksburg local and Virginia Tech employee Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade (1882-1941), who was influential as a mascot performer and turkey trainer for football games. His turkeys served as an early predecessor to the HokieBird mascot representing Virginia Tech today.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2019.038"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Hard Times Blues Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Hard Times Blues Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Hard Times Blues Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The playwright Lucy Sweeney retains all rights to  Hard Times Blues , and permission to publish or perform must be obtained from Sweeney. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information on permissions.","For the rest of the collection, the copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was donated to Special Collections and University Archives in June 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Community theater","Faculty and staff","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Theater  -- United States","University Archives","University History","Theater programs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Community theater","Faculty and staff","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Theater  -- United States","University Archives","University History","Theater programs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"genreform_ssim":["Theater programs"],"date_range_isim":[1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVirginia Tech employee Floyd Hobson \"Hardtimes\" Meade (also Mead) was born October 2, 1882, in Blacksburg to Denie (also Dina) Meade and either William Meade or Joe Dill. Meade also had a brother Emmett (b. 1880), sister Octavia (b. May 1885), and probably another brother named Alex (1887-1896). Emmett also worked at Virginia Tech, in the Mess Hall as a waiter and later the Machine Shop as a machinist.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAccording to Col. Harry Temple's Virginia Tech epic history \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Bugle's Echo\u003c/title\u003e, Meade briefly lived with the family of Cadet N. W. Thomas, who brought him to campus in 1889. After that, Meade started advertising the school's athletic games. By 1896, he traveled with the football team on their trips as a mascot in an orange and maroon clown costume. (pp. 254-255) At this time, he also began working at the college in the Mess Hall (p. 448).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1913, Meade started bringing live turkeys to football games, inspired by the team's informal nickname the \"Gobblers.\" He trained the birds to pull carts, walk on a leash, and flap their wings and gobble on command. Temple even recounts after a victorious Thanksgiving Day game against V.M.I., that the rotund turkey was cooked and served in the Mess Hall! He also played music for himself and for the cadets – Temple states Meade was a regular one-man-band playing a guitar, bass drum, and harmonica all at once (p. 3115-3116).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn August 25, 1913, Floyd married Lucy M. Turner, daughter of Giles Turner and a cook in private service. Floyd and Lucy were both involved in the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America. In 1905, he joined Tadmore Light Lodge #6184, the Blacksburg chapter of the fraternal organization. Minutes and attendance records list him as Past Noble Father (the highest degree or rank in the organization), and a number of other documents refer to Meade's service as secretary of the organization. Lucy Meade was a member of the Household of Ruth, the female auxiliary of the Odd Fellows.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn December 1929, Floyd lost his job at Virginia Tech, according to Temple. So students took up a collection to help with his family's living expenses, and alumni wrote letters to try and change administrators' minds – to no avail. (p. 3846-3847) Then, tragedy struck once more, when Lucy died on June 28, 1931, around age 45 of heart disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFloyd continued to work as a cook or waiter in restaurants around town and even served as head waiter at the Lake Hotel in Mountain Lake. By 1940, he was working as a janitor in private service. The next year, Meade died on February 8, after a car accident.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSources\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBlacksburg (Virginia) Odd Fellows Records, Ms1988-009, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBiographical Vertical Files, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Bugle's Echo\u003c/title\u003e by Col. Harry Temple\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMarriage certificate for Floyd Meade and Lucy Turner, FamilySearch.org\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eDraft card for Floyd Meade, FamilySearch.org\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eDeath certificates for Denie, Floyd, and Lucy Meade, Ancestry.com\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eDeath certificate for Alex Meade, FamilySearch.org\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eU.S. Census records from 1880 through 1940 for Denie, Emmett, and Floyd Meade and their families, Ancestry.com\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlaywright and licensed psychologist, Lucy Sweeney, Psy.D., earned a Bachelor's degree in theatre arts at the University of Denver before receiving a Master's in developmental psychology at Columbia University and a Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) from Rutgers, awarded in 1990. Her dissertation, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eEminent Women in Acting: Personality \u0026amp; Development of Five Actresses\u003c/title\u003e melded her two passions for psychology and the arts. Upon receiving her doctorate, Sweeney began practicing psychology and became a member of the American Psychological Society. During this time, she also joined Actors' Equity as an actress in the New York and regional area, keeping her interest in theatre alive.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSweeney opened her first private practice in Scotch Plains, NJ, in 1993, closing in 1999. The next year, she opened a private practice in Blacksburg, Virginia. Here she also joined the faculty of Virginia Tech in 2002, teaching the course \"Women and Creativity\" in the Department of Women's Studies. It was during this time that she wrote the first edition of \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e (2001) about Blacksburg-native Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade, which was performed in Blacksburg and Roanoke by the Dumas Theatre Players. Sweeney's practiced closed down in 2005, but she continued to work, publishing the play \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eNashville Dreams\u003c/title\u003e in 2007. The next year, Sweeney opened a new practice in Gallatin, TN, just outside Nashville.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note - Floyd Meade","Biographical Note - Lucy Sweeney"],"bioghist_tesim":["Virginia Tech employee Floyd Hobson \"Hardtimes\" Meade (also Mead) was born October 2, 1882, in Blacksburg to Denie (also Dina) Meade and either William Meade or Joe Dill. Meade also had a brother Emmett (b. 1880), sister Octavia (b. May 1885), and probably another brother named Alex (1887-1896). Emmett also worked at Virginia Tech, in the Mess Hall as a waiter and later the Machine Shop as a machinist.","According to Col. Harry Temple's Virginia Tech epic history  The Bugle's Echo , Meade briefly lived with the family of Cadet N. W. Thomas, who brought him to campus in 1889. After that, Meade started advertising the school's athletic games. By 1896, he traveled with the football team on their trips as a mascot in an orange and maroon clown costume. (pp. 254-255) At this time, he also began working at the college in the Mess Hall (p. 448).","In 1913, Meade started bringing live turkeys to football games, inspired by the team's informal nickname the \"Gobblers.\" He trained the birds to pull carts, walk on a leash, and flap their wings and gobble on command. Temple even recounts after a victorious Thanksgiving Day game against V.M.I., that the rotund turkey was cooked and served in the Mess Hall! He also played music for himself and for the cadets – Temple states Meade was a regular one-man-band playing a guitar, bass drum, and harmonica all at once (p. 3115-3116).","On August 25, 1913, Floyd married Lucy M. Turner, daughter of Giles Turner and a cook in private service. Floyd and Lucy were both involved in the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America. In 1905, he joined Tadmore Light Lodge #6184, the Blacksburg chapter of the fraternal organization. Minutes and attendance records list him as Past Noble Father (the highest degree or rank in the organization), and a number of other documents refer to Meade's service as secretary of the organization. Lucy Meade was a member of the Household of Ruth, the female auxiliary of the Odd Fellows.","In December 1929, Floyd lost his job at Virginia Tech, according to Temple. So students took up a collection to help with his family's living expenses, and alumni wrote letters to try and change administrators' minds – to no avail. (p. 3846-3847) Then, tragedy struck once more, when Lucy died on June 28, 1931, around age 45 of heart disease.","Floyd continued to work as a cook or waiter in restaurants around town and even served as head waiter at the Lake Hotel in Mountain Lake. By 1940, he was working as a janitor in private service. The next year, Meade died on February 8, after a car accident.","Sources Blacksburg (Virginia) Odd Fellows Records, Ms1988-009, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. Biographical Vertical Files, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. The Bugle's Echo  by Col. Harry Temple Marriage certificate for Floyd Meade and Lucy Turner, FamilySearch.org Draft card for Floyd Meade, FamilySearch.org Death certificates for Denie, Floyd, and Lucy Meade, Ancestry.com Death certificate for Alex Meade, FamilySearch.org U.S. Census records from 1880 through 1940 for Denie, Emmett, and Floyd Meade and their families, Ancestry.com","Playwright and licensed psychologist, Lucy Sweeney, Psy.D., earned a Bachelor's degree in theatre arts at the University of Denver before receiving a Master's in developmental psychology at Columbia University and a Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) from Rutgers, awarded in 1990. Her dissertation,  Eminent Women in Acting: Personality \u0026 Development of Five Actresses  melded her two passions for psychology and the arts. Upon receiving her doctorate, Sweeney began practicing psychology and became a member of the American Psychological Society. During this time, she also joined Actors' Equity as an actress in the New York and regional area, keeping her interest in theatre alive.","Sweeney opened her first private practice in Scotch Plains, NJ, in 1993, closing in 1999. The next year, she opened a private practice in Blacksburg, Virginia. Here she also joined the faculty of Virginia Tech in 2002, teaching the course \"Women and Creativity\" in the Department of Women's Studies. It was during this time that she wrote the first edition of  Hard Times Blues  (2001) about Blacksburg-native Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade, which was performed in Blacksburg and Roanoke by the Dumas Theatre Players. Sweeney's practiced closed down in 2005, but she continued to work, publishing the play  Nashville Dreams  in 2007. The next year, Sweeney opened a new practice in Gallatin, TN, just outside Nashville."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-%20work/public-domain/cc0/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the  Hard Times Blues  Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e Collection, Ms2019-038, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder],  Hard Times Blues  Collection, Ms2019-038, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e Collection was completed in July 2019.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the  Hard Times Blues  Collection was completed in July 2019."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e Collection contains materials about the play \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e by Lucy Sweeney and its production by the Dumas Theatre Troupe in 2003. Items include background research, correspondence, and a 2019 revised copy of the play as well as programs, flyers, photographs, and a newspaper article about the 2003 production. The play is about Blacksburg local and Virginia Tech employee Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade (1882-1941), who was influential as a mascot performer and turkey trainer for football games. His turkeys served as an early predecessor to the HokieBird mascot representing Virginia Tech today.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The  Hard Times Blues  Collection contains materials about the play  Hard Times Blues  by Lucy Sweeney and its production by the Dumas Theatre Troupe in 2003. Items include background research, correspondence, and a 2019 revised copy of the play as well as programs, flyers, photographs, and a newspaper article about the 2003 production. The play is about Blacksburg local and Virginia Tech employee Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade (1882-1941), who was influential as a mascot performer and turkey trainer for football games. His turkeys served as an early predecessor to the HokieBird mascot representing Virginia Tech today."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTwo copies of \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e by Lucy Sweeney (2019 rev. ed.) separated to the Rare Books Collection and Newman Library's Scripts Collection (call number PS3619.W44 H37 2019).\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Two copies of  Hard Times Blues  by Lucy Sweeney (2019 rev. ed.) separated to the Rare Books Collection and Newman Library's Scripts Collection (call number PS3619.W44 H37 2019)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe playwright Lucy Sweeney retains all rights to \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e, and permission to publish or perform must be obtained from Sweeney. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information on permissions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor the rest of the collection, the copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (\u003ca href=\"mailto:specref@vt.edu\"\u003especref@vt.edu\u003c/a\u003e or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The playwright Lucy Sweeney retains all rights to  Hard Times Blues , and permission to publish or perform must be obtained from Sweeney. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information on permissions.","For the rest of the collection, the copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ae22529e10904d0104ee71671f743448\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e Collection contains materials about the play \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e by Lucy Sweeney and its production by the Dumas Theatre Troupe in 2003. Items include background research, correspondence, and a 2019 revised copy of the play as well as programs, flyers, photographs, and a newspaper article about the 2003 production. The play is about Blacksburg local and Virginia Tech employee Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade (1882-1941), who was influential as a mascot performer and turkey trainer for football games. His turkeys served as an early predecessor to the HokieBird mascot representing Virginia Tech today.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The  Hard Times Blues  Collection contains materials about the play  Hard Times Blues  by Lucy Sweeney and its production by the Dumas Theatre Troupe in 2003. Items include background research, correspondence, and a 2019 revised copy of the play as well as programs, flyers, photographs, and a newspaper article about the 2003 production. The play is about Blacksburg local and Virginia Tech employee Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade (1882-1941), who was influential as a mascot performer and turkey trainer for football games. His turkeys served as an early predecessor to the HokieBird mascot representing Virginia Tech today."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"total_component_count_is":7,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:00:15.737Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3426","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3426","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3426","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3426","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3426.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Hard Times Blues Collection","title_ssm":["Hard Times Blues Collection"],"title_tesim":["Hard Times Blues Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1966, 2001, 2003, 2019"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1966, 2001, 2003, 2019"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2019.038"],"text":["Ms.2019.038","Hard Times Blues Collection","Blacksburg (Va.)","African Americans -- History","Community theater","Faculty and staff","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Theater  -- United States","University Archives","University History","Theater programs","The collection is open for research.","Virginia Tech employee Floyd Hobson \"Hardtimes\" Meade (also Mead) was born October 2, 1882, in Blacksburg to Denie (also Dina) Meade and either William Meade or Joe Dill. Meade also had a brother Emmett (b. 1880), sister Octavia (b. May 1885), and probably another brother named Alex (1887-1896). Emmett also worked at Virginia Tech, in the Mess Hall as a waiter and later the Machine Shop as a machinist.","According to Col. Harry Temple's Virginia Tech epic history  The Bugle's Echo , Meade briefly lived with the family of Cadet N. W. Thomas, who brought him to campus in 1889. After that, Meade started advertising the school's athletic games. By 1896, he traveled with the football team on their trips as a mascot in an orange and maroon clown costume. (pp. 254-255) At this time, he also began working at the college in the Mess Hall (p. 448).","In 1913, Meade started bringing live turkeys to football games, inspired by the team's informal nickname the \"Gobblers.\" He trained the birds to pull carts, walk on a leash, and flap their wings and gobble on command. Temple even recounts after a victorious Thanksgiving Day game against V.M.I., that the rotund turkey was cooked and served in the Mess Hall! He also played music for himself and for the cadets – Temple states Meade was a regular one-man-band playing a guitar, bass drum, and harmonica all at once (p. 3115-3116).","On August 25, 1913, Floyd married Lucy M. Turner, daughter of Giles Turner and a cook in private service. Floyd and Lucy were both involved in the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America. In 1905, he joined Tadmore Light Lodge #6184, the Blacksburg chapter of the fraternal organization. Minutes and attendance records list him as Past Noble Father (the highest degree or rank in the organization), and a number of other documents refer to Meade's service as secretary of the organization. Lucy Meade was a member of the Household of Ruth, the female auxiliary of the Odd Fellows.","In December 1929, Floyd lost his job at Virginia Tech, according to Temple. So students took up a collection to help with his family's living expenses, and alumni wrote letters to try and change administrators' minds – to no avail. (p. 3846-3847) Then, tragedy struck once more, when Lucy died on June 28, 1931, around age 45 of heart disease.","Floyd continued to work as a cook or waiter in restaurants around town and even served as head waiter at the Lake Hotel in Mountain Lake. By 1940, he was working as a janitor in private service. The next year, Meade died on February 8, after a car accident.","Sources Blacksburg (Virginia) Odd Fellows Records, Ms1988-009, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. Biographical Vertical Files, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. The Bugle's Echo  by Col. Harry Temple Marriage certificate for Floyd Meade and Lucy Turner, FamilySearch.org Draft card for Floyd Meade, FamilySearch.org Death certificates for Denie, Floyd, and Lucy Meade, Ancestry.com Death certificate for Alex Meade, FamilySearch.org U.S. Census records from 1880 through 1940 for Denie, Emmett, and Floyd Meade and their families, Ancestry.com","Playwright and licensed psychologist, Lucy Sweeney, Psy.D., earned a Bachelor's degree in theatre arts at the University of Denver before receiving a Master's in developmental psychology at Columbia University and a Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) from Rutgers, awarded in 1990. Her dissertation,  Eminent Women in Acting: Personality \u0026 Development of Five Actresses  melded her two passions for psychology and the arts. Upon receiving her doctorate, Sweeney began practicing psychology and became a member of the American Psychological Society. During this time, she also joined Actors' Equity as an actress in the New York and regional area, keeping her interest in theatre alive.","Sweeney opened her first private practice in Scotch Plains, NJ, in 1993, closing in 1999. The next year, she opened a private practice in Blacksburg, Virginia. Here she also joined the faculty of Virginia Tech in 2002, teaching the course \"Women and Creativity\" in the Department of Women's Studies. It was during this time that she wrote the first edition of  Hard Times Blues  (2001) about Blacksburg-native Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade, which was performed in Blacksburg and Roanoke by the Dumas Theatre Players. Sweeney's practiced closed down in 2005, but she continued to work, publishing the play  Nashville Dreams  in 2007. The next year, Sweeney opened a new practice in Gallatin, TN, just outside Nashville.","The guide to the  Hard Times Blues  Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the  Hard Times Blues  Collection was completed in July 2019.","The  Hard Times Blues  Collection contains materials about the play  Hard Times Blues  by Lucy Sweeney and its production by the Dumas Theatre Troupe in 2003. Items include background research, correspondence, and a 2019 revised copy of the play as well as programs, flyers, photographs, and a newspaper article about the 2003 production. The play is about Blacksburg local and Virginia Tech employee Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade (1882-1941), who was influential as a mascot performer and turkey trainer for football games. His turkeys served as an early predecessor to the HokieBird mascot representing Virginia Tech today.","Two copies of  Hard Times Blues  by Lucy Sweeney (2019 rev. ed.) separated to the Rare Books Collection and Newman Library's Scripts Collection (call number PS3619.W44 H37 2019).","The playwright Lucy Sweeney retains all rights to  Hard Times Blues , and permission to publish or perform must be obtained from Sweeney. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information on permissions.","For the rest of the collection, the copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The  Hard Times Blues  Collection contains materials about the play  Hard Times Blues  by Lucy Sweeney and its production by the Dumas Theatre Troupe in 2003. Items include background research, correspondence, and a 2019 revised copy of the play as well as programs, flyers, photographs, and a newspaper article about the 2003 production. The play is about Blacksburg local and Virginia Tech employee Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade (1882-1941), who was influential as a mascot performer and turkey trainer for football games. His turkeys served as an early predecessor to the HokieBird mascot representing Virginia Tech today.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2019.038"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Hard Times Blues Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Hard Times Blues Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Hard Times Blues Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The playwright Lucy Sweeney retains all rights to  Hard Times Blues , and permission to publish or perform must be obtained from Sweeney. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information on permissions.","For the rest of the collection, the copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was donated to Special Collections and University Archives in June 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History","Community theater","Faculty and staff","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Theater  -- United States","University Archives","University History","Theater programs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History","Community theater","Faculty and staff","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Theater  -- United States","University Archives","University History","Theater programs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"genreform_ssim":["Theater programs"],"date_range_isim":[1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVirginia Tech employee Floyd Hobson \"Hardtimes\" Meade (also Mead) was born October 2, 1882, in Blacksburg to Denie (also Dina) Meade and either William Meade or Joe Dill. Meade also had a brother Emmett (b. 1880), sister Octavia (b. May 1885), and probably another brother named Alex (1887-1896). Emmett also worked at Virginia Tech, in the Mess Hall as a waiter and later the Machine Shop as a machinist.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAccording to Col. Harry Temple's Virginia Tech epic history \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Bugle's Echo\u003c/title\u003e, Meade briefly lived with the family of Cadet N. W. Thomas, who brought him to campus in 1889. After that, Meade started advertising the school's athletic games. By 1896, he traveled with the football team on their trips as a mascot in an orange and maroon clown costume. (pp. 254-255) At this time, he also began working at the college in the Mess Hall (p. 448).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1913, Meade started bringing live turkeys to football games, inspired by the team's informal nickname the \"Gobblers.\" He trained the birds to pull carts, walk on a leash, and flap their wings and gobble on command. Temple even recounts after a victorious Thanksgiving Day game against V.M.I., that the rotund turkey was cooked and served in the Mess Hall! He also played music for himself and for the cadets – Temple states Meade was a regular one-man-band playing a guitar, bass drum, and harmonica all at once (p. 3115-3116).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn August 25, 1913, Floyd married Lucy M. Turner, daughter of Giles Turner and a cook in private service. Floyd and Lucy were both involved in the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America. In 1905, he joined Tadmore Light Lodge #6184, the Blacksburg chapter of the fraternal organization. Minutes and attendance records list him as Past Noble Father (the highest degree or rank in the organization), and a number of other documents refer to Meade's service as secretary of the organization. Lucy Meade was a member of the Household of Ruth, the female auxiliary of the Odd Fellows.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn December 1929, Floyd lost his job at Virginia Tech, according to Temple. So students took up a collection to help with his family's living expenses, and alumni wrote letters to try and change administrators' minds – to no avail. (p. 3846-3847) Then, tragedy struck once more, when Lucy died on June 28, 1931, around age 45 of heart disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFloyd continued to work as a cook or waiter in restaurants around town and even served as head waiter at the Lake Hotel in Mountain Lake. By 1940, he was working as a janitor in private service. The next year, Meade died on February 8, after a car accident.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSources\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBlacksburg (Virginia) Odd Fellows Records, Ms1988-009, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBiographical Vertical Files, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Bugle's Echo\u003c/title\u003e by Col. Harry Temple\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMarriage certificate for Floyd Meade and Lucy Turner, FamilySearch.org\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eDraft card for Floyd Meade, FamilySearch.org\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eDeath certificates for Denie, Floyd, and Lucy Meade, Ancestry.com\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eDeath certificate for Alex Meade, FamilySearch.org\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eU.S. Census records from 1880 through 1940 for Denie, Emmett, and Floyd Meade and their families, Ancestry.com\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlaywright and licensed psychologist, Lucy Sweeney, Psy.D., earned a Bachelor's degree in theatre arts at the University of Denver before receiving a Master's in developmental psychology at Columbia University and a Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) from Rutgers, awarded in 1990. Her dissertation, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eEminent Women in Acting: Personality \u0026amp; Development of Five Actresses\u003c/title\u003e melded her two passions for psychology and the arts. Upon receiving her doctorate, Sweeney began practicing psychology and became a member of the American Psychological Society. During this time, she also joined Actors' Equity as an actress in the New York and regional area, keeping her interest in theatre alive.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSweeney opened her first private practice in Scotch Plains, NJ, in 1993, closing in 1999. The next year, she opened a private practice in Blacksburg, Virginia. Here she also joined the faculty of Virginia Tech in 2002, teaching the course \"Women and Creativity\" in the Department of Women's Studies. It was during this time that she wrote the first edition of \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e (2001) about Blacksburg-native Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade, which was performed in Blacksburg and Roanoke by the Dumas Theatre Players. Sweeney's practiced closed down in 2005, but she continued to work, publishing the play \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eNashville Dreams\u003c/title\u003e in 2007. The next year, Sweeney opened a new practice in Gallatin, TN, just outside Nashville.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note - Floyd Meade","Biographical Note - Lucy Sweeney"],"bioghist_tesim":["Virginia Tech employee Floyd Hobson \"Hardtimes\" Meade (also Mead) was born October 2, 1882, in Blacksburg to Denie (also Dina) Meade and either William Meade or Joe Dill. Meade also had a brother Emmett (b. 1880), sister Octavia (b. May 1885), and probably another brother named Alex (1887-1896). Emmett also worked at Virginia Tech, in the Mess Hall as a waiter and later the Machine Shop as a machinist.","According to Col. Harry Temple's Virginia Tech epic history  The Bugle's Echo , Meade briefly lived with the family of Cadet N. W. Thomas, who brought him to campus in 1889. After that, Meade started advertising the school's athletic games. By 1896, he traveled with the football team on their trips as a mascot in an orange and maroon clown costume. (pp. 254-255) At this time, he also began working at the college in the Mess Hall (p. 448).","In 1913, Meade started bringing live turkeys to football games, inspired by the team's informal nickname the \"Gobblers.\" He trained the birds to pull carts, walk on a leash, and flap their wings and gobble on command. Temple even recounts after a victorious Thanksgiving Day game against V.M.I., that the rotund turkey was cooked and served in the Mess Hall! He also played music for himself and for the cadets – Temple states Meade was a regular one-man-band playing a guitar, bass drum, and harmonica all at once (p. 3115-3116).","On August 25, 1913, Floyd married Lucy M. Turner, daughter of Giles Turner and a cook in private service. Floyd and Lucy were both involved in the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America. In 1905, he joined Tadmore Light Lodge #6184, the Blacksburg chapter of the fraternal organization. Minutes and attendance records list him as Past Noble Father (the highest degree or rank in the organization), and a number of other documents refer to Meade's service as secretary of the organization. Lucy Meade was a member of the Household of Ruth, the female auxiliary of the Odd Fellows.","In December 1929, Floyd lost his job at Virginia Tech, according to Temple. So students took up a collection to help with his family's living expenses, and alumni wrote letters to try and change administrators' minds – to no avail. (p. 3846-3847) Then, tragedy struck once more, when Lucy died on June 28, 1931, around age 45 of heart disease.","Floyd continued to work as a cook or waiter in restaurants around town and even served as head waiter at the Lake Hotel in Mountain Lake. By 1940, he was working as a janitor in private service. The next year, Meade died on February 8, after a car accident.","Sources Blacksburg (Virginia) Odd Fellows Records, Ms1988-009, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. Biographical Vertical Files, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. The Bugle's Echo  by Col. Harry Temple Marriage certificate for Floyd Meade and Lucy Turner, FamilySearch.org Draft card for Floyd Meade, FamilySearch.org Death certificates for Denie, Floyd, and Lucy Meade, Ancestry.com Death certificate for Alex Meade, FamilySearch.org U.S. Census records from 1880 through 1940 for Denie, Emmett, and Floyd Meade and their families, Ancestry.com","Playwright and licensed psychologist, Lucy Sweeney, Psy.D., earned a Bachelor's degree in theatre arts at the University of Denver before receiving a Master's in developmental psychology at Columbia University and a Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) from Rutgers, awarded in 1990. Her dissertation,  Eminent Women in Acting: Personality \u0026 Development of Five Actresses  melded her two passions for psychology and the arts. Upon receiving her doctorate, Sweeney began practicing psychology and became a member of the American Psychological Society. During this time, she also joined Actors' Equity as an actress in the New York and regional area, keeping her interest in theatre alive.","Sweeney opened her first private practice in Scotch Plains, NJ, in 1993, closing in 1999. The next year, she opened a private practice in Blacksburg, Virginia. Here she also joined the faculty of Virginia Tech in 2002, teaching the course \"Women and Creativity\" in the Department of Women's Studies. It was during this time that she wrote the first edition of  Hard Times Blues  (2001) about Blacksburg-native Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade, which was performed in Blacksburg and Roanoke by the Dumas Theatre Players. Sweeney's practiced closed down in 2005, but she continued to work, publishing the play  Nashville Dreams  in 2007. The next year, Sweeney opened a new practice in Gallatin, TN, just outside Nashville."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-%20work/public-domain/cc0/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the  Hard Times Blues  Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e Collection, Ms2019-038, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder],  Hard Times Blues  Collection, Ms2019-038, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e Collection was completed in July 2019.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the  Hard Times Blues  Collection was completed in July 2019."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e Collection contains materials about the play \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e by Lucy Sweeney and its production by the Dumas Theatre Troupe in 2003. Items include background research, correspondence, and a 2019 revised copy of the play as well as programs, flyers, photographs, and a newspaper article about the 2003 production. The play is about Blacksburg local and Virginia Tech employee Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade (1882-1941), who was influential as a mascot performer and turkey trainer for football games. His turkeys served as an early predecessor to the HokieBird mascot representing Virginia Tech today.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The  Hard Times Blues  Collection contains materials about the play  Hard Times Blues  by Lucy Sweeney and its production by the Dumas Theatre Troupe in 2003. Items include background research, correspondence, and a 2019 revised copy of the play as well as programs, flyers, photographs, and a newspaper article about the 2003 production. The play is about Blacksburg local and Virginia Tech employee Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade (1882-1941), who was influential as a mascot performer and turkey trainer for football games. His turkeys served as an early predecessor to the HokieBird mascot representing Virginia Tech today."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTwo copies of \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e by Lucy Sweeney (2019 rev. ed.) separated to the Rare Books Collection and Newman Library's Scripts Collection (call number PS3619.W44 H37 2019).\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Two copies of  Hard Times Blues  by Lucy Sweeney (2019 rev. ed.) separated to the Rare Books Collection and Newman Library's Scripts Collection (call number PS3619.W44 H37 2019)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe playwright Lucy Sweeney retains all rights to \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e, and permission to publish or perform must be obtained from Sweeney. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information on permissions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor the rest of the collection, the copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (\u003ca href=\"mailto:specref@vt.edu\"\u003especref@vt.edu\u003c/a\u003e or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The playwright Lucy Sweeney retains all rights to  Hard Times Blues , and permission to publish or perform must be obtained from Sweeney. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information on permissions.","For the rest of the collection, the copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ae22529e10904d0104ee71671f743448\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e Collection contains materials about the play \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHard Times Blues\u003c/title\u003e by Lucy Sweeney and its production by the Dumas Theatre Troupe in 2003. Items include background research, correspondence, and a 2019 revised copy of the play as well as programs, flyers, photographs, and a newspaper article about the 2003 production. The play is about Blacksburg local and Virginia Tech employee Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade (1882-1941), who was influential as a mascot performer and turkey trainer for football games. His turkeys served as an early predecessor to the HokieBird mascot representing Virginia Tech today.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The  Hard Times Blues  Collection contains materials about the play  Hard Times Blues  by Lucy Sweeney and its production by the Dumas Theatre Troupe in 2003. Items include background research, correspondence, and a 2019 revised copy of the play as well as programs, flyers, photographs, and a newspaper article about the 2003 production. The play is about Blacksburg local and Virginia Tech employee Floyd \"Hardtimes\" Meade (1882-1941), who was influential as a mascot performer and turkey trainer for football games. His turkeys served as an early predecessor to the HokieBird mascot representing Virginia Tech today."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"total_component_count_is":7,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:00:15.737Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3426"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Library of Virginia","value":"Library of Virginia","hits":55},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Library+of+Virginia"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","value":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","hits":46},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"\"The 24th Corps\" Manuscript","value":"\"The 24th Corps\" Manuscript","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22The+24th+Corps%22+Manuscript\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"You Must Shun Ole Satan\" Sheet Music","value":"\"You Must Shun Ole Satan\" Sheet Music","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22You+Must+Shun+Ole+Satan%22+Sheet+Music\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1st U. S. Colored Troops Sworn Statement","value":"1st U. S. Colored Troops Sworn Statement","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=1st+U.+S.+Colored+Troops+Sworn+Statement\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"41st United States Colored Troops Muster Roll","value":"41st United States Colored Troops Muster Roll","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=41st+United+States+Colored+Troops+Muster+Roll\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Accomack County (Va.) District Court Papers, \n1789-1808","value":"Accomack County (Va.) District Court Papers, \n1789-1808","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Accomack+County+%28Va.%29+District+Court+Papers%2C+%0A1789-1808\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African-American Tenant Farmer Photographs, Clarksville, Virginia","value":"African-American Tenant Farmer Photographs, Clarksville, Virginia","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=African-American+Tenant+Farmer+Photographs%2C+Clarksville%2C+Virginia\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albemarle County (Va.) Comonwealth Causes, \n1749-1922 (bulk 1797-1922)","value":"Albemarle County (Va.) Comonwealth Causes, \n1749-1922 (bulk 1797-1922)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Albemarle+County+%28Va.%29+Comonwealth+Causes%2C+%0A1749-1922+%28bulk+1797-1922%29\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albemarle County (Va.) Wills, \n1743-1928","value":"Albemarle County (Va.) Wills, \n1743-1928","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Albemarle+County+%28Va.%29+Wills%2C+%0A1743-1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Amherst County (Va.) Deeds, \n1797-1866","value":"Amherst County (Va.) Deeds, \n1797-1866","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Amherst+County+%28Va.%29+Deeds%2C+%0A1797-1866\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Barbary Wilson Deed of Emancipation for Harry","value":"Barbary Wilson Deed of Emancipation for Harry","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Barbary+Wilson+Deed+of+Emancipation+for+Harry\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Benne Candy Ephemera","value":"Benne Candy Ephemera","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Benne+Candy+Ephemera\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"date_range_isim","attributes":{"label":"Date range","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"1805","value":"1805","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1805\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1806","value":"1806","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1806\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1807","value":"1807","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1807\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1808","value":"1808","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1808\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1809","value":"1809","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1809\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1810","value":"1810","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1810\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1811","value":"1811","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1811\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1812","value":"1812","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1812\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1813","value":"1813","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1813\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1814","value":"1814","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1814\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1815","value":"1815","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1815\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/date_range_isim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Accomack County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","value":"Accomack County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Accomack+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court%0A\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albemarle County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","value":"Albemarle County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Albemarle+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court%0A\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Amherst County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","value":"Amherst County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Amherst+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court%0A\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Black Organizations Council","value":"Black Organizations Council","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Black+Organizations+Council\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Blackwell, Jacquelyn Butler","value":"Blackwell, Jacquelyn Butler","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Blackwell%2C+Jacquelyn+Butler\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bouey, Elizabeth Coles, ca. 1890-1957","value":"Bouey, Elizabeth Coles, ca. 1890-1957","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Bouey%2C+Elizabeth+Coles%2C+ca.+1890-1957\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Brunswick County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","value":"Brunswick County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Brunswick+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court%0A\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Caroline County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","value":"Caroline County (Va.) Circuit Court\n","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Caroline+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court%0A\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Carter, Elaine D.","value":"Carter, Elaine D.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Carter%2C+Elaine+D.\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Carter, H. G. (Harry Gilmore), 1886-1926","value":"Carter, H. G. (Harry Gilmore), 1886-1926","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Carter%2C+H.+G.+%28Harry+Gilmore%29%2C+1886-1926\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Chesapeake (Va.) Circuit Court\n","value":"Chesapeake (Va.) Circuit Court\n","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Chesapeake+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court%0A\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/creator_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"names_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Names","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Accomack County (Va.) Circuit Court","value":"Accomack County (Va.) Circuit Court","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Accomack+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Accomack County (Va.) District Court","value":"Accomack County (Va.) District Court","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Accomack+County+%28Va.%29+District+Court"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albemarle County (Va.) Circuit Court","value":"Albemarle County (Va.) Circuit Court","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Albemarle+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Amherst County (Va.) Circuit Court","value":"Amherst County (Va.) Circuit Court","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Amherst+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Belva \u0026 The Randolph Brothers (Musical group)","value":"Belva \u0026 The Randolph Brothers (Musical group)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Belva+%26+The+Randolph+Brothers+%28Musical+group%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Black Organizations Council","value":"Black Organizations Council","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Black+Organizations+Council"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Blackwell, Jacquelyn Butler","value":"Blackwell, Jacquelyn Butler","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Blackwell%2C+Jacquelyn+Butler"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bob (enslaved person)","value":"Bob (enslaved person)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Bob+%28enslaved+person%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bouey, Elizabeth Coles, ca. 1890-1957","value":"Bouey, Elizabeth Coles, ca. 1890-1957","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Bouey%2C+Elizabeth+Coles%2C+ca.+1890-1957"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Brunswick County (Va.) Circuit Court","value":"Brunswick County (Va.) Circuit Court","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Brunswick+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Brunswick County (Va.) District Court","value":"Brunswick County (Va.) District Court","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Brunswick+County+%28Va.%29+District+Court"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/names_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"geogname_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Places","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Augusta County (Va.)","value":"Augusta County (Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Augusta+County+%28Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bath County (Va.)","value":"Bath County (Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Bath+County+%28Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Blacksburg (Va.)","value":"Blacksburg (Va.)","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Blacksburg+%28Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Christiansburg (Va.)","value":"Christiansburg (Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Christiansburg+%28Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Louisa County (Va.)","value":"Louisa County (Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Louisa+County+%28Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Montgomery County (Va.)","value":"Montgomery County (Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Montgomery+County+%28Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Richmond (Va.)","value":"Richmond (Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Richmond+%28Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Roanoke (Va.)","value":"Roanoke (Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Roanoke+%28Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Rockbridge County (Va.)","value":"Rockbridge County (Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Rockbridge+County+%28Va.%29"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/geogname_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access_subjects_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Subjects","items":[{"attributes":{"label":" Slaves -- Virginia -- Albemarle County ","value":" Slaves -- Virginia -- Albemarle County ","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=+Slaves+--+Virginia+--+Albemarle+County+\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Accounts -- Virginia -- Petersburg","value":"Accounts -- Virginia -- Petersburg","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Accounts+--+Virginia+--+Petersburg\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Affidavits -- Virginia -- Accomack County","value":"Affidavits -- Virginia -- Accomack County","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Affidavits+--+Virginia+--+Accomack+County\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Affidavits -- Virginia -- Brunswick County","value":"Affidavits -- Virginia -- Brunswick County","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Affidavits+--+Virginia+--+Brunswick+County\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Affidavits -- Virginia -- Franklin County","value":"Affidavits -- Virginia -- Franklin County","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Affidavits+--+Virginia+--+Franklin+County\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Affidavits -- Virginia -- Prince Edward County","value":"Affidavits -- Virginia -- Prince Edward County","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Affidavits+--+Virginia+--+Prince+Edward+County\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans -- History","value":"African Americans -- History","hits":101},"links":{"remove":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans -- Music","value":"African Americans -- Music","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Music\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Agriculture","value":"Agriculture","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Agriculture\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Appraisals -- Virginia -- Northumberland County","value":"Appraisals -- Virginia -- Northumberland County","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Appraisals+--+Virginia+--+Northumberland+County\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Artifacts (object genre)","value":"Artifacts (object genre)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Artifacts+%28object+genre%29\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access_subjects_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"level_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Level","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Collection","value":"Collection","hits":101},"links":{"remove":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Record Group","value":"Record Group","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Record+Group"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/level_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"all_fields","attributes":{"label":"All Fields"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=all_fields"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"keyword","attributes":{"label":"Keyword"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=keyword"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"name","attributes":{"label":"Name"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=name"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"place","attributes":{"label":"Place"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=place"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"subject","attributes":{"label":"Subject"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=subject"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"title","attributes":{"label":"Title"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=title"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"container","attributes":{"label":"Container"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=container"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"identifier","attributes":{"label":"Identifier"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=identifier"}},{"type":"sort","id":"score desc, title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"relevance"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=score+desc%2C+title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"date (ascending)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=date_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"date (descending)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=date_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"creator (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=creator_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"creator (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=creator_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"title (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"title (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+History\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=title_sort+desc"}}]}