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Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. 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","She experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.","In 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.","\nIn 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist, ","\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\" ","Kennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\" ","In 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.","Florynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"","With an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for. ","Source:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy","Militano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist","This collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. 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Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist, \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eKennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFlorynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSource:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMilitano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist. ","She experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.","In 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.","\nIn 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist, ","\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\" ","Kennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\" ","In 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.","Florynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"","With an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for. ","Source:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy","Militano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16784, Florynce Kennedy photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16784, Florynce Kennedy photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\""],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"persname_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:45:42.675Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1524.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189457","title_filing_ssi":"Kennedy Florynce photographs","title_ssm":["Florynce Kennedy photographs"],"title_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1973-1976"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c.1973-1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524"],"text":["MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524","Florynce Kennedy photographs","Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","Florynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist. ","She experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.","In 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.","\nIn 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist, ","\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\" ","Kennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\" ","In 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.","Florynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"","With an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for. ","Source:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy","Militano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist","This collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\"","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Florynce Kennedy photographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs"],"collection_ssim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from James Arenenault by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 03 March 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["4 letter-sized photographs"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1973,1974,1975,1976],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFlorynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShe experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist, \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eKennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFlorynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSource:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMilitano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist. ","She experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.","In 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.","\nIn 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist, ","\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\" ","Kennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\" ","In 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.","Florynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"","With an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for. ","Source:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy","Militano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16784, Florynce Kennedy photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16784, Florynce Kennedy photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\""],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"persname_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:45:42.675Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1524"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1462","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Julian Bond papers--addition 1","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1462#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Bond, Julian, 1940-2015","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1462#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis addition to MSS 13347 Julian Bond papers contains lecture materials, outlines, and a chapter by Julian Bond. This includes the following documents: Civil Rights Tour-origins, Montgomery Bus Boycott lecture and outline, and a chapter titled: The Civil Rights Movement Grassroots Leadership- Living \"in struggle.\"\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1462#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1462","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1462","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1462","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1462","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1462.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/151606","title_filing_ssi":"Bond, Julian papers addition","title_ssm":["Julian Bond papers--addition 1"],"title_tesim":["Julian Bond papers--addition 1"],"unitdate_ssm":["ca. 2014-2016"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 2014-2016"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 13347","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1462"],"text":["MSS 13347","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1462","Julian Bond papers--addition 1","African Americans -- Civil rights","Civil rights -- United States","The collection is open for research use.","Julian Bond was born in Nashville, Tennessee on January 14, 1940, to educator, Dr. Horace Mann Bond and his wife, librarian Julia Washington Bond, who had traveled there from central Georgia to have her child. In 1940, Dr. Bond was president of Fort Valley State College, a Black institution in central Georgia. Julian Bond attended primary school at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, where his father served as President, from 1945 until 1957, when Dr. Bond became dean of the School of Education at Atlanta University. His paternal grandparents were James Bond (1863-1929) born in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, and Jane Alice Browne (1865-1938), born in Prince George County, Maryland. \nHe graduated in June 1957 from the George School, a co-educational Quaker preparatory school located in Bucks County, Pennsylvania and entered Morehouse College in Atlanta in the fall. While in Atlanta, Bond founded founded the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR), the Atlanta University Center student organization that coordinated student protests against segregation in Atlanta for three years. In the summer of 1960, he also joined the staff of a new Atlanta weekly newspaper, The Atlanta Inquirer as a reporter and feature writer. \nIn January 1961, Julian Bond left Morehouse to become the Communications and Publicity Director for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which was organized in 1960 at a conference of sit-in students on the campus of Atlanta University. He held that position until September 1966, traveling to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas to help with civil rights drives and voter registration campaigns. \nHe served in Georgia's House of Representatives, Atlanta's 111th District, from 1966-1975 and in the Georgia State Senate from 1975-1987. Bond was first elected to a seat created by reapportionment in the Georgia House of Representatives in 1965 but was prevented from taking office in January 1966 by members of the Georgia legislature objecting to his statements about the Vietnam War. After winning a second election in February 1966, a special House Committee again voted to bar him from office. Bond won a third election in November 1966, and in December the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Georgia House erred in not allowing him to take his seat in the legislature. On January 9, 1967, he was finally allowed to take the oath of office as a member of the Georgia House of Representative. \nIn 1968, Bond was Co-Chairman of the Georgia Loyal National Delegation to the Democratic Convention. The Loyalists were successful in unseating the hand-picked regulars and Bond was even nominated as the Democratic Party's first black candidate for Vice-President of the United States, but he was too young to serve. He also considered his own campaign for President in 1975-1976, taking preliminary steps to run for office. \nMore recently, he has taught popular Civil Rights history courses at American University (beginning in 1991) and the University of Virginia (beginning in 1990) and served as Chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from February 1998 until the present. Bond has served on many national boards and committees, including serving as the first president of the Southern Poverty Law Center in 1971 and continuing as President Emeritus; President of the Atlanta NAACP from 1978-1989; and President and Founder of the Southern Elections Fund (SEF), among many others.","This addition to  MSS 13347 Julian Bond papers contains lecture materials, outlines, and a chapter by Julian Bond. This includes the following documents:  Civil Rights Tour-origins, Montgomery Bus Boycott lecture and outline, and a chapter titled:  The Civil Rights Movement Grassroots Leadership- Living \"in struggle.\"","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Bond, Julian, 1940-2015","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 13347","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1462"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Julian Bond papers--addition 1"],"collection_title_tesim":["Julian Bond papers--addition 1"],"collection_ssim":["Julian Bond papers--addition 1"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Bond, Julian, 1940-2015"],"creator_ssim":["Bond, Julian, 1940-2015"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Bond, Julian, 1940-2015"],"creators_ssim":["Bond, Julian, 1940-2015"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Julian Bond by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on March 2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Civil rights","Civil rights -- United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Civil rights","Civil rights -- United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet One letter size folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet One letter size folder"],"date_range_isim":[2014,2015,2016],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJulian Bond was born in Nashville, Tennessee on January 14, 1940, to educator, Dr. Horace Mann Bond and his wife, librarian Julia Washington Bond, who had traveled there from central Georgia to have her child. In 1940, Dr. Bond was president of Fort Valley State College, a Black institution in central Georgia. Julian Bond attended primary school at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, where his father served as President, from 1945 until 1957, when Dr. Bond became dean of the School of Education at Atlanta University. His paternal grandparents were James Bond (1863-1929) born in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, and Jane Alice Browne (1865-1938), born in Prince George County, Maryland. \nHe graduated in June 1957 from the George School, a co-educational Quaker preparatory school located in Bucks County, Pennsylvania and entered Morehouse College in Atlanta in the fall. While in Atlanta, Bond founded founded the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR), the Atlanta University Center student organization that coordinated student protests against segregation in Atlanta for three years. In the summer of 1960, he also joined the staff of a new Atlanta weekly newspaper, The Atlanta Inquirer as a reporter and feature writer. \nIn January 1961, Julian Bond left Morehouse to become the Communications and Publicity Director for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which was organized in 1960 at a conference of sit-in students on the campus of Atlanta University. He held that position until September 1966, traveling to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas to help with civil rights drives and voter registration campaigns. \nHe served in Georgia's House of Representatives, Atlanta's 111th District, from 1966-1975 and in the Georgia State Senate from 1975-1987. Bond was first elected to a seat created by reapportionment in the Georgia House of Representatives in 1965 but was prevented from taking office in January 1966 by members of the Georgia legislature objecting to his statements about the Vietnam War. After winning a second election in February 1966, a special House Committee again voted to bar him from office. Bond won a third election in November 1966, and in December the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Georgia House erred in not allowing him to take his seat in the legislature. On January 9, 1967, he was finally allowed to take the oath of office as a member of the Georgia House of Representative. \nIn 1968, Bond was Co-Chairman of the Georgia Loyal National Delegation to the Democratic Convention. The Loyalists were successful in unseating the hand-picked regulars and Bond was even nominated as the Democratic Party's first black candidate for Vice-President of the United States, but he was too young to serve. He also considered his own campaign for President in 1975-1976, taking preliminary steps to run for office. \nMore recently, he has taught popular Civil Rights history courses at American University (beginning in 1991) and the University of Virginia (beginning in 1990) and served as Chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from February 1998 until the present. Bond has served on many national boards and committees, including serving as the first president of the Southern Poverty Law Center in 1971 and continuing as President Emeritus; President of the Atlanta NAACP from 1978-1989; and President and Founder of the Southern Elections Fund (SEF), among many others.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Julian Bond was born in Nashville, Tennessee on January 14, 1940, to educator, Dr. Horace Mann Bond and his wife, librarian Julia Washington Bond, who had traveled there from central Georgia to have her child. In 1940, Dr. Bond was president of Fort Valley State College, a Black institution in central Georgia. Julian Bond attended primary school at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, where his father served as President, from 1945 until 1957, when Dr. Bond became dean of the School of Education at Atlanta University. His paternal grandparents were James Bond (1863-1929) born in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, and Jane Alice Browne (1865-1938), born in Prince George County, Maryland. \nHe graduated in June 1957 from the George School, a co-educational Quaker preparatory school located in Bucks County, Pennsylvania and entered Morehouse College in Atlanta in the fall. While in Atlanta, Bond founded founded the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR), the Atlanta University Center student organization that coordinated student protests against segregation in Atlanta for three years. In the summer of 1960, he also joined the staff of a new Atlanta weekly newspaper, The Atlanta Inquirer as a reporter and feature writer. \nIn January 1961, Julian Bond left Morehouse to become the Communications and Publicity Director for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which was organized in 1960 at a conference of sit-in students on the campus of Atlanta University. He held that position until September 1966, traveling to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas to help with civil rights drives and voter registration campaigns. \nHe served in Georgia's House of Representatives, Atlanta's 111th District, from 1966-1975 and in the Georgia State Senate from 1975-1987. Bond was first elected to a seat created by reapportionment in the Georgia House of Representatives in 1965 but was prevented from taking office in January 1966 by members of the Georgia legislature objecting to his statements about the Vietnam War. After winning a second election in February 1966, a special House Committee again voted to bar him from office. Bond won a third election in November 1966, and in December the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Georgia House erred in not allowing him to take his seat in the legislature. On January 9, 1967, he was finally allowed to take the oath of office as a member of the Georgia House of Representative. \nIn 1968, Bond was Co-Chairman of the Georgia Loyal National Delegation to the Democratic Convention. The Loyalists were successful in unseating the hand-picked regulars and Bond was even nominated as the Democratic Party's first black candidate for Vice-President of the United States, but he was too young to serve. He also considered his own campaign for President in 1975-1976, taking preliminary steps to run for office. \nMore recently, he has taught popular Civil Rights history courses at American University (beginning in 1991) and the University of Virginia (beginning in 1990) and served as Chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from February 1998 until the present. Bond has served on many national boards and committees, including serving as the first president of the Southern Poverty Law Center in 1971 and continuing as President Emeritus; President of the Atlanta NAACP from 1978-1989; and President and Founder of the Southern Elections Fund (SEF), among many others."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 13347, Julian Bond papers addition, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 13347, Julian Bond papers addition, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition to  MSS 13347 Julian Bond papers contains lecture materials, outlines, and a chapter by Julian Bond. This includes the following documents:  Civil Rights Tour-origins, Montgomery Bus Boycott lecture and outline, and a chapter titled:  The Civil Rights Movement Grassroots Leadership- Living \"in struggle.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This addition to  MSS 13347 Julian Bond papers contains lecture materials, outlines, and a chapter by Julian Bond. This includes the following documents:  Civil Rights Tour-origins, Montgomery Bus Boycott lecture and outline, and a chapter titled:  The Civil Rights Movement Grassroots Leadership- Living \"in struggle.\""],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Bond, Julian, 1940-2015"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Bond, Julian, 1940-2015"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-08T20:06:12.400Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1462","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1462","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1462","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1462","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1462.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/151606","title_filing_ssi":"Bond, Julian papers addition","title_ssm":["Julian Bond papers--addition 1"],"title_tesim":["Julian Bond papers--addition 1"],"unitdate_ssm":["ca. 2014-2016"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 2014-2016"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 13347","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1462"],"text":["MSS 13347","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1462","Julian Bond papers--addition 1","African Americans -- Civil rights","Civil rights -- United States","The collection is open for research use.","Julian Bond was born in Nashville, Tennessee on January 14, 1940, to educator, Dr. Horace Mann Bond and his wife, librarian Julia Washington Bond, who had traveled there from central Georgia to have her child. In 1940, Dr. Bond was president of Fort Valley State College, a Black institution in central Georgia. Julian Bond attended primary school at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, where his father served as President, from 1945 until 1957, when Dr. Bond became dean of the School of Education at Atlanta University. His paternal grandparents were James Bond (1863-1929) born in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, and Jane Alice Browne (1865-1938), born in Prince George County, Maryland. \nHe graduated in June 1957 from the George School, a co-educational Quaker preparatory school located in Bucks County, Pennsylvania and entered Morehouse College in Atlanta in the fall. While in Atlanta, Bond founded founded the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR), the Atlanta University Center student organization that coordinated student protests against segregation in Atlanta for three years. In the summer of 1960, he also joined the staff of a new Atlanta weekly newspaper, The Atlanta Inquirer as a reporter and feature writer. \nIn January 1961, Julian Bond left Morehouse to become the Communications and Publicity Director for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which was organized in 1960 at a conference of sit-in students on the campus of Atlanta University. He held that position until September 1966, traveling to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas to help with civil rights drives and voter registration campaigns. \nHe served in Georgia's House of Representatives, Atlanta's 111th District, from 1966-1975 and in the Georgia State Senate from 1975-1987. Bond was first elected to a seat created by reapportionment in the Georgia House of Representatives in 1965 but was prevented from taking office in January 1966 by members of the Georgia legislature objecting to his statements about the Vietnam War. After winning a second election in February 1966, a special House Committee again voted to bar him from office. Bond won a third election in November 1966, and in December the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Georgia House erred in not allowing him to take his seat in the legislature. On January 9, 1967, he was finally allowed to take the oath of office as a member of the Georgia House of Representative. \nIn 1968, Bond was Co-Chairman of the Georgia Loyal National Delegation to the Democratic Convention. The Loyalists were successful in unseating the hand-picked regulars and Bond was even nominated as the Democratic Party's first black candidate for Vice-President of the United States, but he was too young to serve. He also considered his own campaign for President in 1975-1976, taking preliminary steps to run for office. \nMore recently, he has taught popular Civil Rights history courses at American University (beginning in 1991) and the University of Virginia (beginning in 1990) and served as Chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from February 1998 until the present. Bond has served on many national boards and committees, including serving as the first president of the Southern Poverty Law Center in 1971 and continuing as President Emeritus; President of the Atlanta NAACP from 1978-1989; and President and Founder of the Southern Elections Fund (SEF), among many others.","This addition to  MSS 13347 Julian Bond papers contains lecture materials, outlines, and a chapter by Julian Bond. This includes the following documents:  Civil Rights Tour-origins, Montgomery Bus Boycott lecture and outline, and a chapter titled:  The Civil Rights Movement Grassroots Leadership- Living \"in struggle.\"","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Bond, Julian, 1940-2015","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 13347","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1462"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Julian Bond papers--addition 1"],"collection_title_tesim":["Julian Bond papers--addition 1"],"collection_ssim":["Julian Bond papers--addition 1"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Bond, Julian, 1940-2015"],"creator_ssim":["Bond, Julian, 1940-2015"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Bond, Julian, 1940-2015"],"creators_ssim":["Bond, Julian, 1940-2015"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Julian Bond by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on March 2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Civil rights","Civil rights -- United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Civil rights","Civil rights -- United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet One letter size folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet One letter size folder"],"date_range_isim":[2014,2015,2016],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJulian Bond was born in Nashville, Tennessee on January 14, 1940, to educator, Dr. Horace Mann Bond and his wife, librarian Julia Washington Bond, who had traveled there from central Georgia to have her child. In 1940, Dr. Bond was president of Fort Valley State College, a Black institution in central Georgia. Julian Bond attended primary school at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, where his father served as President, from 1945 until 1957, when Dr. Bond became dean of the School of Education at Atlanta University. His paternal grandparents were James Bond (1863-1929) born in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, and Jane Alice Browne (1865-1938), born in Prince George County, Maryland. \nHe graduated in June 1957 from the George School, a co-educational Quaker preparatory school located in Bucks County, Pennsylvania and entered Morehouse College in Atlanta in the fall. While in Atlanta, Bond founded founded the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR), the Atlanta University Center student organization that coordinated student protests against segregation in Atlanta for three years. In the summer of 1960, he also joined the staff of a new Atlanta weekly newspaper, The Atlanta Inquirer as a reporter and feature writer. \nIn January 1961, Julian Bond left Morehouse to become the Communications and Publicity Director for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which was organized in 1960 at a conference of sit-in students on the campus of Atlanta University. He held that position until September 1966, traveling to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas to help with civil rights drives and voter registration campaigns. \nHe served in Georgia's House of Representatives, Atlanta's 111th District, from 1966-1975 and in the Georgia State Senate from 1975-1987. Bond was first elected to a seat created by reapportionment in the Georgia House of Representatives in 1965 but was prevented from taking office in January 1966 by members of the Georgia legislature objecting to his statements about the Vietnam War. After winning a second election in February 1966, a special House Committee again voted to bar him from office. Bond won a third election in November 1966, and in December the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Georgia House erred in not allowing him to take his seat in the legislature. On January 9, 1967, he was finally allowed to take the oath of office as a member of the Georgia House of Representative. \nIn 1968, Bond was Co-Chairman of the Georgia Loyal National Delegation to the Democratic Convention. The Loyalists were successful in unseating the hand-picked regulars and Bond was even nominated as the Democratic Party's first black candidate for Vice-President of the United States, but he was too young to serve. He also considered his own campaign for President in 1975-1976, taking preliminary steps to run for office. \nMore recently, he has taught popular Civil Rights history courses at American University (beginning in 1991) and the University of Virginia (beginning in 1990) and served as Chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from February 1998 until the present. Bond has served on many national boards and committees, including serving as the first president of the Southern Poverty Law Center in 1971 and continuing as President Emeritus; President of the Atlanta NAACP from 1978-1989; and President and Founder of the Southern Elections Fund (SEF), among many others.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Julian Bond was born in Nashville, Tennessee on January 14, 1940, to educator, Dr. Horace Mann Bond and his wife, librarian Julia Washington Bond, who had traveled there from central Georgia to have her child. In 1940, Dr. Bond was president of Fort Valley State College, a Black institution in central Georgia. Julian Bond attended primary school at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, where his father served as President, from 1945 until 1957, when Dr. Bond became dean of the School of Education at Atlanta University. His paternal grandparents were James Bond (1863-1929) born in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, and Jane Alice Browne (1865-1938), born in Prince George County, Maryland. \nHe graduated in June 1957 from the George School, a co-educational Quaker preparatory school located in Bucks County, Pennsylvania and entered Morehouse College in Atlanta in the fall. While in Atlanta, Bond founded founded the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR), the Atlanta University Center student organization that coordinated student protests against segregation in Atlanta for three years. In the summer of 1960, he also joined the staff of a new Atlanta weekly newspaper, The Atlanta Inquirer as a reporter and feature writer. \nIn January 1961, Julian Bond left Morehouse to become the Communications and Publicity Director for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which was organized in 1960 at a conference of sit-in students on the campus of Atlanta University. He held that position until September 1966, traveling to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas to help with civil rights drives and voter registration campaigns. \nHe served in Georgia's House of Representatives, Atlanta's 111th District, from 1966-1975 and in the Georgia State Senate from 1975-1987. Bond was first elected to a seat created by reapportionment in the Georgia House of Representatives in 1965 but was prevented from taking office in January 1966 by members of the Georgia legislature objecting to his statements about the Vietnam War. After winning a second election in February 1966, a special House Committee again voted to bar him from office. Bond won a third election in November 1966, and in December the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Georgia House erred in not allowing him to take his seat in the legislature. On January 9, 1967, he was finally allowed to take the oath of office as a member of the Georgia House of Representative. \nIn 1968, Bond was Co-Chairman of the Georgia Loyal National Delegation to the Democratic Convention. The Loyalists were successful in unseating the hand-picked regulars and Bond was even nominated as the Democratic Party's first black candidate for Vice-President of the United States, but he was too young to serve. He also considered his own campaign for President in 1975-1976, taking preliminary steps to run for office. \nMore recently, he has taught popular Civil Rights history courses at American University (beginning in 1991) and the University of Virginia (beginning in 1990) and served as Chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from February 1998 until the present. Bond has served on many national boards and committees, including serving as the first president of the Southern Poverty Law Center in 1971 and continuing as President Emeritus; President of the Atlanta NAACP from 1978-1989; and President and Founder of the Southern Elections Fund (SEF), among many others."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 13347, Julian Bond papers addition, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 13347, Julian Bond papers addition, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition to  MSS 13347 Julian Bond papers contains lecture materials, outlines, and a chapter by Julian Bond. 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Maria Saporta is identified as the photographer in the photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1008#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1008","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1008","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1008","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1008","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1008.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/122437","title_filing_ssi":"Saporta, Maria photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March","title_ssm":["Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March"],"title_tesim":["Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March"],"unitdate_ssm":["September 24-27, 1963"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["September 24-27, 1963"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16500","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1008"],"text":["MSS 16500","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1008","Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March","African Americans -- Civil rights","Civil rights -- Virginia","Social justice","good","This collection is minimally processed and open for research.","This collection contains six black and white photographs of members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) marching in Richmond, Virginia in 1963. Maria Saporta is identified as the photographer in the photographs.","The SCLC's seventh annual convention occurred from September 24 to September 27 at Virginia Union University in Richmond.  Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the organization's founding members and acted as president until his 1968 assassination.  He spoke on the final night of the conference, in the university's Belgian Building. The photographs are 7 x 9.5 inches each with annotations on the back.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Southern Christian Leadership Conference","Saporta, Maria","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16500","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1008"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March"],"collection_title_tesim":["Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March"],"collection_ssim":["Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Saporta, Maria"],"creator_ssim":["Saporta, Maria"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Saporta, Maria"],"creators_ssim":["Saporta, Maria"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Royal Books by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on March 10, 2021."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Civil rights","Civil rights -- Virginia","Social justice"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Civil rights","Civil rights -- Virginia","Social justice"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["good"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 letter sized folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 letter sized folder"],"date_range_isim":[1963],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is minimally processed and open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is minimally processed and open for research."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16500, Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16500, Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains six black and white photographs of members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) marching in Richmond, Virginia in 1963. Maria Saporta is identified as the photographer in the photographs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe SCLC's seventh annual convention occurred from September 24 to September 27 at Virginia Union University in Richmond.  Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the organization's founding members and acted as president until his 1968 assassination.  He spoke on the final night of the conference, in the university's Belgian Building. The photographs are 7 x 9.5 inches each with annotations on the back.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains six black and white photographs of members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) marching in Richmond, Virginia in 1963. Maria Saporta is identified as the photographer in the photographs.","The SCLC's seventh annual convention occurred from September 24 to September 27 at Virginia Union University in Richmond.  Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the organization's founding members and acted as president until his 1968 assassination.  He spoke on the final night of the conference, in the university's Belgian Building. The photographs are 7 x 9.5 inches each with annotations on the back."],"names_coll_ssim":["Southern Christian Leadership Conference","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Southern Christian Leadership Conference","Saporta, Maria","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Southern Christian Leadership Conference"],"persname_ssim":["Saporta, Maria","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:51:44.846Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1008","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1008","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1008","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1008","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1008.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/122437","title_filing_ssi":"Saporta, Maria photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March","title_ssm":["Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March"],"title_tesim":["Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March"],"unitdate_ssm":["September 24-27, 1963"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["September 24-27, 1963"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16500","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1008"],"text":["MSS 16500","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1008","Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March","African Americans -- Civil rights","Civil rights -- Virginia","Social justice","good","This collection is minimally processed and open for research.","This collection contains six black and white photographs of members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) marching in Richmond, Virginia in 1963. Maria Saporta is identified as the photographer in the photographs.","The SCLC's seventh annual convention occurred from September 24 to September 27 at Virginia Union University in Richmond.  Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the organization's founding members and acted as president until his 1968 assassination.  He spoke on the final night of the conference, in the university's Belgian Building. The photographs are 7 x 9.5 inches each with annotations on the back.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Southern Christian Leadership Conference","Saporta, Maria","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16500","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1008"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March"],"collection_title_tesim":["Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March"],"collection_ssim":["Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Saporta, Maria"],"creator_ssim":["Saporta, Maria"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Saporta, Maria"],"creators_ssim":["Saporta, Maria"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Royal Books by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on March 10, 2021."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Civil rights","Civil rights -- Virginia","Social justice"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Civil rights","Civil rights -- Virginia","Social justice"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["good"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 letter sized folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 letter sized folder"],"date_range_isim":[1963],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is minimally processed and open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is minimally processed and open for research."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16500, Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16500, Maria Saporta photographs of the Southern Christian Leadership Civil Rights March, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains six black and white photographs of members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) marching in Richmond, Virginia in 1963. Maria Saporta is identified as the photographer in the photographs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe SCLC's seventh annual convention occurred from September 24 to September 27 at Virginia Union University in Richmond.  Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the organization's founding members and acted as president until his 1968 assassination.  He spoke on the final night of the conference, in the university's Belgian Building. The photographs are 7 x 9.5 inches each with annotations on the back.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains six black and white photographs of members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) marching in Richmond, Virginia in 1963. Maria Saporta is identified as the photographer in the photographs.","The SCLC's seventh annual convention occurred from September 24 to September 27 at Virginia Union University in Richmond.  Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the organization's founding members and acted as president until his 1968 assassination.  He spoke on the final night of the conference, in the university's Belgian Building. The photographs are 7 x 9.5 inches each with annotations on the back."],"names_coll_ssim":["Southern Christian Leadership Conference","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Southern Christian Leadership Conference","Saporta, Maria","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Southern Christian Leadership Conference"],"persname_ssim":["Saporta, Maria","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:51:44.846Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1008"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1845","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Mississippi Freedom Summer collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1845#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Tomberg Rare Books","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1845#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains printed items pertaining to the Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964, a landmark campaign in the Civil Rights Movement aimed at challenging systemic racism and voter suppression in Mississippi. Organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and other groups under the umbrella of the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), the Freedom Summer mobilized over 1,000 volunteers, including many college students, to join Black Mississippians in a massive effort to register African American voters, establish Freedom Schools, and create the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). The associated content is all dated from 1964 and includes brochures, internal \"COFO Publications,\" a \"Memo to Accepted Applicants\" for the Mississippi Summer Project, a \"Security Handbook,\" internal memoranda, press releases, a pamphlet titled \"Genocide in Mississippi,\" a pamphlet titled \"Mississippi: Subversion of the Right to Vote,\" correspondence between organizers and movement members, \"Freedom School Assingments,\" teaching frameworks for Freedom Schools, reports on bombings in Pike and McComb County, case studies on non-violent movements and demonstrations, a circular published by the Bay Area Friends of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the \"Basis for the Development of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.\" Of special interest is a June 22, 1964 internal report discussing the \"disappearance of three summer project workers in Neshoba County.\" On June 21, 1964, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner disappeared near Philadelphia, Mississippi, while working to register Black voters and investigate the bombing of a local church. Their disappearance triggered a massive federal response, led by the FBI under the code name \"Mississippi Burning.\" After weeks of searching, their bodies were discovered buried in an earthen dam. The investigation revealed that members of the Ku Klux Klan, with assistance from local law enforcement, had abducted and murdered the men.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1845#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1845","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1845","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1845","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1845","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1845.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/240050","title_filing_ssi":"Mississippi Freedom Summer collection","title_ssm":["Mississippi Freedom Summer collection"],"title_tesim":["Mississippi Freedom Summer collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1964"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1964"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16933","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1845"],"text":["MSS 16933","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1845","Mississippi Freedom Summer collection","Civil rights -- United States","Civil rights movements","African Americans -- Civil rights","This collection is open for research.","Freedom Summer, also known as Mississippi Freedom Summer (sometimes referred to as the Freedom Summer Project or the Mississippi Summer Project), was a campaign launched by American civil rights activists in June 1964 to register as many African-American voters as possible in the state of Mississippi.","Black people in the state had been largely prevented from voting since the turn of the 20th century due to barriers to voter registration and other Jim Crow laws that had been enacted throughout the American South. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers such as libraries, in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local Black population.","The project was organized by the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), a coalition of the Mississippi branches of the four major civil rights organizations (SNCC, CORE, NAACP, and SCLC). Most of the impetus, leadership, and financing for the Summer Project came from SNCC. Bob Moses, SNCC field secretary and co-director of COFO, directed the summer project. ","Many of Mississippi's white residents deeply resented the outsiders and any attempt to change the residents' society. Locals routinely harassed volunteers. The volunteers' presence in local Black communities drew drive-by shootings, Molotov cocktails thrown at host homes, and constant harassment. State and local governments, the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission (which was tax-supported and spied on citizens), police, White Citizens' Council, and Ku Klux Klan used arrests, arson, beatings, evictions, firing, murder, spying, and other forms of intimidation and harassment to oppose the project and prevent Black people from registering to vote or achieve social equality.","Volunteers were attacked almost as soon as the campaign started. On June 21, 1964, James Chaney (a Black Congress of Racial Equality [CORE] activist from Mississippi), Andrew Goodman (a summer volunteer), and Michael Schwerner (a CORE organizer) – both Jews from New York City – were arrested by Cecil Price, a Neshoba County deputy sheriff and KKK member. The three were held in jail until after nightfall, then released. They drove away into an ambush on the road by Klansmen, who abducted and killed them. Goodman and Schwerner were shot at point-blank range. Chaney was chased, beaten mercilessly, and shot three times. After weeks of searching in which federal law enforcement participated, on August 4, 1964, their bodies were found to have been buried in an earthen dam. The men's disappearance the night of their release from jail was reported on TV and on newspaper front pages, shocking the nation. It drew massive media attention to Freedom Summer and to Mississippi's \"closed society.\" ","With participation in the regular Mississippi Democratic Party blocked by segregationists, COFO established the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) as a non-exclusionary rival to the regular party organization. It intended to gain recognition of the MFDP by the national Democratic Party as the legitimate party organization in Mississippi. Delegates were elected to go to the Democratic national convention to be held that year. \nSource:\n\"Mississippi Freedom Summer\" Wikipedia. Accessed 12/18/25\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Summer","This collection contains printed items pertaining to the Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964, a landmark campaign in the Civil Rights Movement aimed at challenging systemic racism and voter suppression in Mississippi. Organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and other groups under the umbrella of the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), the Freedom Summer mobilized over 1,000 volunteers, including many college students, to join Black Mississippians in a massive effort to register African American voters, establish Freedom Schools, and create the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). The associated content is all dated from 1964 and includes brochures, internal \"COFO Publications,\" a \"Memo to Accepted Applicants\" for the Mississippi Summer Project, a \"Security Handbook,\" internal memoranda, press releases, a pamphlet titled \"Genocide in Mississippi,\" a pamphlet titled \"Mississippi: Subversion of the Right to Vote,\" correspondence between organizers and movement members, \"Freedom School Assingments,\" teaching frameworks for Freedom Schools, reports on bombings in Pike and McComb County, case studies on non-violent movements and demonstrations, a circular published by the Bay Area Friends of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the \"Basis for the Development of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.\" Of special interest is a June 22, 1964 internal report discussing the \"disappearance of three summer project workers in Neshoba County.\" On June 21, 1964, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner disappeared near Philadelphia, Mississippi, while working to register Black voters and investigate the bombing of a local church. Their disappearance triggered a massive federal response, led by the FBI under the code name \"Mississippi Burning.\" After weeks of searching, their bodies were discovered buried in an earthen dam. The investigation revealed that members of the Ku Klux Klan, with assistance from local law enforcement, had abducted and murdered the men.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16933","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1845"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mississippi Freedom Summer collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Mississippi Freedom Summer collection"],"collection_ssim":["Mississippi Freedom Summer collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party"],"creator_ssim":["Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party"],"creators_ssim":["Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Tomberg Rare Books to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 17 October 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil rights -- United States","Civil rights movements","African Americans -- Civil rights"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil rights -- United States","Civil rights movements","African Americans -- Civil rights"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"date_range_isim":[1964],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFreedom Summer, also known as Mississippi Freedom Summer (sometimes referred to as the Freedom Summer Project or the Mississippi Summer Project), was a campaign launched by American civil rights activists in June 1964 to register as many African-American voters as possible in the state of Mississippi.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBlack people in the state had been largely prevented from voting since the turn of the 20th century due to barriers to voter registration and other Jim Crow laws that had been enacted throughout the American South. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers such as libraries, in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local Black population.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe project was organized by the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), a coalition of the Mississippi branches of the four major civil rights organizations (SNCC, CORE, NAACP, and SCLC). Most of the impetus, leadership, and financing for the Summer Project came from SNCC. Bob Moses, SNCC field secretary and co-director of COFO, directed the summer project. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMany of Mississippi's white residents deeply resented the outsiders and any attempt to change the residents' society. Locals routinely harassed volunteers. The volunteers' presence in local Black communities drew drive-by shootings, Molotov cocktails thrown at host homes, and constant harassment. State and local governments, the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission (which was tax-supported and spied on citizens), police, White Citizens' Council, and Ku Klux Klan used arrests, arson, beatings, evictions, firing, murder, spying, and other forms of intimidation and harassment to oppose the project and prevent Black people from registering to vote or achieve social equality.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eVolunteers were attacked almost as soon as the campaign started. On June 21, 1964, James Chaney (a Black Congress of Racial Equality [CORE] activist from Mississippi), Andrew Goodman (a summer volunteer), and Michael Schwerner (a CORE organizer) – both Jews from New York City – were arrested by Cecil Price, a Neshoba County deputy sheriff and KKK member. The three were held in jail until after nightfall, then released. They drove away into an ambush on the road by Klansmen, who abducted and killed them. Goodman and Schwerner were shot at point-blank range. Chaney was chased, beaten mercilessly, and shot three times. After weeks of searching in which federal law enforcement participated, on August 4, 1964, their bodies were found to have been buried in an earthen dam. The men's disappearance the night of their release from jail was reported on TV and on newspaper front pages, shocking the nation. It drew massive media attention to Freedom Summer and to Mississippi's \"closed society.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith participation in the regular Mississippi Democratic Party blocked by segregationists, COFO established the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) as a non-exclusionary rival to the regular party organization. It intended to gain recognition of the MFDP by the national Democratic Party as the legitimate party organization in Mississippi. Delegates were elected to go to the Democratic national convention to be held that year. \nSource:\n\"Mississippi Freedom Summer\" Wikipedia. Accessed 12/18/25\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Summer\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Freedom Summer, also known as Mississippi Freedom Summer (sometimes referred to as the Freedom Summer Project or the Mississippi Summer Project), was a campaign launched by American civil rights activists in June 1964 to register as many African-American voters as possible in the state of Mississippi.","Black people in the state had been largely prevented from voting since the turn of the 20th century due to barriers to voter registration and other Jim Crow laws that had been enacted throughout the American South. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers such as libraries, in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local Black population.","The project was organized by the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), a coalition of the Mississippi branches of the four major civil rights organizations (SNCC, CORE, NAACP, and SCLC). Most of the impetus, leadership, and financing for the Summer Project came from SNCC. Bob Moses, SNCC field secretary and co-director of COFO, directed the summer project. ","Many of Mississippi's white residents deeply resented the outsiders and any attempt to change the residents' society. Locals routinely harassed volunteers. The volunteers' presence in local Black communities drew drive-by shootings, Molotov cocktails thrown at host homes, and constant harassment. State and local governments, the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission (which was tax-supported and spied on citizens), police, White Citizens' Council, and Ku Klux Klan used arrests, arson, beatings, evictions, firing, murder, spying, and other forms of intimidation and harassment to oppose the project and prevent Black people from registering to vote or achieve social equality.","Volunteers were attacked almost as soon as the campaign started. On June 21, 1964, James Chaney (a Black Congress of Racial Equality [CORE] activist from Mississippi), Andrew Goodman (a summer volunteer), and Michael Schwerner (a CORE organizer) – both Jews from New York City – were arrested by Cecil Price, a Neshoba County deputy sheriff and KKK member. The three were held in jail until after nightfall, then released. They drove away into an ambush on the road by Klansmen, who abducted and killed them. Goodman and Schwerner were shot at point-blank range. Chaney was chased, beaten mercilessly, and shot three times. After weeks of searching in which federal law enforcement participated, on August 4, 1964, their bodies were found to have been buried in an earthen dam. The men's disappearance the night of their release from jail was reported on TV and on newspaper front pages, shocking the nation. It drew massive media attention to Freedom Summer and to Mississippi's \"closed society.\" ","With participation in the regular Mississippi Democratic Party blocked by segregationists, COFO established the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) as a non-exclusionary rival to the regular party organization. It intended to gain recognition of the MFDP by the national Democratic Party as the legitimate party organization in Mississippi. Delegates were elected to go to the Democratic national convention to be held that year. \nSource:\n\"Mississippi Freedom Summer\" Wikipedia. Accessed 12/18/25\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Summer"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains printed items pertaining to the Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964, a landmark campaign in the Civil Rights Movement aimed at challenging systemic racism and voter suppression in Mississippi. Organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and other groups under the umbrella of the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), the Freedom Summer mobilized over 1,000 volunteers, including many college students, to join Black Mississippians in a massive effort to register African American voters, establish Freedom Schools, and create the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). The associated content is all dated from 1964 and includes brochures, internal \"COFO Publications,\" a \"Memo to Accepted Applicants\" for the Mississippi Summer Project, a \"Security Handbook,\" internal memoranda, press releases, a pamphlet titled \"Genocide in Mississippi,\" a pamphlet titled \"Mississippi: Subversion of the Right to Vote,\" correspondence between organizers and movement members, \"Freedom School Assingments,\" teaching frameworks for Freedom Schools, reports on bombings in Pike and McComb County, case studies on non-violent movements and demonstrations, a circular published by the Bay Area Friends of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the \"Basis for the Development of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.\" Of special interest is a June 22, 1964 internal report discussing the \"disappearance of three summer project workers in Neshoba County.\" On June 21, 1964, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner disappeared near Philadelphia, Mississippi, while working to register Black voters and investigate the bombing of a local church. Their disappearance triggered a massive federal response, led by the FBI under the code name \"Mississippi Burning.\" After weeks of searching, their bodies were discovered buried in an earthen dam. The investigation revealed that members of the Ku Klux Klan, with assistance from local law enforcement, had abducted and murdered the men.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains printed items pertaining to the Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964, a landmark campaign in the Civil Rights Movement aimed at challenging systemic racism and voter suppression in Mississippi. Organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and other groups under the umbrella of the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), the Freedom Summer mobilized over 1,000 volunteers, including many college students, to join Black Mississippians in a massive effort to register African American voters, establish Freedom Schools, and create the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). The associated content is all dated from 1964 and includes brochures, internal \"COFO Publications,\" a \"Memo to Accepted Applicants\" for the Mississippi Summer Project, a \"Security Handbook,\" internal memoranda, press releases, a pamphlet titled \"Genocide in Mississippi,\" a pamphlet titled \"Mississippi: Subversion of the Right to Vote,\" correspondence between organizers and movement members, \"Freedom School Assingments,\" teaching frameworks for Freedom Schools, reports on bombings in Pike and McComb County, case studies on non-violent movements and demonstrations, a circular published by the Bay Area Friends of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the \"Basis for the Development of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.\" Of special interest is a June 22, 1964 internal report discussing the \"disappearance of three summer project workers in Neshoba County.\" On June 21, 1964, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner disappeared near Philadelphia, Mississippi, while working to register Black voters and investigate the bombing of a local church. Their disappearance triggered a massive federal response, led by the FBI under the code name \"Mississippi Burning.\" After weeks of searching, their bodies were discovered buried in an earthen dam. The investigation revealed that members of the Ku Klux Klan, with assistance from local law enforcement, had abducted and murdered the men."],"names_coll_ssim":["Tomberg Rare Books"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:41:25.344Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1845","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1845","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1845","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1845","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1845.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/240050","title_filing_ssi":"Mississippi Freedom Summer collection","title_ssm":["Mississippi Freedom Summer collection"],"title_tesim":["Mississippi Freedom Summer collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1964"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1964"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16933","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1845"],"text":["MSS 16933","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1845","Mississippi Freedom Summer collection","Civil rights -- United States","Civil rights movements","African Americans -- Civil rights","This collection is open for research.","Freedom Summer, also known as Mississippi Freedom Summer (sometimes referred to as the Freedom Summer Project or the Mississippi Summer Project), was a campaign launched by American civil rights activists in June 1964 to register as many African-American voters as possible in the state of Mississippi.","Black people in the state had been largely prevented from voting since the turn of the 20th century due to barriers to voter registration and other Jim Crow laws that had been enacted throughout the American South. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers such as libraries, in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local Black population.","The project was organized by the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), a coalition of the Mississippi branches of the four major civil rights organizations (SNCC, CORE, NAACP, and SCLC). Most of the impetus, leadership, and financing for the Summer Project came from SNCC. Bob Moses, SNCC field secretary and co-director of COFO, directed the summer project. ","Many of Mississippi's white residents deeply resented the outsiders and any attempt to change the residents' society. Locals routinely harassed volunteers. The volunteers' presence in local Black communities drew drive-by shootings, Molotov cocktails thrown at host homes, and constant harassment. State and local governments, the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission (which was tax-supported and spied on citizens), police, White Citizens' Council, and Ku Klux Klan used arrests, arson, beatings, evictions, firing, murder, spying, and other forms of intimidation and harassment to oppose the project and prevent Black people from registering to vote or achieve social equality.","Volunteers were attacked almost as soon as the campaign started. On June 21, 1964, James Chaney (a Black Congress of Racial Equality [CORE] activist from Mississippi), Andrew Goodman (a summer volunteer), and Michael Schwerner (a CORE organizer) – both Jews from New York City – were arrested by Cecil Price, a Neshoba County deputy sheriff and KKK member. The three were held in jail until after nightfall, then released. They drove away into an ambush on the road by Klansmen, who abducted and killed them. Goodman and Schwerner were shot at point-blank range. Chaney was chased, beaten mercilessly, and shot three times. After weeks of searching in which federal law enforcement participated, on August 4, 1964, their bodies were found to have been buried in an earthen dam. The men's disappearance the night of their release from jail was reported on TV and on newspaper front pages, shocking the nation. It drew massive media attention to Freedom Summer and to Mississippi's \"closed society.\" ","With participation in the regular Mississippi Democratic Party blocked by segregationists, COFO established the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) as a non-exclusionary rival to the regular party organization. It intended to gain recognition of the MFDP by the national Democratic Party as the legitimate party organization in Mississippi. Delegates were elected to go to the Democratic national convention to be held that year. \nSource:\n\"Mississippi Freedom Summer\" Wikipedia. Accessed 12/18/25\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Summer","This collection contains printed items pertaining to the Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964, a landmark campaign in the Civil Rights Movement aimed at challenging systemic racism and voter suppression in Mississippi. Organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and other groups under the umbrella of the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), the Freedom Summer mobilized over 1,000 volunteers, including many college students, to join Black Mississippians in a massive effort to register African American voters, establish Freedom Schools, and create the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). The associated content is all dated from 1964 and includes brochures, internal \"COFO Publications,\" a \"Memo to Accepted Applicants\" for the Mississippi Summer Project, a \"Security Handbook,\" internal memoranda, press releases, a pamphlet titled \"Genocide in Mississippi,\" a pamphlet titled \"Mississippi: Subversion of the Right to Vote,\" correspondence between organizers and movement members, \"Freedom School Assingments,\" teaching frameworks for Freedom Schools, reports on bombings in Pike and McComb County, case studies on non-violent movements and demonstrations, a circular published by the Bay Area Friends of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the \"Basis for the Development of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.\" Of special interest is a June 22, 1964 internal report discussing the \"disappearance of three summer project workers in Neshoba County.\" On June 21, 1964, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner disappeared near Philadelphia, Mississippi, while working to register Black voters and investigate the bombing of a local church. Their disappearance triggered a massive federal response, led by the FBI under the code name \"Mississippi Burning.\" After weeks of searching, their bodies were discovered buried in an earthen dam. The investigation revealed that members of the Ku Klux Klan, with assistance from local law enforcement, had abducted and murdered the men.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16933","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1845"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mississippi Freedom Summer collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Mississippi Freedom Summer collection"],"collection_ssim":["Mississippi Freedom Summer collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party"],"creator_ssim":["Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party"],"creators_ssim":["Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Tomberg Rare Books to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 17 October 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil rights -- United States","Civil rights movements","African Americans -- Civil rights"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil rights -- United States","Civil rights movements","African Americans -- Civil rights"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"date_range_isim":[1964],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFreedom Summer, also known as Mississippi Freedom Summer (sometimes referred to as the Freedom Summer Project or the Mississippi Summer Project), was a campaign launched by American civil rights activists in June 1964 to register as many African-American voters as possible in the state of Mississippi.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBlack people in the state had been largely prevented from voting since the turn of the 20th century due to barriers to voter registration and other Jim Crow laws that had been enacted throughout the American South. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers such as libraries, in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local Black population.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe project was organized by the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), a coalition of the Mississippi branches of the four major civil rights organizations (SNCC, CORE, NAACP, and SCLC). Most of the impetus, leadership, and financing for the Summer Project came from SNCC. Bob Moses, SNCC field secretary and co-director of COFO, directed the summer project. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMany of Mississippi's white residents deeply resented the outsiders and any attempt to change the residents' society. Locals routinely harassed volunteers. The volunteers' presence in local Black communities drew drive-by shootings, Molotov cocktails thrown at host homes, and constant harassment. State and local governments, the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission (which was tax-supported and spied on citizens), police, White Citizens' Council, and Ku Klux Klan used arrests, arson, beatings, evictions, firing, murder, spying, and other forms of intimidation and harassment to oppose the project and prevent Black people from registering to vote or achieve social equality.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eVolunteers were attacked almost as soon as the campaign started. On June 21, 1964, James Chaney (a Black Congress of Racial Equality [CORE] activist from Mississippi), Andrew Goodman (a summer volunteer), and Michael Schwerner (a CORE organizer) – both Jews from New York City – were arrested by Cecil Price, a Neshoba County deputy sheriff and KKK member. The three were held in jail until after nightfall, then released. They drove away into an ambush on the road by Klansmen, who abducted and killed them. Goodman and Schwerner were shot at point-blank range. Chaney was chased, beaten mercilessly, and shot three times. After weeks of searching in which federal law enforcement participated, on August 4, 1964, their bodies were found to have been buried in an earthen dam. The men's disappearance the night of their release from jail was reported on TV and on newspaper front pages, shocking the nation. It drew massive media attention to Freedom Summer and to Mississippi's \"closed society.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith participation in the regular Mississippi Democratic Party blocked by segregationists, COFO established the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) as a non-exclusionary rival to the regular party organization. It intended to gain recognition of the MFDP by the national Democratic Party as the legitimate party organization in Mississippi. Delegates were elected to go to the Democratic national convention to be held that year. \nSource:\n\"Mississippi Freedom Summer\" Wikipedia. Accessed 12/18/25\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Summer\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Freedom Summer, also known as Mississippi Freedom Summer (sometimes referred to as the Freedom Summer Project or the Mississippi Summer Project), was a campaign launched by American civil rights activists in June 1964 to register as many African-American voters as possible in the state of Mississippi.","Black people in the state had been largely prevented from voting since the turn of the 20th century due to barriers to voter registration and other Jim Crow laws that had been enacted throughout the American South. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers such as libraries, in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local Black population.","The project was organized by the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), a coalition of the Mississippi branches of the four major civil rights organizations (SNCC, CORE, NAACP, and SCLC). Most of the impetus, leadership, and financing for the Summer Project came from SNCC. Bob Moses, SNCC field secretary and co-director of COFO, directed the summer project. ","Many of Mississippi's white residents deeply resented the outsiders and any attempt to change the residents' society. Locals routinely harassed volunteers. The volunteers' presence in local Black communities drew drive-by shootings, Molotov cocktails thrown at host homes, and constant harassment. State and local governments, the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission (which was tax-supported and spied on citizens), police, White Citizens' Council, and Ku Klux Klan used arrests, arson, beatings, evictions, firing, murder, spying, and other forms of intimidation and harassment to oppose the project and prevent Black people from registering to vote or achieve social equality.","Volunteers were attacked almost as soon as the campaign started. On June 21, 1964, James Chaney (a Black Congress of Racial Equality [CORE] activist from Mississippi), Andrew Goodman (a summer volunteer), and Michael Schwerner (a CORE organizer) – both Jews from New York City – were arrested by Cecil Price, a Neshoba County deputy sheriff and KKK member. The three were held in jail until after nightfall, then released. They drove away into an ambush on the road by Klansmen, who abducted and killed them. Goodman and Schwerner were shot at point-blank range. Chaney was chased, beaten mercilessly, and shot three times. After weeks of searching in which federal law enforcement participated, on August 4, 1964, their bodies were found to have been buried in an earthen dam. The men's disappearance the night of their release from jail was reported on TV and on newspaper front pages, shocking the nation. It drew massive media attention to Freedom Summer and to Mississippi's \"closed society.\" ","With participation in the regular Mississippi Democratic Party blocked by segregationists, COFO established the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) as a non-exclusionary rival to the regular party organization. It intended to gain recognition of the MFDP by the national Democratic Party as the legitimate party organization in Mississippi. Delegates were elected to go to the Democratic national convention to be held that year. \nSource:\n\"Mississippi Freedom Summer\" Wikipedia. Accessed 12/18/25\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Summer"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains printed items pertaining to the Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964, a landmark campaign in the Civil Rights Movement aimed at challenging systemic racism and voter suppression in Mississippi. Organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and other groups under the umbrella of the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), the Freedom Summer mobilized over 1,000 volunteers, including many college students, to join Black Mississippians in a massive effort to register African American voters, establish Freedom Schools, and create the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). The associated content is all dated from 1964 and includes brochures, internal \"COFO Publications,\" a \"Memo to Accepted Applicants\" for the Mississippi Summer Project, a \"Security Handbook,\" internal memoranda, press releases, a pamphlet titled \"Genocide in Mississippi,\" a pamphlet titled \"Mississippi: Subversion of the Right to Vote,\" correspondence between organizers and movement members, \"Freedom School Assingments,\" teaching frameworks for Freedom Schools, reports on bombings in Pike and McComb County, case studies on non-violent movements and demonstrations, a circular published by the Bay Area Friends of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the \"Basis for the Development of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.\" Of special interest is a June 22, 1964 internal report discussing the \"disappearance of three summer project workers in Neshoba County.\" On June 21, 1964, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner disappeared near Philadelphia, Mississippi, while working to register Black voters and investigate the bombing of a local church. Their disappearance triggered a massive federal response, led by the FBI under the code name \"Mississippi Burning.\" After weeks of searching, their bodies were discovered buried in an earthen dam. The investigation revealed that members of the Ku Klux Klan, with assistance from local law enforcement, had abducted and murdered the men.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains printed items pertaining to the Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964, a landmark campaign in the Civil Rights Movement aimed at challenging systemic racism and voter suppression in Mississippi. Organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and other groups under the umbrella of the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), the Freedom Summer mobilized over 1,000 volunteers, including many college students, to join Black Mississippians in a massive effort to register African American voters, establish Freedom Schools, and create the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). The associated content is all dated from 1964 and includes brochures, internal \"COFO Publications,\" a \"Memo to Accepted Applicants\" for the Mississippi Summer Project, a \"Security Handbook,\" internal memoranda, press releases, a pamphlet titled \"Genocide in Mississippi,\" a pamphlet titled \"Mississippi: Subversion of the Right to Vote,\" correspondence between organizers and movement members, \"Freedom School Assingments,\" teaching frameworks for Freedom Schools, reports on bombings in Pike and McComb County, case studies on non-violent movements and demonstrations, a circular published by the Bay Area Friends of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the \"Basis for the Development of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.\" Of special interest is a June 22, 1964 internal report discussing the \"disappearance of three summer project workers in Neshoba County.\" On June 21, 1964, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner disappeared near Philadelphia, Mississippi, while working to register Black voters and investigate the bombing of a local church. Their disappearance triggered a massive federal response, led by the FBI under the code name \"Mississippi Burning.\" After weeks of searching, their bodies were discovered buried in an earthen dam. The investigation revealed that members of the Ku Klux Klan, with assistance from local law enforcement, had abducted and murdered the men."],"names_coll_ssim":["Tomberg Rare Books"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Tomberg Rare Books","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:41:25.344Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1845"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1436","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Thomas N. Gardner papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1436#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Gardner, Thomas N.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1436#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the papers of Thomas Gardner, an alumnus of the University of Virginia, a leader in the Southern civil rights and national peace movements of the '60s and '70s, and Professor of Communication at Westfield State University. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1436#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1436","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1436","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1436","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1436","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1436.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/151161","title_filing_ssi":"Gardner, Thomas N. papers ","title_ssm":["Thomas N. Gardner papers"],"title_tesim":["Thomas N. Gardner papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1966-2008"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c. 1966-2008"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16732","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1436"],"text":["MSS 16732","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1436","Thomas N. Gardner papers","Student activism","Civil rights -- Virginia","Civil rights -- United States","African Americans -- Civil rights","Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","This collection is open for research. Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives, born digital files, etc.) and other media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. ","Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. ","Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use.","Thomas N. Gardner a University of Virginia alumnus, was active in the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC) during his time as a student and served on the National Student Association's Southern Project in Atlanta. He continued his leadership role in the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF) and the Union of Concerned Scientists (USC). He was born in New Orleans in 1946, and grew up mainly in the South. He became involved in the student movement in 1964 during his first year at the University. From 1967-1969 he served as Chairman of the SSOC and steered the organization toward greater involvement against the Vietnam War (during a Summer Project organized out of Cambridge University). He finished his degree in Sociology and completed two master's degrees, one in journalism at the University of Georgia and the second at the Kennedy School of Government in 1985. He was an activist during the civil rights movement and was one of the brave protesters who was arrested during a peace movement in Florida. Since 2001, he has been associate professor of communication at Westfield State University. He was formerly managing director of the Media Education Foundation of Northampton, Massachussetts, public affairs officer for Harvard Divinity School, senior editor at the Harvard Institue for International Development, and director of communications for the Union of Concerned Scientists.","MSS 11192","This collection contains the papers of Thomas Gardner, an alumnus of the University of Virginia, a leader in the Southern civil rights and national peace movements of the '60s and '70s, and Professor of Communication at Westfield State University. ","\nThe collection documents Gardner's social and political activism and involvement with civil rights, labor, anti-war, and anti-prison movements through different organizations such as the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF), the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC), and the Union for Concerned Scientists (USC). ","The documents date from the 1960s-1980s and include materials such as the  Virginia Weekly  clippings and drafts, informational pamphlets, agendas, memos, notes (taken by Gardner about meetings, to-do lists, goals, and ideas), handbooks, prospectus, correspondence, pamphlets, reports, proposals, and invitations for meetings, to the causes of the different organizations Gardner served.","Mentioned are specific cases involving unfair treatment of African Americans by the police and justice department including Snake Jones of Charlottesville, Virginia in 1970 and the Thomas Wansley case (falsely charged with rape based on an incorrect eyewitness account) in Lynchburg, Virginia in 1963, which gained national attention and was overturned after Wansley served 5 years in prison.","There are also political newspapers including  Right On ,  Black Community News Service  of the Black Panther Party,  The Call ,  The Red Worker  of the Communist Party in Georgia, and  The New South Student . ","There is also more recent work with the Union of Concerned Scientists from the 1980s. The collection includes topics on nuclear weapons, the prison reform system, unions and worker movements, and strikes. ","The collection also documents Gardner's work on an unpublished book about Edgar Daniel Nixon, a union leader who played a critical role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Included are interviews on audiocassettes, transcripts, photographs, correspondence, research, newspaper articles, and drafts of Gardner's unpublished book. The interviews with Nixon cover a variety of topics including the Bus Boycott, the Brotherhood, the NAACP, bombings at Montgomery, E.D. Nixon's early life and life as a porter, and his community work since 1957.  ","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Gardner, Thomas N.","Nixon, Edgar Daniel","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16732","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1436"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Thomas N. Gardner papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Thomas N. Gardner papers"],"collection_ssim":["Thomas N. Gardner papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Student activism"],"geogname_ssim":["Student activism"],"creator_ssm":["Gardner, Thomas N."],"creator_ssim":["Gardner, Thomas N."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Gardner, Thomas N."],"creators_ssim":["Gardner, Thomas N."],"places_ssim":["Student activism"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift from Thomas N. Gardner to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on March 10, 2022."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil rights -- Virginia","Civil rights -- United States","African Americans -- Civil rights","Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation -- United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil rights -- Virginia","Civil rights -- United States","African Americans -- Civil rights","Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation -- United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["1.75 Cubic Feet 3 document boxes, 1 half legal document box","19 audiocassettes","32.00144 Gigabytes 1 floppy disk, 1 5 1/4 floppy disk, 1 USB flash drive"],"extent_tesim":["1.75 Cubic Feet 3 document boxes, 1 half legal document box","19 audiocassettes","32.00144 Gigabytes 1 floppy disk, 1 5 1/4 floppy disk, 1 USB flash drive"],"physfacet_tesim":["half legal box contains 19 audiocassette tapes and a handwritten guide to the tapes\n","No information could be removed from 5 1/4 floppy disk."],"date_range_isim":[1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research. Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives, born digital files, etc.) and other media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research. Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives, born digital files, etc.) and other media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. ","Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. ","Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThomas N. Gardner a University of Virginia alumnus, was active in the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC) during his time as a student and served on the National Student Association's Southern Project in Atlanta. He continued his leadership role in the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF) and the Union of Concerned Scientists (USC). He was born in New Orleans in 1946, and grew up mainly in the South. He became involved in the student movement in 1964 during his first year at the University. From 1967-1969 he served as Chairman of the SSOC and steered the organization toward greater involvement against the Vietnam War (during a Summer Project organized out of Cambridge University). He finished his degree in Sociology and completed two master's degrees, one in journalism at the University of Georgia and the second at the Kennedy School of Government in 1985. He was an activist during the civil rights movement and was one of the brave protesters who was arrested during a peace movement in Florida. Since 2001, he has been associate professor of communication at Westfield State University. He was formerly managing director of the Media Education Foundation of Northampton, Massachussetts, public affairs officer for Harvard Divinity School, senior editor at the Harvard Institue for International Development, and director of communications for the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Thomas N. Gardner a University of Virginia alumnus, was active in the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC) during his time as a student and served on the National Student Association's Southern Project in Atlanta. He continued his leadership role in the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF) and the Union of Concerned Scientists (USC). He was born in New Orleans in 1946, and grew up mainly in the South. He became involved in the student movement in 1964 during his first year at the University. From 1967-1969 he served as Chairman of the SSOC and steered the organization toward greater involvement against the Vietnam War (during a Summer Project organized out of Cambridge University). He finished his degree in Sociology and completed two master's degrees, one in journalism at the University of Georgia and the second at the Kennedy School of Government in 1985. He was an activist during the civil rights movement and was one of the brave protesters who was arrested during a peace movement in Florida. Since 2001, he has been associate professor of communication at Westfield State University. He was formerly managing director of the Media Education Foundation of Northampton, Massachussetts, public affairs officer for Harvard Divinity School, senior editor at the Harvard Institue for International Development, and director of communications for the Union of Concerned Scientists."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16731, Thomas N. 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The collection includes topics on nuclear weapons, the prison reform system, unions and worker movements, and strikes. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also documents Gardner's work on an unpublished book about Edgar Daniel Nixon, a union leader who played a critical role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Included are interviews on audiocassettes, transcripts, photographs, correspondence, research, newspaper articles, and drafts of Gardner's unpublished book. The interviews with Nixon cover a variety of topics including the Bus Boycott, the Brotherhood, the NAACP, bombings at Montgomery, E.D. 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Gardner papers","Student activism","Civil rights -- Virginia","Civil rights -- United States","African Americans -- Civil rights","Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","This collection is open for research. Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives, born digital files, etc.) and other media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. ","Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. ","Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use.","Thomas N. Gardner a University of Virginia alumnus, was active in the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC) during his time as a student and served on the National Student Association's Southern Project in Atlanta. He continued his leadership role in the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF) and the Union of Concerned Scientists (USC). He was born in New Orleans in 1946, and grew up mainly in the South. He became involved in the student movement in 1964 during his first year at the University. From 1967-1969 he served as Chairman of the SSOC and steered the organization toward greater involvement against the Vietnam War (during a Summer Project organized out of Cambridge University). He finished his degree in Sociology and completed two master's degrees, one in journalism at the University of Georgia and the second at the Kennedy School of Government in 1985. He was an activist during the civil rights movement and was one of the brave protesters who was arrested during a peace movement in Florida. Since 2001, he has been associate professor of communication at Westfield State University. He was formerly managing director of the Media Education Foundation of Northampton, Massachussetts, public affairs officer for Harvard Divinity School, senior editor at the Harvard Institue for International Development, and director of communications for the Union of Concerned Scientists.","MSS 11192","This collection contains the papers of Thomas Gardner, an alumnus of the University of Virginia, a leader in the Southern civil rights and national peace movements of the '60s and '70s, and Professor of Communication at Westfield State University. 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