{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Civil+rights\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1973\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Civil+rights\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1973\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":2,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1524#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"James Arsenault and Co.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1524#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\"\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1524#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1524.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189457","title_filing_ssi":"Kennedy Florynce photographs","title_ssm":["Florynce Kennedy photographs"],"title_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1973-1976"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c.1973-1976"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1973/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976"],"text":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976","MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524","Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","Florynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist.","She experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.","In 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.","In 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist,","\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\"","Kennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\"","In 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.","Florynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"","With an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for.","Source:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy","Militano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist","This collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\"","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from James Arenenault by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 03 March 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["4 letter-sized photographs"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1973,1974,1975,1976],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFlorynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist, \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFlorynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWith an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMilitano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist.","She experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.","In 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.","In 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist,","\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\"","Kennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\"","In 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.","Florynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"","With an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for.","Source:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy","Militano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16784, Florynce Kennedy photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16784, Florynce Kennedy photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\""],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"persname_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1524.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189457","title_filing_ssi":"Kennedy Florynce photographs","title_ssm":["Florynce Kennedy photographs"],"title_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1973-1976"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c.1973-1976"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1973/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976"],"text":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976","MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524","Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","Florynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist.","She experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.","In 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.","In 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist,","\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\"","Kennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\"","In 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.","Florynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"","With an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for.","Source:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy","Militano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist","This collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\"","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from James Arenenault by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 03 March 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["4 letter-sized photographs"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1973,1974,1975,1976],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFlorynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist, \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFlorynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWith an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMilitano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist.","She experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.","In 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.","In 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist,","\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\"","Kennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\"","In 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.","Florynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"","With an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for.","Source:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy","Militano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16784, Florynce Kennedy photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16784, Florynce Kennedy photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\""],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"persname_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1524"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1436","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Thomas N. 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Gardner papers, 1966/2008","MSS 16732","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1436","Student activism","Civil rights -- Virginia","Civil rights -- United States","African Americans -- Civil rights","Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","This collection is open for research. Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives, born digital files, etc.) and other media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons.","Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials.","Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use.","Thomas N. Gardner a University of Virginia alumnus, was active in the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC) during his time as a student and served on the National Student Association's Southern Project in Atlanta. He continued his leadership role in the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF) and the Union of Concerned Scientists (USC). He was born in New Orleans in 1946, and grew up mainly in the South. He became involved in the student movement in 1964 during his first year at the University. From 1967-1969 he served as Chairman of the SSOC and steered the organization toward greater involvement against the Vietnam War (during a Summer Project organized out of Cambridge University). He finished his degree in Sociology and completed two master's degrees, one in journalism at the University of Georgia and the second at the Kennedy School of Government in 1985. He was an activist during the civil rights movement and was one of the brave protesters who was arrested during a peace movement in Florida. Since 2001, he has been associate professor of communication at Westfield State University. He was formerly managing director of the Media Education Foundation of Northampton, Massachussetts, public affairs officer for Harvard Divinity School, senior editor at the Harvard Institue for International Development, and director of communications for the Union of Concerned Scientists.","Could not remove information from Floppy 5 3/4","MSS 11192","This collection contains the papers of Thomas Gardner, an alumnus of the University of Virginia, a leader in the Southern civil rights and national peace movements of the '60s and '70s, and Professor of Communication at Westfield State University.","The collection documents Gardner's social and political activism and involvement with civil rights, labor, anti-war, and anti-prison movements through different organizations such as the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF), the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC), and the Union for Concerned Scientists (USC).","The documents date from the 1960s-1980s and include materials such as the Virginia Weekly clippings and drafts, informational pamphlets, agendas, memos, notes (taken by Gardner about meetings, to-do lists, goals, and ideas), handbooks, prospectus, correspondence, pamphlets, reports, proposals, and invitations for meetings, to the causes of the different organizations Gardner served.","Mentioned are specific cases involving unfair treatment of African Americans by the police and justice department including Snake Jones of Charlottesville, Virginia in 1970 and the Thomas Wansley case (falsely charged with rape based on an incorrect eyewitness account) in Lynchburg, Virginia in 1963, which gained national attention and was overturned after Wansley served 5 years in prison.","There are also political newspapers including Right On, Black Community News Service of the Black Panther Party, The Call, The Red Worker of the Communist Party in Georgia, and The New South Student.","There is also more recent work with the Union of Concerned Scientists from the 1980s. The collection includes topics on nuclear weapons, the prison reform system, unions and worker movements, and strikes.","The collection also documents Gardner's work on an unpublished book about Edgar Daniel Nixon, a union leader who played a critical role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Included are interviews on audiocassettes, transcripts, photographs, correspondence, research, newspaper articles, and drafts of Gardner's unpublished book. The interviews with Nixon cover a variety of topics including the Bus Boycott, the Brotherhood, the NAACP, bombings at Montgomery, E.D. Nixon's early life and life as a porter, and his community work since 1957.","Southern Student Organizing Committee, Southern Conference of Education Funds, Union of Concerned Scientists, Black Panther Party, Virginia Council on Human Relations-Jefferson Chapter, and the Virginia Weekly","Report on Thomas Wansley case","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Gardner, Thomas N.","Nixon, Edgar Daniel","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Thomas N. Gardner papers, 1966/2008"],"collection_ssim":["Thomas N. 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Gardner to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on March 10, 2022."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil rights -- Virginia","Civil rights -- United States","African Americans -- Civil rights","Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation -- United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil rights -- Virginia","Civil rights -- United States","African Americans -- Civil rights","Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation -- United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["1.75 Cubic Feet 3 document boxes, 1 half legal document box","19 audiocassettes","32.00144 Gigabytes 1 floppy disk, 1 5 1/4 floppy disk, 1 USB flash drive"],"extent_tesim":["1.75 Cubic Feet 3 document boxes, 1 half legal document box","19 audiocassettes","32.00144 Gigabytes 1 floppy disk, 1 5 1/4 floppy disk, 1 USB flash drive"],"physfacet_tesim":["half legal box contains 19 audiocassette tapes and a handwritten guide to the tapes","No information could be removed from 5 1/4 floppy disk."],"date_range_isim":[1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research. 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Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives, born digital files, etc.) and other media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons.","Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials.","Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThomas N. Gardner a University of Virginia alumnus, was active in the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC) during his time as a student and served on the National Student Association's Southern Project in Atlanta. He continued his leadership role in the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF) and the Union of Concerned Scientists (USC). He was born in New Orleans in 1946, and grew up mainly in the South. He became involved in the student movement in 1964 during his first year at the University. From 1967-1969 he served as Chairman of the SSOC and steered the organization toward greater involvement against the Vietnam War (during a Summer Project organized out of Cambridge University). He finished his degree in Sociology and completed two master's degrees, one in journalism at the University of Georgia and the second at the Kennedy School of Government in 1985. He was an activist during the civil rights movement and was one of the brave protesters who was arrested during a peace movement in Florida. Since 2001, he has been associate professor of communication at Westfield State University. He was formerly managing director of the Media Education Foundation of Northampton, Massachussetts, public affairs officer for Harvard Divinity School, senior editor at the Harvard Institue for International Development, and director of communications for the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Thomas N. Gardner a University of Virginia alumnus, was active in the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC) during his time as a student and served on the National Student Association's Southern Project in Atlanta. He continued his leadership role in the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF) and the Union of Concerned Scientists (USC). He was born in New Orleans in 1946, and grew up mainly in the South. He became involved in the student movement in 1964 during his first year at the University. From 1967-1969 he served as Chairman of the SSOC and steered the organization toward greater involvement against the Vietnam War (during a Summer Project organized out of Cambridge University). He finished his degree in Sociology and completed two master's degrees, one in journalism at the University of Georgia and the second at the Kennedy School of Government in 1985. He was an activist during the civil rights movement and was one of the brave protesters who was arrested during a peace movement in Florida. Since 2001, he has been associate professor of communication at Westfield State University. He was formerly managing director of the Media Education Foundation of Northampton, Massachussetts, public affairs officer for Harvard Divinity School, senior editor at the Harvard Institue for International Development, and director of communications for the Union of Concerned Scientists."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16731, Thomas N. 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Gardner papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCould not remove information from Floppy 5 3/4\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Could not remove information from Floppy 5 3/4"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 11192\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["MSS 11192"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the papers of Thomas Gardner, an alumnus of the University of Virginia, a leader in the Southern civil rights and national peace movements of the '60s and '70s, and Professor of Communication at Westfield State University. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe collection documents Gardner's social and political activism and involvement with civil rights, labor, anti-war, and anti-prison movements through different organizations such as the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF), the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC), and the Union for Concerned Scientists (USC). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe documents date from the 1960s-1980s and include materials such as the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Weekly\u003c/emph\u003e clippings and drafts, informational pamphlets, agendas, memos, notes (taken by Gardner about meetings, to-do lists, goals, and ideas), handbooks, prospectus, correspondence, pamphlets, reports, proposals, and invitations for meetings, to the causes of the different organizations Gardner served.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMentioned are specific cases involving unfair treatment of African Americans by the police and justice department including Snake Jones of Charlottesville, Virginia in 1970 and the Thomas Wansley case (falsely charged with rape based on an incorrect eyewitness account) in Lynchburg, Virginia in 1963, which gained national attention and was overturned after Wansley served 5 years in prison.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also political newspapers including \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRight On\u003c/emph\u003e, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBlack Community News Service\u003c/emph\u003e of the Black Panther Party, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Call\u003c/emph\u003e, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Red Worker\u003c/emph\u003e of the Communist Party in Georgia, and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe New South Student\u003c/emph\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is also more recent work with the Union of Concerned Scientists from the 1980s. The collection includes topics on nuclear weapons, the prison reform system, unions and worker movements, and strikes. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also documents Gardner's work on an unpublished book about Edgar Daniel Nixon, a union leader who played a critical role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Included are interviews on audiocassettes, transcripts, photographs, correspondence, research, newspaper articles, and drafts of Gardner's unpublished book. The interviews with Nixon cover a variety of topics including the Bus Boycott, the Brotherhood, the NAACP, bombings at Montgomery, E.D. Nixon's early life and life as a porter, and his community work since 1957.  \u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eSouthern Student Organizing Committee, Southern Conference of Education Funds, Union of Concerned Scientists, Black Panther Party, Virginia Council on Human Relations-Jefferson Chapter, and the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Weekly\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReport on Thomas Wansley case\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the papers of Thomas Gardner, an alumnus of the University of Virginia, a leader in the Southern civil rights and national peace movements of the '60s and '70s, and Professor of Communication at Westfield State University.","The collection documents Gardner's social and political activism and involvement with civil rights, labor, anti-war, and anti-prison movements through different organizations such as the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF), the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC), and the Union for Concerned Scientists (USC).","The documents date from the 1960s-1980s and include materials such as the Virginia Weekly clippings and drafts, informational pamphlets, agendas, memos, notes (taken by Gardner about meetings, to-do lists, goals, and ideas), handbooks, prospectus, correspondence, pamphlets, reports, proposals, and invitations for meetings, to the causes of the different organizations Gardner served.","Mentioned are specific cases involving unfair treatment of African Americans by the police and justice department including Snake Jones of Charlottesville, Virginia in 1970 and the Thomas Wansley case (falsely charged with rape based on an incorrect eyewitness account) in Lynchburg, Virginia in 1963, which gained national attention and was overturned after Wansley served 5 years in prison.","There are also political newspapers including Right On, Black Community News Service of the Black Panther Party, The Call, The Red Worker of the Communist Party in Georgia, and The New South Student.","There is also more recent work with the Union of Concerned Scientists from the 1980s. The collection includes topics on nuclear weapons, the prison reform system, unions and worker movements, and strikes.","The collection also documents Gardner's work on an unpublished book about Edgar Daniel Nixon, a union leader who played a critical role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Included are interviews on audiocassettes, transcripts, photographs, correspondence, research, newspaper articles, and drafts of Gardner's unpublished book. The interviews with Nixon cover a variety of topics including the Bus Boycott, the Brotherhood, the NAACP, bombings at Montgomery, E.D. Nixon's early life and life as a porter, and his community work since 1957.","Southern Student Organizing Committee, Southern Conference of Education Funds, Union of Concerned Scientists, Black Panther Party, Virginia Council on Human Relations-Jefferson Chapter, and the Virginia Weekly","Report on Thomas Wansley case"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Gardner, Thomas N.","Nixon, Edgar Daniel"],"names_coll_ssim":["Nixon, Edgar Daniel"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Gardner, Thomas N.","Nixon, Edgar Daniel"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":35,"online_item_count_is":2,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1436","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1436","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1436","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1436","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1436.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/151161","title_filing_ssi":"Gardner, Thomas N. papers","title_ssm":["Thomas N. Gardner papers"],"title_tesim":["Thomas N. Gardner papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1966-2008"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c. 1966-2008"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1966/2008"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Thomas N. Gardner papers, 1966/2008"],"text":["Thomas N. Gardner papers, 1966/2008","MSS 16732","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1436","Student activism","Civil rights -- Virginia","Civil rights -- United States","African Americans -- Civil rights","Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","This collection is open for research. Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives, born digital files, etc.) and other media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons.","Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials.","Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use.","Thomas N. Gardner a University of Virginia alumnus, was active in the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC) during his time as a student and served on the National Student Association's Southern Project in Atlanta. He continued his leadership role in the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF) and the Union of Concerned Scientists (USC). He was born in New Orleans in 1946, and grew up mainly in the South. He became involved in the student movement in 1964 during his first year at the University. From 1967-1969 he served as Chairman of the SSOC and steered the organization toward greater involvement against the Vietnam War (during a Summer Project organized out of Cambridge University). He finished his degree in Sociology and completed two master's degrees, one in journalism at the University of Georgia and the second at the Kennedy School of Government in 1985. He was an activist during the civil rights movement and was one of the brave protesters who was arrested during a peace movement in Florida. Since 2001, he has been associate professor of communication at Westfield State University. He was formerly managing director of the Media Education Foundation of Northampton, Massachussetts, public affairs officer for Harvard Divinity School, senior editor at the Harvard Institue for International Development, and director of communications for the Union of Concerned Scientists.","Could not remove information from Floppy 5 3/4","MSS 11192","This collection contains the papers of Thomas Gardner, an alumnus of the University of Virginia, a leader in the Southern civil rights and national peace movements of the '60s and '70s, and Professor of Communication at Westfield State University.","The collection documents Gardner's social and political activism and involvement with civil rights, labor, anti-war, and anti-prison movements through different organizations such as the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF), the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC), and the Union for Concerned Scientists (USC).","The documents date from the 1960s-1980s and include materials such as the Virginia Weekly clippings and drafts, informational pamphlets, agendas, memos, notes (taken by Gardner about meetings, to-do lists, goals, and ideas), handbooks, prospectus, correspondence, pamphlets, reports, proposals, and invitations for meetings, to the causes of the different organizations Gardner served.","Mentioned are specific cases involving unfair treatment of African Americans by the police and justice department including Snake Jones of Charlottesville, Virginia in 1970 and the Thomas Wansley case (falsely charged with rape based on an incorrect eyewitness account) in Lynchburg, Virginia in 1963, which gained national attention and was overturned after Wansley served 5 years in prison.","There are also political newspapers including Right On, Black Community News Service of the Black Panther Party, The Call, The Red Worker of the Communist Party in Georgia, and The New South Student.","There is also more recent work with the Union of Concerned Scientists from the 1980s. The collection includes topics on nuclear weapons, the prison reform system, unions and worker movements, and strikes.","The collection also documents Gardner's work on an unpublished book about Edgar Daniel Nixon, a union leader who played a critical role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Included are interviews on audiocassettes, transcripts, photographs, correspondence, research, newspaper articles, and drafts of Gardner's unpublished book. The interviews with Nixon cover a variety of topics including the Bus Boycott, the Brotherhood, the NAACP, bombings at Montgomery, E.D. 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Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives, born digital files, etc.) and other media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlease contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlease be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research. Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives, born digital files, etc.) and other media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons.","Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials.","Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThomas N. Gardner a University of Virginia alumnus, was active in the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC) during his time as a student and served on the National Student Association's Southern Project in Atlanta. He continued his leadership role in the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF) and the Union of Concerned Scientists (USC). He was born in New Orleans in 1946, and grew up mainly in the South. He became involved in the student movement in 1964 during his first year at the University. From 1967-1969 he served as Chairman of the SSOC and steered the organization toward greater involvement against the Vietnam War (during a Summer Project organized out of Cambridge University). He finished his degree in Sociology and completed two master's degrees, one in journalism at the University of Georgia and the second at the Kennedy School of Government in 1985. He was an activist during the civil rights movement and was one of the brave protesters who was arrested during a peace movement in Florida. Since 2001, he has been associate professor of communication at Westfield State University. He was formerly managing director of the Media Education Foundation of Northampton, Massachussetts, public affairs officer for Harvard Divinity School, senior editor at the Harvard Institue for International Development, and director of communications for the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Thomas N. Gardner a University of Virginia alumnus, was active in the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC) during his time as a student and served on the National Student Association's Southern Project in Atlanta. He continued his leadership role in the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF) and the Union of Concerned Scientists (USC). He was born in New Orleans in 1946, and grew up mainly in the South. He became involved in the student movement in 1964 during his first year at the University. From 1967-1969 he served as Chairman of the SSOC and steered the organization toward greater involvement against the Vietnam War (during a Summer Project organized out of Cambridge University). He finished his degree in Sociology and completed two master's degrees, one in journalism at the University of Georgia and the second at the Kennedy School of Government in 1985. He was an activist during the civil rights movement and was one of the brave protesters who was arrested during a peace movement in Florida. Since 2001, he has been associate professor of communication at Westfield State University. He was formerly managing director of the Media Education Foundation of Northampton, Massachussetts, public affairs officer for Harvard Divinity School, senior editor at the Harvard Institue for International Development, and director of communications for the Union of Concerned Scientists."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16731, Thomas N. 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Gardner papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCould not remove information from Floppy 5 3/4\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Could not remove information from Floppy 5 3/4"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 11192\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["MSS 11192"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the papers of Thomas Gardner, an alumnus of the University of Virginia, a leader in the Southern civil rights and national peace movements of the '60s and '70s, and Professor of Communication at Westfield State University. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe collection documents Gardner's social and political activism and involvement with civil rights, labor, anti-war, and anti-prison movements through different organizations such as the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF), the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC), and the Union for Concerned Scientists (USC). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe documents date from the 1960s-1980s and include materials such as the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Weekly\u003c/emph\u003e clippings and drafts, informational pamphlets, agendas, memos, notes (taken by Gardner about meetings, to-do lists, goals, and ideas), handbooks, prospectus, correspondence, pamphlets, reports, proposals, and invitations for meetings, to the causes of the different organizations Gardner served.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMentioned are specific cases involving unfair treatment of African Americans by the police and justice department including Snake Jones of Charlottesville, Virginia in 1970 and the Thomas Wansley case (falsely charged with rape based on an incorrect eyewitness account) in Lynchburg, Virginia in 1963, which gained national attention and was overturned after Wansley served 5 years in prison.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also political newspapers including \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRight On\u003c/emph\u003e, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBlack Community News Service\u003c/emph\u003e of the Black Panther Party, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Call\u003c/emph\u003e, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Red Worker\u003c/emph\u003e of the Communist Party in Georgia, and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe New South Student\u003c/emph\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is also more recent work with the Union of Concerned Scientists from the 1980s. The collection includes topics on nuclear weapons, the prison reform system, unions and worker movements, and strikes. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also documents Gardner's work on an unpublished book about Edgar Daniel Nixon, a union leader who played a critical role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Included are interviews on audiocassettes, transcripts, photographs, correspondence, research, newspaper articles, and drafts of Gardner's unpublished book. The interviews with Nixon cover a variety of topics including the Bus Boycott, the Brotherhood, the NAACP, bombings at Montgomery, E.D. Nixon's early life and life as a porter, and his community work since 1957.  \u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eSouthern Student Organizing Committee, Southern Conference of Education Funds, Union of Concerned Scientists, Black Panther Party, Virginia Council on Human Relations-Jefferson Chapter, and the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Weekly\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReport on Thomas Wansley case\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the papers of Thomas Gardner, an alumnus of the University of Virginia, a leader in the Southern civil rights and national peace movements of the '60s and '70s, and Professor of Communication at Westfield State University.","The collection documents Gardner's social and political activism and involvement with civil rights, labor, anti-war, and anti-prison movements through different organizations such as the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF), the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC), and the Union for Concerned Scientists (USC).","The documents date from the 1960s-1980s and include materials such as the Virginia Weekly clippings and drafts, informational pamphlets, agendas, memos, notes (taken by Gardner about meetings, to-do lists, goals, and ideas), handbooks, prospectus, correspondence, pamphlets, reports, proposals, and invitations for meetings, to the causes of the different organizations Gardner served.","Mentioned are specific cases involving unfair treatment of African Americans by the police and justice department including Snake Jones of Charlottesville, Virginia in 1970 and the Thomas Wansley case (falsely charged with rape based on an incorrect eyewitness account) in Lynchburg, Virginia in 1963, which gained national attention and was overturned after Wansley served 5 years in prison.","There are also political newspapers including Right On, Black Community News Service of the Black Panther Party, The Call, The Red Worker of the Communist Party in Georgia, and The New South Student.","There is also more recent work with the Union of Concerned Scientists from the 1980s. The collection includes topics on nuclear weapons, the prison reform system, unions and worker movements, and strikes.","The collection also documents Gardner's work on an unpublished book about Edgar Daniel Nixon, a union leader who played a critical role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Included are interviews on audiocassettes, transcripts, photographs, correspondence, research, newspaper articles, and drafts of Gardner's unpublished book. The interviews with Nixon cover a variety of topics including the Bus Boycott, the Brotherhood, the NAACP, bombings at Montgomery, E.D. Nixon's early life and life as a porter, and his community work since 1957.","Southern Student Organizing Committee, Southern Conference of Education Funds, Union of Concerned Scientists, Black Panther Party, Virginia Council on Human Relations-Jefferson Chapter, and the Virginia Weekly","Report on Thomas Wansley case"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Gardner, Thomas N.","Nixon, Edgar Daniel"],"names_coll_ssim":["Nixon, Edgar Daniel"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Gardner, Thomas N.","Nixon, Edgar Daniel"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":35,"online_item_count_is":2,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1436"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","value":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Civil+rights\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1973\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Civil+rights\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1973\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976","value":"Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Civil+rights\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Florynce+Kennedy+photographs%2C+1973%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1973\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Thomas N. 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