{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026view=compact","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026page=2\u0026view=compact","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026page=8\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":8,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":79,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9772","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Abraham Family photographs","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9772#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9772#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eA collection of 27 8x10 silver gelatin prints that includes photographs of Dana Abraham's family. Each photograph is black and white with white borders, and spans from Fall 2022 to Spring 2023. Most of the photographs are of young women and girls of the Abraham family, with some elderly members of the family also included. The photographs are representative of the Abraham family's bond. Statement from creator and donor Dana Abraham: \"The bond my family shares is something truly extraordinary. I wanted to capture special moments with my family to provide them with a means of documenting our shared love and experiences. Some of the works focus on my sisters and the tribulations of youth, while others expand the rest of the family, portraying the intimate nature of familial bonds\"\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9772#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9772","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9772","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9772","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9772","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9772.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Abraham Family photographs","title_ssm":["Abraham Family photographs"],"title_tesim":["Abraham Family photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["2022-2023"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["2022-2023"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 01862","/repositories/2/resources/9772"],"text":["SC 01862","/repositories/2/resources/9772","Abraham Family photographs","African Americans--Virginia--Photographs","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg","African Americans","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Collection is arranged by file.","A collection of 27 8x10 silver gelatin prints that includes photographs of Dana Abraham's family. Each photograph is black and white with white borders, and spans from Fall 2022 to Spring 2023. Most of the photographs are of young women and girls of the Abraham family, with some elderly members of the family also included. The photographs are representative of the Abraham family's bond. Statement from creator and donor Dana Abraham: \"The bond my family shares is something truly extraordinary. I wanted to capture special moments with my family to provide them with a means of documenting our shared love and experiences. Some of the works focus on my sisters and the tribulations of youth, while others expand the rest of the family, portraying the intimate nature of familial bonds\"","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 01862","/repositories/2/resources/9772"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Abraham Family photographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["Abraham Family photographs"],"collection_ssim":["Abraham Family photographs"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"creator_ssim":["Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"creators_ssim":["Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Dana Abraham."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--Virginia--Photographs","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg","African Americans","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--Virginia--Photographs","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg","African Americans","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".1 Linear Feet 1 legal size folder"],"extent_tesim":[".1 Linear Feet 1 legal size folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[2022,2023],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is arranged by file.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Collection is arranged by file."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAbraham Family photographs, Special Collections Research Cener, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Abraham Family photographs, Special Collections Research Cener, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA collection of 27 8x10 silver gelatin prints that includes photographs of Dana Abraham's family. Each photograph is black and white with white borders, and spans from Fall 2022 to Spring 2023. Most of the photographs are of young women and girls of the Abraham family, with some elderly members of the family also included. The photographs are representative of the Abraham family's bond. Statement from creator and donor Dana Abraham: \"The bond my family shares is something truly extraordinary. I wanted to capture special moments with my family to provide them with a means of documenting our shared love and experiences. Some of the works focus on my sisters and the tribulations of youth, while others expand the rest of the family, portraying the intimate nature of familial bonds\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A collection of 27 8x10 silver gelatin prints that includes photographs of Dana Abraham's family. Each photograph is black and white with white borders, and spans from Fall 2022 to Spring 2023. Most of the photographs are of young women and girls of the Abraham family, with some elderly members of the family also included. The photographs are representative of the Abraham family's bond. Statement from creator and donor Dana Abraham: \"The bond my family shares is something truly extraordinary. I wanted to capture special moments with my family to provide them with a means of documenting our shared love and experiences. Some of the works focus on my sisters and the tribulations of youth, while others expand the rest of the family, portraying the intimate nature of familial bonds\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"persname_ssim":["Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:10:06.533Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9772","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9772","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9772","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9772","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9772.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Abraham Family photographs","title_ssm":["Abraham Family photographs"],"title_tesim":["Abraham Family photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["2022-2023"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["2022-2023"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 01862","/repositories/2/resources/9772"],"text":["SC 01862","/repositories/2/resources/9772","Abraham Family photographs","African Americans--Virginia--Photographs","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg","African Americans","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Collection is arranged by file.","A collection of 27 8x10 silver gelatin prints that includes photographs of Dana Abraham's family. Each photograph is black and white with white borders, and spans from Fall 2022 to Spring 2023. Most of the photographs are of young women and girls of the Abraham family, with some elderly members of the family also included. The photographs are representative of the Abraham family's bond. Statement from creator and donor Dana Abraham: \"The bond my family shares is something truly extraordinary. I wanted to capture special moments with my family to provide them with a means of documenting our shared love and experiences. Some of the works focus on my sisters and the tribulations of youth, while others expand the rest of the family, portraying the intimate nature of familial bonds\"","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 01862","/repositories/2/resources/9772"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Abraham Family photographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["Abraham Family photographs"],"collection_ssim":["Abraham Family photographs"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"creator_ssim":["Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"creators_ssim":["Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Dana Abraham."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--Virginia--Photographs","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg","African Americans","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--Virginia--Photographs","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg","African Americans","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".1 Linear Feet 1 legal size folder"],"extent_tesim":[".1 Linear Feet 1 legal size folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[2022,2023],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is arranged by file.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Collection is arranged by file."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAbraham Family photographs, Special Collections Research Cener, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Abraham Family photographs, Special Collections Research Cener, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA collection of 27 8x10 silver gelatin prints that includes photographs of Dana Abraham's family. Each photograph is black and white with white borders, and spans from Fall 2022 to Spring 2023. Most of the photographs are of young women and girls of the Abraham family, with some elderly members of the family also included. The photographs are representative of the Abraham family's bond. Statement from creator and donor Dana Abraham: \"The bond my family shares is something truly extraordinary. I wanted to capture special moments with my family to provide them with a means of documenting our shared love and experiences. Some of the works focus on my sisters and the tribulations of youth, while others expand the rest of the family, portraying the intimate nature of familial bonds\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A collection of 27 8x10 silver gelatin prints that includes photographs of Dana Abraham's family. Each photograph is black and white with white borders, and spans from Fall 2022 to Spring 2023. Most of the photographs are of young women and girls of the Abraham family, with some elderly members of the family also included. The photographs are representative of the Abraham family's bond. Statement from creator and donor Dana Abraham: \"The bond my family shares is something truly extraordinary. I wanted to capture special moments with my family to provide them with a means of documenting our shared love and experiences. Some of the works focus on my sisters and the tribulations of youth, while others expand the rest of the family, portraying the intimate nature of familial bonds\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"persname_ssim":["Abraham, Dana (Dana Abraham)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:10:06.533Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9772"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_761.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"text":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761","African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans","World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.","In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to  World War I , including the  Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs , and other stereographic photographs can be found in the  Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection .","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.","Public Domain. There are no known restrictions.","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.","R 71, C 2, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"collection_ssim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"places_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"access_terms_ssm":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Max Rambod Rare Books in March 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Photographic prints"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBuffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/subjects/sh85148236\"\u003eWorld War I\u003c/a\u003e, including the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0502\"\u003eUnderwood \u0026amp; Underwood World War I press photographs\u003c/a\u003e, and other stereographic photographs can be found in the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0511\"\u003eRandolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to  World War I , including the  Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs , and other stereographic photographs can be found in the  Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026amp; Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026amp; Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePublic Domain. There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d3fa1fe7c98076307fccc07df27c7ebd\"\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fc5aacd7cedb4795a66a246dc221e394\"\u003eR 71, C 2, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 71, C 2, S 5"],"names_coll_ssim":["Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:39:49.574Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_761.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"text":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761","African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans","World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.","In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to  World War I , including the  Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs , and other stereographic photographs can be found in the  Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection .","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.","Public Domain. There are no known restrictions.","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.","R 71, C 2, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"collection_ssim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"places_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"access_terms_ssm":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Max Rambod Rare Books in March 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Photographic prints"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBuffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/subjects/sh85148236\"\u003eWorld War I\u003c/a\u003e, including the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0502\"\u003eUnderwood \u0026amp; Underwood World War I press photographs\u003c/a\u003e, and other stereographic photographs can be found in the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0511\"\u003eRandolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to  World War I , including the  Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs , and other stereographic photographs can be found in the  Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026amp; Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026amp; Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePublic Domain. There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d3fa1fe7c98076307fccc07df27c7ebd\"\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fc5aacd7cedb4795a66a246dc221e394\"\u003eR 71, C 2, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 71, C 2, S 5"],"names_coll_ssim":["Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. 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Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","53 cabinet cards depicting African Americans from the 1880s-1890s. Photography studios' information is printed on the cards, but personal information concerning those photographed is not included. ","One cabinet card was taken by a C. E. Cheyne photography in Hampton, Virginia. The back of the cabinet card reads Carrie E. Stules, January 14, 1896. ","Three cabinet cards are of the medicine show duo \"Pete and Lize,\" photographed by E. R. Rose, Oswego, Kansas. Geo Hamtpon performed as Pete, and Eddie B. Love, a female impersonator, performed as Lize. The duo toured throughout Kansas in 1890s.  ","There is also a cabinet card to Booker T. Washington taken by Russell and Sons, Windsor, England, reprinted by P .S. Rogers, New York, New York. ","Other photography studios in the collection include:"," Bewsaw's, Bellefontaine, Ohio"," Edward's, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania"," M. Goulart, New Bedford"," Fowler and Pruden, Eclipse Studio, Jamestown, New York"," Russell, Baltimore, Maryland"," Heyn, Omaha, Nebraska"," E. W. Fortune, Los Angeles, California"," W. A. Biddle, Richwood, Ohio"," C. Jessen and Company, Providence, Rhode Island"," Weyrich's Studio, Hillsboro, Ohio"," C. M. Huddleston, New Castle, Indiana"," J. H. Danner, St. Paul, Minnesota"," A. H. Fell, Fort Ann, New York"," C. P. Hormig, Frankfort, Indiana"," D. L. Cook, Fort Scott, Kansas"," C. H. Webster, South Haven, Michigan"," C. M. Bowman and Company, Omaha, Nebraska"," Goerge F. Riel, Chicago, Illinois"," Mulligan Brothers, Columbus, Ohio"," M. Oteship, Newark, New Jersey"," W. T. Caldwell, Alliance, Nebraska"," The J.A. Pfeifer Company, Columbus, Ohio"," Johnson S. Souder, Selma, Alabama"," Hunt, Mayfieldm Kentucky"," Lawrence Mettner, Kansas"," Dillon, Cincinnati, Ohio"," M. Koogle and J. H. King, Bellefontaine, Ohio"," McLeod, Atchison, Kansas"," Levi Gold, Cincinnati, Ohio"," Jackson, Waco, Texas"," J. R. Pearson, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania"," Crocker, Corning, New York"," Sullivan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"," J.J. Millikin, Bellefontaine, Ohio","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00066","/repositories/2/resources/13"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Cabinet Cards"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American Cabinet Cards"],"collection_ssim":["African American Cabinet Cards"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Cabinet photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Cabinet photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".5 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":[".5 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Cabinet photographs"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. 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The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American Cabinet Cards, circa 1880s, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African American Cabinet Cards, circa 1880s, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e53 cabinet cards depicting African Americans from the 1880s-1890s. Photography studios' information is printed on the cards, but personal information concerning those photographed is not included. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOne cabinet card was taken by a C. E. Cheyne photography in Hampton, Virginia. The back of the cabinet card reads Carrie E. Stules, January 14, 1896. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThree cabinet cards are of the medicine show duo \"Pete and Lize,\" photographed by E. R. Rose, Oswego, Kansas. Geo Hamtpon performed as Pete, and Eddie B. Love, a female impersonator, performed as Lize. The duo toured throughout Kansas in 1890s.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is also a cabinet card to Booker T. Washington taken by Russell and Sons, Windsor, England, reprinted by P .S. Rogers, New York, New York. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther photography studios in the collection include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Bewsaw's, Bellefontaine, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Edward's, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e M. Goulart, New Bedford\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Fowler and Pruden, Eclipse Studio, Jamestown, New York\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Russell, Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Heyn, Omaha, Nebraska\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e E. W. Fortune, Los Angeles, California\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e W. A. Biddle, Richwood, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e C. Jessen and Company, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Weyrich's Studio, Hillsboro, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e C. M. Huddleston, New Castle, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e J. H. Danner, St. Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e A. H. Fell, Fort Ann, New York\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e C. P. Hormig, Frankfort, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e D. L. Cook, Fort Scott, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e C. H. Webster, South Haven, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e C. M. Bowman and Company, Omaha, Nebraska\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Goerge F. Riel, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Mulligan Brothers, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e M. Oteship, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e W. T. Caldwell, Alliance, Nebraska\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The J.A. Pfeifer Company, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Johnson S. Souder, Selma, Alabama\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Hunt, Mayfieldm Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Lawrence Mettner, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Dillon, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e M. Koogle and J. H. King, Bellefontaine, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e McLeod, Atchison, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Levi Gold, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Jackson, Waco, Texas\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e J. R. Pearson, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Crocker, Corning, New York\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Sullivan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e J.J. Millikin, Bellefontaine, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["53 cabinet cards depicting African Americans from the 1880s-1890s. Photography studios' information is printed on the cards, but personal information concerning those photographed is not included. ","One cabinet card was taken by a C. E. Cheyne photography in Hampton, Virginia. The back of the cabinet card reads Carrie E. Stules, January 14, 1896. ","Three cabinet cards are of the medicine show duo \"Pete and Lize,\" photographed by E. R. Rose, Oswego, Kansas. Geo Hamtpon performed as Pete, and Eddie B. Love, a female impersonator, performed as Lize. The duo toured throughout Kansas in 1890s.  ","There is also a cabinet card to Booker T. Washington taken by Russell and Sons, Windsor, England, reprinted by P .S. Rogers, New York, New York. ","Other photography studios in the collection include:"," Bewsaw's, Bellefontaine, Ohio"," Edward's, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania"," M. Goulart, New Bedford"," Fowler and Pruden, Eclipse Studio, Jamestown, New York"," Russell, Baltimore, Maryland"," Heyn, Omaha, Nebraska"," E. W. Fortune, Los Angeles, California"," W. A. Biddle, Richwood, Ohio"," C. Jessen and Company, Providence, Rhode Island"," Weyrich's Studio, Hillsboro, Ohio"," C. M. Huddleston, New Castle, Indiana"," J. H. Danner, St. Paul, Minnesota"," A. H. Fell, Fort Ann, New York"," C. P. Hormig, Frankfort, Indiana"," D. L. Cook, Fort Scott, Kansas"," C. H. Webster, South Haven, Michigan"," C. M. Bowman and Company, Omaha, Nebraska"," Goerge F. Riel, Chicago, Illinois"," Mulligan Brothers, Columbus, Ohio"," M. Oteship, Newark, New Jersey"," W. T. Caldwell, Alliance, Nebraska"," The J.A. Pfeifer Company, Columbus, Ohio"," Johnson S. Souder, Selma, Alabama"," Hunt, Mayfieldm Kentucky"," Lawrence Mettner, Kansas"," Dillon, Cincinnati, Ohio"," M. Koogle and J. H. King, Bellefontaine, Ohio"," McLeod, Atchison, Kansas"," Levi Gold, Cincinnati, Ohio"," Jackson, Waco, Texas"," J. R. Pearson, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania"," Crocker, Corning, New York"," Sullivan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"," J.J. Millikin, Bellefontaine, Ohio"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":14,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:24:13.697Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_13","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_13","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_13","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_13","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_13.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African American Cabinet Cards","title_ssm":["African American Cabinet Cards"],"title_tesim":["African American Cabinet Cards"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1880s-1890s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1880s-1890s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00066","/repositories/2/resources/13"],"text":["MS 00066","/repositories/2/resources/13","African American Cabinet Cards","African Americans","Cabinet photographs","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","53 cabinet cards depicting African Americans from the 1880s-1890s. Photography studios' information is printed on the cards, but personal information concerning those photographed is not included. ","One cabinet card was taken by a C. E. Cheyne photography in Hampton, Virginia. The back of the cabinet card reads Carrie E. Stules, January 14, 1896. ","Three cabinet cards are of the medicine show duo \"Pete and Lize,\" photographed by E. R. Rose, Oswego, Kansas. Geo Hamtpon performed as Pete, and Eddie B. Love, a female impersonator, performed as Lize. The duo toured throughout Kansas in 1890s.  ","There is also a cabinet card to Booker T. Washington taken by Russell and Sons, Windsor, England, reprinted by P .S. Rogers, New York, New York. ","Other photography studios in the collection include:"," Bewsaw's, Bellefontaine, Ohio"," Edward's, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania"," M. Goulart, New Bedford"," Fowler and Pruden, Eclipse Studio, Jamestown, New York"," Russell, Baltimore, Maryland"," Heyn, Omaha, Nebraska"," E. W. Fortune, Los Angeles, California"," W. A. Biddle, Richwood, Ohio"," C. Jessen and Company, Providence, Rhode Island"," Weyrich's Studio, Hillsboro, Ohio"," C. M. Huddleston, New Castle, Indiana"," J. H. Danner, St. Paul, Minnesota"," A. H. Fell, Fort Ann, New York"," C. P. Hormig, Frankfort, Indiana"," D. L. Cook, Fort Scott, Kansas"," C. H. Webster, South Haven, Michigan"," C. M. Bowman and Company, Omaha, Nebraska"," Goerge F. Riel, Chicago, Illinois"," Mulligan Brothers, Columbus, Ohio"," M. Oteship, Newark, New Jersey"," W. T. Caldwell, Alliance, Nebraska"," The J.A. Pfeifer Company, Columbus, Ohio"," Johnson S. Souder, Selma, Alabama"," Hunt, Mayfieldm Kentucky"," Lawrence Mettner, Kansas"," Dillon, Cincinnati, Ohio"," M. Koogle and J. H. King, Bellefontaine, Ohio"," McLeod, Atchison, Kansas"," Levi Gold, Cincinnati, Ohio"," Jackson, Waco, Texas"," J. R. Pearson, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania"," Crocker, Corning, New York"," Sullivan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"," J.J. Millikin, Bellefontaine, Ohio","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00066","/repositories/2/resources/13"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Cabinet Cards"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American Cabinet Cards"],"collection_ssim":["African American Cabinet Cards"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Cabinet photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Cabinet photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".5 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":[".5 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Cabinet photographs"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. 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The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American Cabinet Cards, circa 1880s, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African American Cabinet Cards, circa 1880s, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e53 cabinet cards depicting African Americans from the 1880s-1890s. Photography studios' information is printed on the cards, but personal information concerning those photographed is not included. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOne cabinet card was taken by a C. E. Cheyne photography in Hampton, Virginia. The back of the cabinet card reads Carrie E. Stules, January 14, 1896. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThree cabinet cards are of the medicine show duo \"Pete and Lize,\" photographed by E. R. Rose, Oswego, Kansas. Geo Hamtpon performed as Pete, and Eddie B. Love, a female impersonator, performed as Lize. The duo toured throughout Kansas in 1890s.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is also a cabinet card to Booker T. Washington taken by Russell and Sons, Windsor, England, reprinted by P .S. Rogers, New York, New York. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther photography studios in the collection include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Bewsaw's, Bellefontaine, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Edward's, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e M. Goulart, New Bedford\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Fowler and Pruden, Eclipse Studio, Jamestown, New York\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Russell, Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Heyn, Omaha, Nebraska\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e E. W. Fortune, Los Angeles, California\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e W. A. Biddle, Richwood, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e C. Jessen and Company, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Weyrich's Studio, Hillsboro, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e C. M. Huddleston, New Castle, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e J. H. Danner, St. Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e A. H. Fell, Fort Ann, New York\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e C. P. Hormig, Frankfort, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e D. L. Cook, Fort Scott, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e C. H. Webster, South Haven, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e C. M. Bowman and Company, Omaha, Nebraska\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Goerge F. Riel, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Mulligan Brothers, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e M. Oteship, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e W. T. Caldwell, Alliance, Nebraska\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The J.A. Pfeifer Company, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Johnson S. Souder, Selma, Alabama\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Hunt, Mayfieldm Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Lawrence Mettner, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Dillon, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e M. Koogle and J. H. King, Bellefontaine, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e McLeod, Atchison, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Levi Gold, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Jackson, Waco, Texas\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e J. R. Pearson, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Crocker, Corning, New York\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Sullivan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e J.J. Millikin, Bellefontaine, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["53 cabinet cards depicting African Americans from the 1880s-1890s. Photography studios' information is printed on the cards, but personal information concerning those photographed is not included. ","One cabinet card was taken by a C. E. Cheyne photography in Hampton, Virginia. The back of the cabinet card reads Carrie E. Stules, January 14, 1896. ","Three cabinet cards are of the medicine show duo \"Pete and Lize,\" photographed by E. R. Rose, Oswego, Kansas. Geo Hamtpon performed as Pete, and Eddie B. Love, a female impersonator, performed as Lize. The duo toured throughout Kansas in 1890s.  ","There is also a cabinet card to Booker T. Washington taken by Russell and Sons, Windsor, England, reprinted by P .S. Rogers, New York, New York. ","Other photography studios in the collection include:"," Bewsaw's, Bellefontaine, Ohio"," Edward's, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania"," M. Goulart, New Bedford"," Fowler and Pruden, Eclipse Studio, Jamestown, New York"," Russell, Baltimore, Maryland"," Heyn, Omaha, Nebraska"," E. W. Fortune, Los Angeles, California"," W. A. Biddle, Richwood, Ohio"," C. Jessen and Company, Providence, Rhode Island"," Weyrich's Studio, Hillsboro, Ohio"," C. M. Huddleston, New Castle, Indiana"," J. H. Danner, St. Paul, Minnesota"," A. H. Fell, Fort Ann, New York"," C. P. Hormig, Frankfort, Indiana"," D. L. Cook, Fort Scott, Kansas"," C. H. Webster, South Haven, Michigan"," C. M. Bowman and Company, Omaha, Nebraska"," Goerge F. Riel, Chicago, Illinois"," Mulligan Brothers, Columbus, Ohio"," M. Oteship, Newark, New Jersey"," W. T. Caldwell, Alliance, Nebraska"," The J.A. Pfeifer Company, Columbus, Ohio"," Johnson S. Souder, Selma, Alabama"," Hunt, Mayfieldm Kentucky"," Lawrence Mettner, Kansas"," Dillon, Cincinnati, Ohio"," M. Koogle and J. H. King, Bellefontaine, Ohio"," McLeod, Atchison, Kansas"," Levi Gold, Cincinnati, Ohio"," Jackson, Waco, Texas"," J. R. Pearson, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania"," Crocker, Corning, New York"," Sullivan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"," J.J. Millikin, Bellefontaine, Ohio"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":14,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:24:13.697Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_13"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1172","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African American Family photograph album","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1172#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of one photograph album featuring both black and white and sepia toned gelatin silver photographs of an unidentified African American family from circa 1910-1960. 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Inserted inside the album is an unidentified man's graduation photograph taken by the Sarony studio in Philadelphia.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1172#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1172","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1172","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1172","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1172","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1172.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African American Family photograph album","title_ssm":["African American Family photograph album"],"title_tesim":["African American Family photograph album"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1910-1960"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1910-1960"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0104","/repositories/5/resources/1172"],"text":["WLU.Coll.0104","/repositories/5/resources/1172","African American Family photograph album","African Americans","African American children","Photographs","This collection is open for research.","This collection consists of one photograph album featuring both black and white and sepia toned gelatin silver photographs of an unidentified African American family from circa 1910-1960. 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There is also a photograph showing a group of school children and their teacher in circa 1920s with Cape May written in the corner.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","English"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0104","/repositories/5/resources/1172"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Family photograph album"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American Family photograph album"],"collection_ssim":["African American Family photograph album"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. 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There is also a photograph showing a group of school children and their teacher in circa 1920s with Cape May written in the corner.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","English"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0104","/repositories/5/resources/1172"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Family photograph album"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American Family photograph album"],"collection_ssim":["African American Family photograph album"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased in June 2024"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","African American children","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","African American children","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American Family Photograph Album (WLU Coll. 0104), Special Collections and Archives, James G. 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The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. 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Rockbridge County, Virginia.","Voting. Rockbridge County, Virginia","Rockbridge National Bank (Lexington, Va.)","Laws. Virginia","Buena Vista School Board","F. W. Kling, Jr. Elementary School. Buena Vista, Virginia","Farmer's Supply Co., Lexington, Virginia","Purina Mills, St. Louis, Missouri","Rockbridge Laundry and Dry Cleaners, Inc.","Rockbridge Farmer's Coop, Lexington, Virginia","Maple Festival (Highalnd County, Virginia)","Glen Maury Park (Buena Vista, Virginia)","Lake Robertson (Rockbridge County, Virginia)","Rockbridge Vineyard and Winery Company (Rockbridge County, Virginia)","Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Cavalry Battalion 39th, Co.A","University Cleaners. 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Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Rockbridge Historical Society","First Baptist Church (Lexington, Va.)","Randolph Street Methodist Church (Lexington, Va.)","Lylburn Downing School (Lexington, Va.)","Washington Post Company","African-Americans.  Staunton, Virginia","Agricultural Society of Rockbridge","Agriculture","Rockbridge Farmers Exchange","John Deere Centennial","United Way of America","Lee Memorial Association","Lexington Fire Department (Lexington, Va.)","Virginia Cooperative Extension","Rockbridge County Cooperative Extension","Southern Association of Colleges and Schools","Blue Ridge CASA for Children","Washington and Lee University. Board of Trustees","The Roanoke Times","Washington and Lee University. University Library. Special Collections and Archives","Lexington Gazette. 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Cameron Hall","University of Maryland","Virginia.  Public Schools","Washington Academy (Lexington, Va.)","Washington and Lee University--Alumni  and alumnae","Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Virginia","The Columns","Washington College","Concert Guild","Washington and Lee University. Doremus Gymnasium","Washington and Lee Univerity. Delta Kappa Epsilon","Kappa Alpha Order","Sigma Nu Fraternity. Lambda Chapter  (Washington and Lee University )","Habitat for Humanity, inc.","New York Times Company","Washington and Lee University.  Journalism Department","Washington and Lee University. School of Law","Washington and Lee University. Lenfest Center for the Arts","Washington and Lee University.  Memorial Gateway","Washington and Lee University. World War","Washington and Lee University. Mock Convention  ","Washington and Lee University. 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(Va.)","Montgomery County (Va.)","Barclay family","Boatwright Family","Brooks family","Hamilton Family","McDowell family","Johnson family","Snowden Family","Matthews Family","McCown family","Newcomb Family","Rouse Family","Ruffner family","Washington Family","Webster Family","Ailstock Family","Alexander family","Alford Family","Anderson family  ","Blair family","Borden family","Brockenbrough family","Broun family","Brubeck family","Cunningham family","Custis family","Debo family","Dold family","Doremus Family","Edmiston family","Elliott Family","Fix Family","Gaines Family","Harer family","Harman family","Houston family","Hughes family","Johnston family","Jordan Family","Kahle Family","Link family","Livingston family","McAfee family","McClintic family","McFarland family  ","Mohler family","Morrison family","Moore Family","Obenshain family","Paul family","Preston family","Rees Family","Rhea family","Richey family","Salling Family","Scott family","Shaw family","Sherrard Family","Singleton Family","Stuart family","Waddell family","Warner family","Watts family","Whitlock Family","Willson Family","Wood family","Young Family","Leyburn family","Boogher Family","Gouldman Family","Garland family","Hayslett family","Ramsey family","Rogers family","Stearns family","Drummond family","Dickinson family","Mason family","Griffin family","Grigsby family","Porter Family","McGuffin Family","Hartless family","Alphin Family","Hartbarger Family","Bennington Family","Knick Family","Teaford family","Gunn, John McKenzie, Jr.","Adamson, Emily B.","Cauthern, Leslie","Delaney, Theodore C., Jr., Dr.","Jones, Falvorees, Jr.","Morrison, Edlow","Scott, Margaret","Thompson, Irma Blake","Collins, Courtney","Thompson, Irene","African-Americans. Lexington, Virginia","Baker, Wendell","Sloan, Alice","Merchant, Shawheim","Lackey, Tracey Dickerson","Dickerson-Suggs, Stacey","Ragsdale, Frances P.","African Americans. Rockbridge County, Virginia","Dorsey, Phillip","Ruffner, Henry, Reverend","Pierce, R.V. (Ray Vaughn), 1840-1914","Russ, Kurt","McDaniel, John M., III (John Milton)","McCoy, George W. ","Barnes, Emily","Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","Henning, William Waller","Paxton, Alex. S.","Ailstock, Private","Taylor, Alex","Alexander, Archibald","Alexander, Hortense","Tucker, John Randolph","Allan, William, 1837-1889","Reasons, George","Anderson, Jo","McCormick, Cyrus Hall, 1809-1884","Anderson, Mary P. , - 1885","Armstrong, George D.","Armstrong, Rick","Auden, W.H.","Auden, Constance Rosalie, 1870-1941","Ballangee, James","Barclay, Ted, II (Alexander Tedford)","Barclay, William Houston","Barclay, Elizabeth","Telford, Jane Edmondson","Barclay, Polly Culbertson","Paxton, Phebe Alexander","Moore, Andrew, 1752-1821","Turner, Charles W. (Charles Wilson)","Barkley, Alben William, 1877-1956","Johnson, Edward","Baxter, George Addison","Barton, Benjamin Smith, Dr., 1766-1815","Jefferson, Thomas","Basse, Edgar Alfred, Jr.","Blackburn, Thomas","Boatwright, Robert McDearmon","Boatwright, John G. ","Booth, Augustus Lea","Borden, Benjamin, Sr.","Brady, Douglas Ellinipsico, Jr.","Hoffmann, August Carl","Brcin, John David","Brooks, William","White, James J. 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(John Jordan), 1787-1863","Custis, Daniel Parke","Custis, John Parke","Dale, Rebecca","Daniels, Jonathan M., 1939-1965","Davidson, Charles A. (Charles Andrew)","Davis, Adelaide Sutro Weinberg","Davis, James Paxton, Jr.","Denny, George Hutcheson","Dickinson, Sally Bruce","Diehl, George West","Dodson, Ryland","Drake, George Francis","Driver, Robert J.","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970","Durkin, Kelsey Helen, 1992 - 2013","Edmondson, James K., Colonel","Ellis, Powhatan","Erwin, Benjamin, 1755-1822","Evans, Lettie Pate Whitehead","Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert","Fallon, Gary Robert","Farrar, James DuBois","Feddeman, Frederick Augustus","Fishwick, Marshall William","Fithian, Philip","Fletcher, Forest","Fletcher, John","Fletcher, Laura Mason","Ford, Joseph Henry, Jr.","Gaines, Edwin Metcalf, Dr.","Gaines, Francis Pendleton","Garber, Sandy","Garland, Landon C.","Garrett, William Allan","Gatewood, James","Gibbs, James Edward Allen, 1829 - 1902","Gorman, Michael K.","Graham, Samuel Mercer","Greenberg, Mel","Greenwood, John","Groot, Robert Douglas","Hahn, Hilary","Hall, Carolyn","Hall, Randolph","Hamer, Edward B., Jr. (Edward Buck)","Harris, Joyce","Harwood, Doug","Heale, Daniel P. ","Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889","Higgins, Patty","Hite, Malinda","Hobson, John Peyton","Holland, J. Gill","Hotinger, Harvey Lewis","Hotinger, Myrtle","Howe, James Lewis, Jr.","Howerton, James Robert","Howerton, Mary N.","Huber, Helmot","Hudson, Frederick","Hull, Margaret Jones","Roosevelt, Eleanor","Hutcherson, James Morrison","Ipsen, Ernest","Moor, George","Jenks, James Alley","Johnson, Porter","Johnson, W.T. , Rev.","Johnston, William Preston","Jones, John","Jordan, Harry","Jordan, John","Joynes, Edward S.","Ju, I-Hsiung","Junkin, George, 1798 - 1868","Junkin, William F. 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Rockbridge County, Virginia.","Voting. Rockbridge County, Virginia","Rockbridge National Bank (Lexington, Va.)","Laws. Virginia","Buena Vista School Board","F. W. Kling, Jr. Elementary School. Buena Vista, Virginia","Farmer's Supply Co., Lexington, Virginia","Purina Mills, St. Louis, Missouri","Rockbridge Laundry and Dry Cleaners, Inc.","Rockbridge Farmer's Coop, Lexington, Virginia","Maple Festival (Highalnd County, Virginia)","Glen Maury Park (Buena Vista, Virginia)","Lake Robertson (Rockbridge County, Virginia)","Rockbridge Vineyard and Winery Company (Rockbridge County, Virginia)","Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Cavalry Battalion 39th, Co.A","University Cleaners. 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Campaigns","Dudley, William C."],"language_ssim":["The materials in this collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":123,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:50:45.572Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_255_c05_c02"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African American women real photo postcards","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_679.xml","title_ssm":["African American women real photo postcards"],"title_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1910s-1940s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1910s-1940s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679"],"text":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679","African American women real photo postcards","Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","Hill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\"   School of Information, University of Michigan  (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. ","\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.","\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.","\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/.","In 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.","In the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the  Jack Rottier photograph collection .","The Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia.","A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026 Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.","Date range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see  \"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"  for more information).","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.","R 72, C 3, S 6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","English \n.    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These materials have no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased from Schubertiade Music by Lynn Eaton in April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Portrait photographs"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\" \u003ctitle\u003e School of Information, University of Michigan\u003c/title\u003e (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Hill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\"   School of Information, University of Michigan  (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. ","\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.","\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.","\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.","In the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American women real photo postcards, C0396, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards, C0396, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0003\"\u003eJack Rottier photograph collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the  Jack Rottier photograph collection .","The Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026amp; Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDate range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see \u003ca href=\"https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/\"\u003e\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"\u003c/a\u003e for more information).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026 Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.","Date range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see  \"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"  for more information)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ad7534f1dcb1cdf3fb0f3974c02f6ef7\"\u003eA group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_b71d71a2c2f7c29e2d97def2920be992\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 6\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 6"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:39:17.567Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_679.xml","title_ssm":["African American women real photo postcards"],"title_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1910s-1940s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1910s-1940s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679"],"text":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679","African American women real photo postcards","Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","Hill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\"   School of Information, University of Michigan  (blog). 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These materials have no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased from Schubertiade Music by Lynn Eaton in April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Portrait photographs"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\" \u003ctitle\u003e School of Information, University of Michigan\u003c/title\u003e (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Hill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\"   School of Information, University of Michigan  (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. ","\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.","\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.","\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. 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The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. 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Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026amp; Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDate range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see \u003ca href=\"https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/\"\u003e\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"\u003c/a\u003e for more information).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026 Newville, Pennsylvania. 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These materials have no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ad7534f1dcb1cdf3fb0f3974c02f6ef7\"\u003eA group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_b71d71a2c2f7c29e2d97def2920be992\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 6\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 6"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:39:17.567Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African and African American photograph collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. 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Each item has a description at the file level.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1174.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African and African American photograph collection","title_ssm":["African and African American photograph collection"],"title_tesim":["African and African American photograph collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174"],"text":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174","African and African American photograph collection","African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers","This collection is open for research use.","This collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. 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