{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026page=2\u0026view=compact","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026page=2\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":2,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":14,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_761.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"text":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761","African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans","World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.","In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to  World War I , including the  Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs , and other stereographic photographs can be found in the  Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection .","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.","Public Domain. There are no known restrictions.","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.","R 71, C 2, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"collection_ssim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"places_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"access_terms_ssm":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Max Rambod Rare Books in March 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Photographic prints"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBuffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/subjects/sh85148236\"\u003eWorld War I\u003c/a\u003e, including the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0502\"\u003eUnderwood \u0026amp; Underwood World War I press photographs\u003c/a\u003e, and other stereographic photographs can be found in the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0511\"\u003eRandolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to  World War I , including the  Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs , and other stereographic photographs can be found in the  Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026amp; Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026amp; Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePublic Domain. There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d3fa1fe7c98076307fccc07df27c7ebd\"\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fc5aacd7cedb4795a66a246dc221e394\"\u003eR 71, C 2, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 71, C 2, S 5"],"names_coll_ssim":["Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:39:49.574Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_761.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"text":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761","African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans","World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.","In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to  World War I , including the  Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs , and other stereographic photographs can be found in the  Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection .","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.","Public Domain. There are no known restrictions.","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.","R 71, C 2, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"collection_ssim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"places_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"access_terms_ssm":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Max Rambod Rare Books in March 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Photographic prints"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBuffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/subjects/sh85148236\"\u003eWorld War I\u003c/a\u003e, including the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0502\"\u003eUnderwood \u0026amp; Underwood World War I press photographs\u003c/a\u003e, and other stereographic photographs can be found in the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0511\"\u003eRandolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to  World War I , including the  Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs , and other stereographic photographs can be found in the  Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026amp; Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026amp; Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePublic Domain. There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d3fa1fe7c98076307fccc07df27c7ebd\"\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fc5aacd7cedb4795a66a246dc221e394\"\u003eR 71, C 2, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 71, C 2, S 5"],"names_coll_ssim":["Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:39:49.574Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African American women real photo postcards","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_679.xml","title_ssm":["African American women real photo postcards"],"title_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1910s-1940s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1910s-1940s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679"],"text":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679","African American women real photo postcards","Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","Hill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\"   School of Information, University of Michigan  (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. ","\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.","\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.","\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/.","In 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.","In the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the  Jack Rottier photograph collection .","The Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia.","A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026 Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.","Date range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see  \"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"  for more information).","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.","R 72, C 3, S 6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American women real photo postcards"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"collection_ssim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased from Schubertiade Music by Lynn Eaton in April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Portrait photographs"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\" \u003ctitle\u003e School of Information, University of Michigan\u003c/title\u003e (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Hill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\"   School of Information, University of Michigan  (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. ","\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.","\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.","\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.","In the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American women real photo postcards, C0396, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards, C0396, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0003\"\u003eJack Rottier photograph collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the  Jack Rottier photograph collection .","The Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026amp; Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDate range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see \u003ca href=\"https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/\"\u003e\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"\u003c/a\u003e for more information).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026 Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.","Date range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see  \"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"  for more information)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ad7534f1dcb1cdf3fb0f3974c02f6ef7\"\u003eA group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_b71d71a2c2f7c29e2d97def2920be992\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 6\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 6"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:39:17.567Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_679.xml","title_ssm":["African American women real photo postcards"],"title_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1910s-1940s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1910s-1940s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679"],"text":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679","African American women real photo postcards","Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","Hill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\"   School of Information, University of Michigan  (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. ","\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.","\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.","\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/.","In 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.","In the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the  Jack Rottier photograph collection .","The Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia.","A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026 Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.","Date range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see  \"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"  for more information).","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.","R 72, C 3, S 6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American women real photo postcards"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"collection_ssim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased from Schubertiade Music by Lynn Eaton in April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Portrait photographs"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\" \u003ctitle\u003e School of Information, University of Michigan\u003c/title\u003e (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Hill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\"   School of Information, University of Michigan  (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. ","\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.","\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.","\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.","In the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American women real photo postcards, C0396, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards, C0396, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0003\"\u003eJack Rottier photograph collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the  Jack Rottier photograph collection .","The Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026amp; Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDate range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see \u003ca href=\"https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/\"\u003e\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"\u003c/a\u003e for more information).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026 Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.","Date range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see  \"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"  for more information)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ad7534f1dcb1cdf3fb0f3974c02f6ef7\"\u003eA group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_b71d71a2c2f7c29e2d97def2920be992\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 6\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 6"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:39:17.567Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_565","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_565#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_565#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Black and white gelatin silver photographic print portrait of the dancer Alvin Ailey by Carl Van Vechten, dated March 22, 1955.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_565#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_565","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_565","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_565","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_565","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_565.xml","title_ssm":["Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten"],"title_tesim":["Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten"],"unitdate_ssm":["March 22, 1955"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["March 22, 1955"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0485","/repositories/2/resources/565"],"text":["C0485","/repositories/2/resources/565","Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten","African Americans","Dance","Photography","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single item collection.","\"About Us.\" Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, accessed June 3, 2021. https://www.alvinailey.org/.","Alvin Ailey Biography, Biography.com, April 2, 2014, https://www.biography.com/performer/alvin-ailey.","\"Carl Van Vechten: Biography and Chronology.\" Library of Congress, accessed June 3, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/van/biography.html.","Alvin Ailey was a pioneering African American dancer who was best known for founding the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre (AAADT). Born in Texas in 1931, Ailey suffered a difficult childhood, and eventually finished out his schooling years in Los Angeles, California. While in Los Angeles, Ailey witnessed dance performances by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo and the Katherine Dunham Dance Company that changed the trajectory of his life. By 1949 Ailey was studying dance under Lester Horton, and just a year later joined his dance company. Soon after this Ailey went on to a varied and successful career as a dancer and choreographer. Ailey eventually went to dance on Broadway, but his greatest achievement was the founding of the AAADT in 1958. Ailey's most enduring work with AAADT is his dance piece \"Revelations,\" which brought the dance company international renown and acclaim. Ailey is considered a beloved figure and legend in the history of American dance, and AAADT thrives to this day. The company has been described as \"'a vital American cultural ambassador to the world' that celebrates the uniqueness of the African-American cultural experience and the preservation and enrichment of the American modern dance heritage\" (AAADT website). Alvin Ailey passed away in 1988.","Carl Van Vechten was an acclaimed American photographer and writer who was known for his portraits of famous artists. Born in 1880, Van Vechten was a notable supporter of the Harlem Renaissance and took particular interest in African American and Black culture, which was reflected in his art, though sometimes controversially. Van Vechten photographed many of the artists he met in Harlem, and continued to photograph Black creatives over the course of his career, including Alvin Ailey. Van Vechten died in 1964.","Processing completed by Amanda Brent in June 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in June 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215.","The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on American dance and dance in general.","The Library of Congress holds the   and the  . The latter contains another copy of the   found in this collection.","The Black Archives of Mid-America holds the  .","The New York Public Library, Jerome Robbins Dance Division holds the  .","Black and white gelatin silver photographic print portrait of the dancer Alvin Ailey by Carl Van Vechten, dated March 22, 1955. The photograph features a seated Ailey, presumably in dance costume, holding a woven basket prop. The bottom right corner features a raised stamp that reads \"Photograph by Carl Van Vechten[.]\" The verso includes a stamp and handwritten notes by Van Vechten.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Black and white gelatin silver photographic print portrait of the dancer Alvin Ailey by Carl Van Vechten, dated March 22, 1955.","R 72, C 3, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964","Ailey, Alvin","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0485","/repositories/2/resources/565"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten"],"collection_title_tesim":["Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten"],"collection_ssim":["Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964"],"creator_ssim":["Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964"],"creators_ssim":["Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Steve Gerber from Schubertiade Music on January 26, 2010."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Dance","Photography"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Dance","Photography"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 photograph"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 photograph"],"date_range_isim":[1955],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single item collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single item collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"About Us.\" Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, accessed June 3, 2021. https://www.alvinailey.org/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlvin Ailey Biography, Biography.com, April 2, 2014, https://www.biography.com/performer/alvin-ailey.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Carl Van Vechten: Biography and Chronology.\" Library of Congress, accessed June 3, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/van/biography.html.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"About Us.\" Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, accessed June 3, 2021. https://www.alvinailey.org/.","Alvin Ailey Biography, Biography.com, April 2, 2014, https://www.biography.com/performer/alvin-ailey.","\"Carl Van Vechten: Biography and Chronology.\" Library of Congress, accessed June 3, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/van/biography.html."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlvin Ailey was a pioneering African American dancer who was best known for founding the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre (AAADT). Born in Texas in 1931, Ailey suffered a difficult childhood, and eventually finished out his schooling years in Los Angeles, California. While in Los Angeles, Ailey witnessed dance performances by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo and the Katherine Dunham Dance Company that changed the trajectory of his life. By 1949 Ailey was studying dance under Lester Horton, and just a year later joined his dance company. Soon after this Ailey went on to a varied and successful career as a dancer and choreographer. Ailey eventually went to dance on Broadway, but his greatest achievement was the founding of the AAADT in 1958. Ailey's most enduring work with AAADT is his dance piece \"Revelations,\" which brought the dance company international renown and acclaim. Ailey is considered a beloved figure and legend in the history of American dance, and AAADT thrives to this day. The company has been described as \"'a vital American cultural ambassador to the world' that celebrates the uniqueness of the African-American cultural experience and the preservation and enrichment of the American modern dance heritage\" (AAADT website). Alvin Ailey passed away in 1988.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarl Van Vechten was an acclaimed American photographer and writer who was known for his portraits of famous artists. Born in 1880, Van Vechten was a notable supporter of the Harlem Renaissance and took particular interest in African American and Black culture, which was reflected in his art, though sometimes controversially. Van Vechten photographed many of the artists he met in Harlem, and continued to photograph Black creatives over the course of his career, including Alvin Ailey. Van Vechten died in 1964.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical and Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Alvin Ailey was a pioneering African American dancer who was best known for founding the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre (AAADT). Born in Texas in 1931, Ailey suffered a difficult childhood, and eventually finished out his schooling years in Los Angeles, California. While in Los Angeles, Ailey witnessed dance performances by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo and the Katherine Dunham Dance Company that changed the trajectory of his life. By 1949 Ailey was studying dance under Lester Horton, and just a year later joined his dance company. Soon after this Ailey went on to a varied and successful career as a dancer and choreographer. Ailey eventually went to dance on Broadway, but his greatest achievement was the founding of the AAADT in 1958. Ailey's most enduring work with AAADT is his dance piece \"Revelations,\" which brought the dance company international renown and acclaim. Ailey is considered a beloved figure and legend in the history of American dance, and AAADT thrives to this day. The company has been described as \"'a vital American cultural ambassador to the world' that celebrates the uniqueness of the African-American cultural experience and the preservation and enrichment of the American modern dance heritage\" (AAADT website). Alvin Ailey passed away in 1988.","Carl Van Vechten was an acclaimed American photographer and writer who was known for his portraits of famous artists. Born in 1880, Van Vechten was a notable supporter of the Harlem Renaissance and took particular interest in African American and Black culture, which was reflected in his art, though sometimes controversially. Van Vechten photographed many of the artists he met in Harlem, and continued to photograph Black creatives over the course of his career, including Alvin Ailey. Van Vechten died in 1964."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten, C0485, Special Collections Resarch Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten, C0485, Special Collections Resarch Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Amanda Brent in June 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in June 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Amanda Brent in June 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in June 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on American dance and dance in general.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Library of Congress holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation Collection\" href=\"https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.scdb.200033840/default.html\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e and the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Carl Van Vechten Photographs Collection\" href=\"https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/van/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e. The latter contains another copy of the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"photograph\" href=\"https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/van/item/2004662478/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e found in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Black Archives of Mid-America holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Allan Gray Family Personal Papers of Alvin Ailey\" href=\"http://blackarchives.org/collection/allan-gray-family-personal-papers-of-alvin-ailey-ac10/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe New York Public Library, Jerome Robbins Dance Division holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Alvin Ailey Video Archive\" href=\"https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/alvin-ailey-video-archive#/?tab=about\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on American dance and dance in general.","The Library of Congress holds the   and the  . The latter contains another copy of the   found in this collection.","The Black Archives of Mid-America holds the  .","The New York Public Library, Jerome Robbins Dance Division holds the  ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBlack and white gelatin silver photographic print portrait of the dancer Alvin Ailey by Carl Van Vechten, dated March 22, 1955. The photograph features a seated Ailey, presumably in dance costume, holding a woven basket prop. The bottom right corner features a raised stamp that reads \"Photograph by Carl Van Vechten[.]\" The verso includes a stamp and handwritten notes by Van Vechten.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Black and white gelatin silver photographic print portrait of the dancer Alvin Ailey by Carl Van Vechten, dated March 22, 1955. The photograph features a seated Ailey, presumably in dance costume, holding a woven basket prop. The bottom right corner features a raised stamp that reads \"Photograph by Carl Van Vechten[.]\" The verso includes a stamp and handwritten notes by Van Vechten."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_80a1fd38a705d11aa68892aa312e2272\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eBlack and white gelatin silver photographic print portrait of the dancer Alvin Ailey by Carl Van Vechten, dated March 22, 1955.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Black and white gelatin silver photographic print portrait of the dancer Alvin Ailey by Carl Van Vechten, dated March 22, 1955."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_eb5336f70e9382713077b09f9ae07299\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 5"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964","Ailey, Alvin"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Ailey, Alvin"],"persname_ssim":["Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964","Ailey, Alvin"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:30:39.946Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_565","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_565","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_565","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_565","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_565.xml","title_ssm":["Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten"],"title_tesim":["Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten"],"unitdate_ssm":["March 22, 1955"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["March 22, 1955"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0485","/repositories/2/resources/565"],"text":["C0485","/repositories/2/resources/565","Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten","African Americans","Dance","Photography","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single item collection.","\"About Us.\" Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, accessed June 3, 2021. https://www.alvinailey.org/.","Alvin Ailey Biography, Biography.com, April 2, 2014, https://www.biography.com/performer/alvin-ailey.","\"Carl Van Vechten: Biography and Chronology.\" Library of Congress, accessed June 3, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/van/biography.html.","Alvin Ailey was a pioneering African American dancer who was best known for founding the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre (AAADT). Born in Texas in 1931, Ailey suffered a difficult childhood, and eventually finished out his schooling years in Los Angeles, California. While in Los Angeles, Ailey witnessed dance performances by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo and the Katherine Dunham Dance Company that changed the trajectory of his life. By 1949 Ailey was studying dance under Lester Horton, and just a year later joined his dance company. Soon after this Ailey went on to a varied and successful career as a dancer and choreographer. Ailey eventually went to dance on Broadway, but his greatest achievement was the founding of the AAADT in 1958. Ailey's most enduring work with AAADT is his dance piece \"Revelations,\" which brought the dance company international renown and acclaim. Ailey is considered a beloved figure and legend in the history of American dance, and AAADT thrives to this day. The company has been described as \"'a vital American cultural ambassador to the world' that celebrates the uniqueness of the African-American cultural experience and the preservation and enrichment of the American modern dance heritage\" (AAADT website). Alvin Ailey passed away in 1988.","Carl Van Vechten was an acclaimed American photographer and writer who was known for his portraits of famous artists. Born in 1880, Van Vechten was a notable supporter of the Harlem Renaissance and took particular interest in African American and Black culture, which was reflected in his art, though sometimes controversially. Van Vechten photographed many of the artists he met in Harlem, and continued to photograph Black creatives over the course of his career, including Alvin Ailey. Van Vechten died in 1964.","Processing completed by Amanda Brent in June 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in June 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215.","The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on American dance and dance in general.","The Library of Congress holds the   and the  . The latter contains another copy of the   found in this collection.","The Black Archives of Mid-America holds the  .","The New York Public Library, Jerome Robbins Dance Division holds the  .","Black and white gelatin silver photographic print portrait of the dancer Alvin Ailey by Carl Van Vechten, dated March 22, 1955. The photograph features a seated Ailey, presumably in dance costume, holding a woven basket prop. The bottom right corner features a raised stamp that reads \"Photograph by Carl Van Vechten[.]\" The verso includes a stamp and handwritten notes by Van Vechten.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Black and white gelatin silver photographic print portrait of the dancer Alvin Ailey by Carl Van Vechten, dated March 22, 1955.","R 72, C 3, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964","Ailey, Alvin","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0485","/repositories/2/resources/565"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten"],"collection_title_tesim":["Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten"],"collection_ssim":["Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964"],"creator_ssim":["Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964"],"creators_ssim":["Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Steve Gerber from Schubertiade Music on January 26, 2010."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Dance","Photography"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Dance","Photography"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 photograph"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 photograph"],"date_range_isim":[1955],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single item collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single item collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"About Us.\" Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, accessed June 3, 2021. https://www.alvinailey.org/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlvin Ailey Biography, Biography.com, April 2, 2014, https://www.biography.com/performer/alvin-ailey.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Carl Van Vechten: Biography and Chronology.\" Library of Congress, accessed June 3, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/van/biography.html.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"About Us.\" Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, accessed June 3, 2021. https://www.alvinailey.org/.","Alvin Ailey Biography, Biography.com, April 2, 2014, https://www.biography.com/performer/alvin-ailey.","\"Carl Van Vechten: Biography and Chronology.\" Library of Congress, accessed June 3, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/van/biography.html."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlvin Ailey was a pioneering African American dancer who was best known for founding the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre (AAADT). Born in Texas in 1931, Ailey suffered a difficult childhood, and eventually finished out his schooling years in Los Angeles, California. While in Los Angeles, Ailey witnessed dance performances by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo and the Katherine Dunham Dance Company that changed the trajectory of his life. By 1949 Ailey was studying dance under Lester Horton, and just a year later joined his dance company. Soon after this Ailey went on to a varied and successful career as a dancer and choreographer. Ailey eventually went to dance on Broadway, but his greatest achievement was the founding of the AAADT in 1958. Ailey's most enduring work with AAADT is his dance piece \"Revelations,\" which brought the dance company international renown and acclaim. Ailey is considered a beloved figure and legend in the history of American dance, and AAADT thrives to this day. The company has been described as \"'a vital American cultural ambassador to the world' that celebrates the uniqueness of the African-American cultural experience and the preservation and enrichment of the American modern dance heritage\" (AAADT website). Alvin Ailey passed away in 1988.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarl Van Vechten was an acclaimed American photographer and writer who was known for his portraits of famous artists. Born in 1880, Van Vechten was a notable supporter of the Harlem Renaissance and took particular interest in African American and Black culture, which was reflected in his art, though sometimes controversially. Van Vechten photographed many of the artists he met in Harlem, and continued to photograph Black creatives over the course of his career, including Alvin Ailey. Van Vechten died in 1964.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical and Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Alvin Ailey was a pioneering African American dancer who was best known for founding the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre (AAADT). Born in Texas in 1931, Ailey suffered a difficult childhood, and eventually finished out his schooling years in Los Angeles, California. While in Los Angeles, Ailey witnessed dance performances by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo and the Katherine Dunham Dance Company that changed the trajectory of his life. By 1949 Ailey was studying dance under Lester Horton, and just a year later joined his dance company. Soon after this Ailey went on to a varied and successful career as a dancer and choreographer. Ailey eventually went to dance on Broadway, but his greatest achievement was the founding of the AAADT in 1958. Ailey's most enduring work with AAADT is his dance piece \"Revelations,\" which brought the dance company international renown and acclaim. Ailey is considered a beloved figure and legend in the history of American dance, and AAADT thrives to this day. The company has been described as \"'a vital American cultural ambassador to the world' that celebrates the uniqueness of the African-American cultural experience and the preservation and enrichment of the American modern dance heritage\" (AAADT website). Alvin Ailey passed away in 1988.","Carl Van Vechten was an acclaimed American photographer and writer who was known for his portraits of famous artists. Born in 1880, Van Vechten was a notable supporter of the Harlem Renaissance and took particular interest in African American and Black culture, which was reflected in his art, though sometimes controversially. Van Vechten photographed many of the artists he met in Harlem, and continued to photograph Black creatives over the course of his career, including Alvin Ailey. Van Vechten died in 1964."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten, C0485, Special Collections Resarch Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten, C0485, Special Collections Resarch Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Amanda Brent in June 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in June 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Amanda Brent in June 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in June 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on American dance and dance in general.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Library of Congress holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation Collection\" href=\"https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.scdb.200033840/default.html\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e and the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Carl Van Vechten Photographs Collection\" href=\"https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/van/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e. The latter contains another copy of the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"photograph\" href=\"https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/van/item/2004662478/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e found in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Black Archives of Mid-America holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Allan Gray Family Personal Papers of Alvin Ailey\" href=\"http://blackarchives.org/collection/allan-gray-family-personal-papers-of-alvin-ailey-ac10/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe New York Public Library, Jerome Robbins Dance Division holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Alvin Ailey Video Archive\" href=\"https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/alvin-ailey-video-archive#/?tab=about\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on American dance and dance in general.","The Library of Congress holds the   and the  . The latter contains another copy of the   found in this collection.","The Black Archives of Mid-America holds the  .","The New York Public Library, Jerome Robbins Dance Division holds the  ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBlack and white gelatin silver photographic print portrait of the dancer Alvin Ailey by Carl Van Vechten, dated March 22, 1955. The photograph features a seated Ailey, presumably in dance costume, holding a woven basket prop. The bottom right corner features a raised stamp that reads \"Photograph by Carl Van Vechten[.]\" The verso includes a stamp and handwritten notes by Van Vechten.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Black and white gelatin silver photographic print portrait of the dancer Alvin Ailey by Carl Van Vechten, dated March 22, 1955. The photograph features a seated Ailey, presumably in dance costume, holding a woven basket prop. The bottom right corner features a raised stamp that reads \"Photograph by Carl Van Vechten[.]\" The verso includes a stamp and handwritten notes by Van Vechten."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_80a1fd38a705d11aa68892aa312e2272\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eBlack and white gelatin silver photographic print portrait of the dancer Alvin Ailey by Carl Van Vechten, dated March 22, 1955.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Black and white gelatin silver photographic print portrait of the dancer Alvin Ailey by Carl Van Vechten, dated March 22, 1955."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_eb5336f70e9382713077b09f9ae07299\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 5"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964","Ailey, Alvin"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Ailey, Alvin"],"persname_ssim":["Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964","Ailey, Alvin"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:30:39.946Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_565"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_507","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_507#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_507#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Content warning: Racist language. Seven photograph albums created by Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood and her mother, Grace M. Whipple from 1929 - 1931, documenting their travels with family across the Eastern, Southeastern, and Southern United States, as well as Europe. The majority of the albums seems to have been compiled by Olive for herself and her mother, with one album likely compiled by Grace. There is one outlier album from the 1890s.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_507#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_507","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_507","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_507","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_507","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_507.xml","title_ssm":["Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums"],"title_tesim":["Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1890s - 1931","1929 - 1931"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1929 - 1931"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1890s - 1931"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0329","/repositories/2/resources/507"],"text":["C0329","/repositories/2/resources/507","Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums","South Carolina","African Americans","Automobile travel","Women travelers","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single box collection.","\"Grace A. McKay Whipple[.]\" Find a Grave, accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44875725/grace-a-whipple.","\"Olive Laurence Whipple Beardwood[.]\" Find a Grave, accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44835386/olive-laurence-beardwood.","\"Philadelphia Zoo photograph album[.]\" The Library Company of Philadelphia, accessed August 10, 2022. https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/digitool%3A122633#page/1/mode/1up.","Philip G. Peabody personal archive (M2371). Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California, accessed August 10, 2022. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12684533.","Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood was born Olive Whipple in 1886 in Massachusetts. Her birth parents were Grace A. McKay Whipple and Albert L. Whipple. For unknown reasons, she was adopted by the New York/Massachusetts lawyer Philip G. Peabody, and changed her name accordingly. Olive and Philip traveled extensively together, visiting multiple European countries. Eventually Olive married, and changed her name again, this time to Beardwood. Olive died in 1969.","Processed by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022.","The Special Collections Research Center also holds the  , the  , the  , and many other collections related to travel of the United States.","Content warning: Racist language. ","Seven photograph albums created by Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood and her mother, Grace M. Whipple, documenting their travels with family across the Eastern, Southeastern, and Southern United States, as well as Europe. The majority of the albums seems to have been compiled by Olive for herself and her mother, with one album likely compiled by Grace.","The first album was likely made by Olive for Grace. It includes photographs of Black adults and children outside their Hartsville, South Carolina homes. Racist language is used to describe these individuals. The album features a road trip through South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. One handwritten caption reads \"Followed Route 1 from Washington, D.C. thru Richmond, VA - Raleigh, N.C. to S.C.\" Subjects of photographs include friends and acquaintances, and landscapes. Created in 1929.","The second album features a road trip to Florida and features images takes in St. Augustine, Jacksonville, and Daytona Beach. Likely created by Olive circa 1930.","The third album features a road trip to Washington, D.C. Likely created by Olive circa 1930.","The fourth album features photographs taken in Hampton Beach, New Hampshire, as well as Florence, South Carolina, and Massachusetts. Included are photographs taken in France. Included are images of a Black woman caregiver, who Olive likely hired to care for her child. Likely created by Grace in 1929.","The fifth album features photographs from a roadtrip to Shenandoah Valley, Virginia in April 1929, including a visit to Shenandoah Caverns. Photographs of Hartsville, South Carolina are also present. Likely created by Olive in 1929. The sixth album is in essence a duplicate of the fifth album.","The seventh album features photographs from 1929 - 1931. Photographs were taken in Hartsville, Florence, Columbia, and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The album was liekly created by Olive in November 1930.","There eighth album is an outlier. It features photographs of various individuals and locations/buildings in the Victorian era. Based off of the album used, as well as clothing worn by the individuals, this album was likely created in the 1890s - 1900s. It is unknown if this album is connected to the Beardwood-Whipple family, though the album likely originates from the United States.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","Content warning: Racist language. \n\nSeven photograph albums created by Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood and her mother, Grace M. Whipple from 1929 - 1931, documenting their travels with family across the Eastern, Southeastern, and Southern United States, as well as Europe. The majority of the albums seems to have been compiled by Olive for herself and her mother, with one album likely compiled by Grace. There is one outlier album from the 1890s.","R 72, C 2, S 1","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0329","/repositories/2/resources/507"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums"],"collection_title_tesim":["Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums"],"collection_ssim":["Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["South Carolina"],"geogname_ssim":["South Carolina"],"creator_ssm":["Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939"],"creator_ssim":["Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939"],"creators_ssim":["Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939"],"places_ssim":["South Carolina"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Caroliniana Rare Books in July 2020."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Automobile travel","Women travelers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Automobile travel","Women travelers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".5 Linear Feet 8 albums"],"extent_tesim":[".5 Linear Feet 8 albums"],"date_range_isim":[1929,1930,1931],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single box collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single box collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Grace A. McKay Whipple[.]\" Find a Grave, accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44875725/grace-a-whipple.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Olive Laurence Whipple Beardwood[.]\" Find a Grave, accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44835386/olive-laurence-beardwood.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Philadelphia Zoo photograph album[.]\" The Library Company of Philadelphia, accessed August 10, 2022. https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/digitool%3A122633#page/1/mode/1up.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePhilip G. Peabody personal archive (M2371). Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California, accessed August 10, 2022. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12684533.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Grace A. McKay Whipple[.]\" Find a Grave, accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44875725/grace-a-whipple.","\"Olive Laurence Whipple Beardwood[.]\" Find a Grave, accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44835386/olive-laurence-beardwood.","\"Philadelphia Zoo photograph album[.]\" The Library Company of Philadelphia, accessed August 10, 2022. https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/digitool%3A122633#page/1/mode/1up.","Philip G. Peabody personal archive (M2371). Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California, accessed August 10, 2022. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12684533."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOlive Whipple Peabody Beardwood was born Olive Whipple in 1886 in Massachusetts. Her birth parents were Grace A. McKay Whipple and Albert L. Whipple. For unknown reasons, she was adopted by the New York/Massachusetts lawyer Philip G. Peabody, and changed her name accordingly. Olive and Philip traveled extensively together, visiting multiple European countries. Eventually Olive married, and changed her name again, this time to Beardwood. Olive died in 1969.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood was born Olive Whipple in 1886 in Massachusetts. Her birth parents were Grace A. McKay Whipple and Albert L. Whipple. For unknown reasons, she was adopted by the New York/Massachusetts lawyer Philip G. Peabody, and changed her name accordingly. Olive and Philip traveled extensively together, visiting multiple European countries. Eventually Olive married, and changed her name again, this time to Beardwood. Olive died in 1969."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBeardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums, C0329, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums, C0329, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Vacation trip in the new Chevrolet scrapbook\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0253\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Sallie Montgomery travel diary\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0312\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"American voyage photograph albums\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0256\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, and many other collections related to travel of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds the  , the  , the  , and many other collections related to travel of the United States."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent warning: Racist language. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeven photograph albums created by Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood and her mother, Grace M. Whipple, documenting their travels with family across the Eastern, Southeastern, and Southern United States, as well as Europe. The majority of the albums seems to have been compiled by Olive for herself and her mother, with one album likely compiled by Grace.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe first album was likely made by Olive for Grace. It includes photographs of Black adults and children outside their Hartsville, South Carolina homes. Racist language is used to describe these individuals. The album features a road trip through South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. One handwritten caption reads \"Followed Route 1 from Washington, D.C. thru Richmond, VA - Raleigh, N.C. to S.C.\" Subjects of photographs include friends and acquaintances, and landscapes. Created in 1929.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second album features a road trip to Florida and features images takes in St. Augustine, Jacksonville, and Daytona Beach. Likely created by Olive circa 1930.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe third album features a road trip to Washington, D.C. Likely created by Olive circa 1930.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth album features photographs taken in Hampton Beach, New Hampshire, as well as Florence, South Carolina, and Massachusetts. Included are photographs taken in France. Included are images of a Black woman caregiver, who Olive likely hired to care for her child. Likely created by Grace in 1929.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe fifth album features photographs from a roadtrip to Shenandoah Valley, Virginia in April 1929, including a visit to Shenandoah Caverns. Photographs of Hartsville, South Carolina are also present. Likely created by Olive in 1929. The sixth album is in essence a duplicate of the fifth album.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe seventh album features photographs from 1929 - 1931. Photographs were taken in Hartsville, Florence, Columbia, and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The album was liekly created by Olive in November 1930.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere eighth album is an outlier. It features photographs of various individuals and locations/buildings in the Victorian era. Based off of the album used, as well as clothing worn by the individuals, this album was likely created in the 1890s - 1900s. It is unknown if this album is connected to the Beardwood-Whipple family, though the album likely originates from the United States.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Content warning: Racist language. ","Seven photograph albums created by Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood and her mother, Grace M. Whipple, documenting their travels with family across the Eastern, Southeastern, and Southern United States, as well as Europe. The majority of the albums seems to have been compiled by Olive for herself and her mother, with one album likely compiled by Grace.","The first album was likely made by Olive for Grace. It includes photographs of Black adults and children outside their Hartsville, South Carolina homes. Racist language is used to describe these individuals. The album features a road trip through South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. One handwritten caption reads \"Followed Route 1 from Washington, D.C. thru Richmond, VA - Raleigh, N.C. to S.C.\" Subjects of photographs include friends and acquaintances, and landscapes. Created in 1929.","The second album features a road trip to Florida and features images takes in St. Augustine, Jacksonville, and Daytona Beach. Likely created by Olive circa 1930.","The third album features a road trip to Washington, D.C. Likely created by Olive circa 1930.","The fourth album features photographs taken in Hampton Beach, New Hampshire, as well as Florence, South Carolina, and Massachusetts. Included are photographs taken in France. Included are images of a Black woman caregiver, who Olive likely hired to care for her child. Likely created by Grace in 1929.","The fifth album features photographs from a roadtrip to Shenandoah Valley, Virginia in April 1929, including a visit to Shenandoah Caverns. Photographs of Hartsville, South Carolina are also present. Likely created by Olive in 1929. The sixth album is in essence a duplicate of the fifth album.","The seventh album features photographs from 1929 - 1931. Photographs were taken in Hartsville, Florence, Columbia, and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The album was liekly created by Olive in November 1930.","There eighth album is an outlier. It features photographs of various individuals and locations/buildings in the Victorian era. Based off of the album used, as well as clothing worn by the individuals, this album was likely created in the 1890s - 1900s. It is unknown if this album is connected to the Beardwood-Whipple family, though the album likely originates from the United States."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_27624eb545436653e4667cd71e078466\"\u003eContent warning: Racist language. \n\nSeven photograph albums created by Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood and her mother, Grace M. Whipple from 1929 - 1931, documenting their travels with family across the Eastern, Southeastern, and Southern United States, as well as Europe. The majority of the albums seems to have been compiled by Olive for herself and her mother, with one album likely compiled by Grace. There is one outlier album from the 1890s.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Content warning: Racist language. \n\nSeven photograph albums created by Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood and her mother, Grace M. Whipple from 1929 - 1931, documenting their travels with family across the Eastern, Southeastern, and Southern United States, as well as Europe. The majority of the albums seems to have been compiled by Olive for herself and her mother, with one album likely compiled by Grace. There is one outlier album from the 1890s."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_c551a28449052ba74a4e4314cf3f794e\"\u003eR 72, C 2, S 1\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 2, S 1"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:35:40.833Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_507","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_507","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_507","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_507","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_507.xml","title_ssm":["Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums"],"title_tesim":["Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1890s - 1931","1929 - 1931"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1929 - 1931"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1890s - 1931"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0329","/repositories/2/resources/507"],"text":["C0329","/repositories/2/resources/507","Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums","South Carolina","African Americans","Automobile travel","Women travelers","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single box collection.","\"Grace A. McKay Whipple[.]\" Find a Grave, accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44875725/grace-a-whipple.","\"Olive Laurence Whipple Beardwood[.]\" Find a Grave, accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44835386/olive-laurence-beardwood.","\"Philadelphia Zoo photograph album[.]\" The Library Company of Philadelphia, accessed August 10, 2022. https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/digitool%3A122633#page/1/mode/1up.","Philip G. Peabody personal archive (M2371). Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California, accessed August 10, 2022. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12684533.","Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood was born Olive Whipple in 1886 in Massachusetts. Her birth parents were Grace A. McKay Whipple and Albert L. Whipple. For unknown reasons, she was adopted by the New York/Massachusetts lawyer Philip G. Peabody, and changed her name accordingly. Olive and Philip traveled extensively together, visiting multiple European countries. Eventually Olive married, and changed her name again, this time to Beardwood. Olive died in 1969.","Processed by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022.","The Special Collections Research Center also holds the  , the  , the  , and many other collections related to travel of the United States.","Content warning: Racist language. ","Seven photograph albums created by Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood and her mother, Grace M. Whipple, documenting their travels with family across the Eastern, Southeastern, and Southern United States, as well as Europe. The majority of the albums seems to have been compiled by Olive for herself and her mother, with one album likely compiled by Grace.","The first album was likely made by Olive for Grace. It includes photographs of Black adults and children outside their Hartsville, South Carolina homes. Racist language is used to describe these individuals. The album features a road trip through South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. One handwritten caption reads \"Followed Route 1 from Washington, D.C. thru Richmond, VA - Raleigh, N.C. to S.C.\" Subjects of photographs include friends and acquaintances, and landscapes. Created in 1929.","The second album features a road trip to Florida and features images takes in St. Augustine, Jacksonville, and Daytona Beach. Likely created by Olive circa 1930.","The third album features a road trip to Washington, D.C. Likely created by Olive circa 1930.","The fourth album features photographs taken in Hampton Beach, New Hampshire, as well as Florence, South Carolina, and Massachusetts. Included are photographs taken in France. Included are images of a Black woman caregiver, who Olive likely hired to care for her child. Likely created by Grace in 1929.","The fifth album features photographs from a roadtrip to Shenandoah Valley, Virginia in April 1929, including a visit to Shenandoah Caverns. Photographs of Hartsville, South Carolina are also present. Likely created by Olive in 1929. The sixth album is in essence a duplicate of the fifth album.","The seventh album features photographs from 1929 - 1931. Photographs were taken in Hartsville, Florence, Columbia, and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The album was liekly created by Olive in November 1930.","There eighth album is an outlier. It features photographs of various individuals and locations/buildings in the Victorian era. Based off of the album used, as well as clothing worn by the individuals, this album was likely created in the 1890s - 1900s. It is unknown if this album is connected to the Beardwood-Whipple family, though the album likely originates from the United States.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","Content warning: Racist language. \n\nSeven photograph albums created by Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood and her mother, Grace M. Whipple from 1929 - 1931, documenting their travels with family across the Eastern, Southeastern, and Southern United States, as well as Europe. The majority of the albums seems to have been compiled by Olive for herself and her mother, with one album likely compiled by Grace. There is one outlier album from the 1890s.","R 72, C 2, S 1","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0329","/repositories/2/resources/507"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums"],"collection_title_tesim":["Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums"],"collection_ssim":["Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["South Carolina"],"geogname_ssim":["South Carolina"],"creator_ssm":["Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939"],"creator_ssim":["Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939"],"creators_ssim":["Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939"],"places_ssim":["South Carolina"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Caroliniana Rare Books in July 2020."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Automobile travel","Women travelers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Automobile travel","Women travelers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".5 Linear Feet 8 albums"],"extent_tesim":[".5 Linear Feet 8 albums"],"date_range_isim":[1929,1930,1931],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single box collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single box collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Grace A. McKay Whipple[.]\" Find a Grave, accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44875725/grace-a-whipple.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Olive Laurence Whipple Beardwood[.]\" Find a Grave, accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44835386/olive-laurence-beardwood.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Philadelphia Zoo photograph album[.]\" The Library Company of Philadelphia, accessed August 10, 2022. https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/digitool%3A122633#page/1/mode/1up.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePhilip G. Peabody personal archive (M2371). Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California, accessed August 10, 2022. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12684533.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Grace A. McKay Whipple[.]\" Find a Grave, accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44875725/grace-a-whipple.","\"Olive Laurence Whipple Beardwood[.]\" Find a Grave, accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44835386/olive-laurence-beardwood.","\"Philadelphia Zoo photograph album[.]\" The Library Company of Philadelphia, accessed August 10, 2022. https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/digitool%3A122633#page/1/mode/1up.","Philip G. Peabody personal archive (M2371). Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California, accessed August 10, 2022. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12684533."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOlive Whipple Peabody Beardwood was born Olive Whipple in 1886 in Massachusetts. Her birth parents were Grace A. McKay Whipple and Albert L. Whipple. For unknown reasons, she was adopted by the New York/Massachusetts lawyer Philip G. Peabody, and changed her name accordingly. Olive and Philip traveled extensively together, visiting multiple European countries. Eventually Olive married, and changed her name again, this time to Beardwood. Olive died in 1969.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood was born Olive Whipple in 1886 in Massachusetts. Her birth parents were Grace A. McKay Whipple and Albert L. Whipple. For unknown reasons, she was adopted by the New York/Massachusetts lawyer Philip G. Peabody, and changed her name accordingly. Olive and Philip traveled extensively together, visiting multiple European countries. Eventually Olive married, and changed her name again, this time to Beardwood. Olive died in 1969."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBeardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums, C0329, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums, C0329, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Vacation trip in the new Chevrolet scrapbook\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0253\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Sallie Montgomery travel diary\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0312\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"American voyage photograph albums\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0256\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, and many other collections related to travel of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds the  , the  , the  , and many other collections related to travel of the United States."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent warning: Racist language. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeven photograph albums created by Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood and her mother, Grace M. Whipple, documenting their travels with family across the Eastern, Southeastern, and Southern United States, as well as Europe. The majority of the albums seems to have been compiled by Olive for herself and her mother, with one album likely compiled by Grace.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe first album was likely made by Olive for Grace. It includes photographs of Black adults and children outside their Hartsville, South Carolina homes. Racist language is used to describe these individuals. The album features a road trip through South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. One handwritten caption reads \"Followed Route 1 from Washington, D.C. thru Richmond, VA - Raleigh, N.C. to S.C.\" Subjects of photographs include friends and acquaintances, and landscapes. Created in 1929.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second album features a road trip to Florida and features images takes in St. Augustine, Jacksonville, and Daytona Beach. Likely created by Olive circa 1930.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe third album features a road trip to Washington, D.C. Likely created by Olive circa 1930.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth album features photographs taken in Hampton Beach, New Hampshire, as well as Florence, South Carolina, and Massachusetts. Included are photographs taken in France. Included are images of a Black woman caregiver, who Olive likely hired to care for her child. Likely created by Grace in 1929.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe fifth album features photographs from a roadtrip to Shenandoah Valley, Virginia in April 1929, including a visit to Shenandoah Caverns. Photographs of Hartsville, South Carolina are also present. Likely created by Olive in 1929. The sixth album is in essence a duplicate of the fifth album.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe seventh album features photographs from 1929 - 1931. Photographs were taken in Hartsville, Florence, Columbia, and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The album was liekly created by Olive in November 1930.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere eighth album is an outlier. It features photographs of various individuals and locations/buildings in the Victorian era. Based off of the album used, as well as clothing worn by the individuals, this album was likely created in the 1890s - 1900s. It is unknown if this album is connected to the Beardwood-Whipple family, though the album likely originates from the United States.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Content warning: Racist language. ","Seven photograph albums created by Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood and her mother, Grace M. Whipple, documenting their travels with family across the Eastern, Southeastern, and Southern United States, as well as Europe. The majority of the albums seems to have been compiled by Olive for herself and her mother, with one album likely compiled by Grace.","The first album was likely made by Olive for Grace. It includes photographs of Black adults and children outside their Hartsville, South Carolina homes. Racist language is used to describe these individuals. The album features a road trip through South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. One handwritten caption reads \"Followed Route 1 from Washington, D.C. thru Richmond, VA - Raleigh, N.C. to S.C.\" Subjects of photographs include friends and acquaintances, and landscapes. Created in 1929.","The second album features a road trip to Florida and features images takes in St. Augustine, Jacksonville, and Daytona Beach. Likely created by Olive circa 1930.","The third album features a road trip to Washington, D.C. Likely created by Olive circa 1930.","The fourth album features photographs taken in Hampton Beach, New Hampshire, as well as Florence, South Carolina, and Massachusetts. Included are photographs taken in France. Included are images of a Black woman caregiver, who Olive likely hired to care for her child. Likely created by Grace in 1929.","The fifth album features photographs from a roadtrip to Shenandoah Valley, Virginia in April 1929, including a visit to Shenandoah Caverns. Photographs of Hartsville, South Carolina are also present. Likely created by Olive in 1929. The sixth album is in essence a duplicate of the fifth album.","The seventh album features photographs from 1929 - 1931. Photographs were taken in Hartsville, Florence, Columbia, and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The album was liekly created by Olive in November 1930.","There eighth album is an outlier. It features photographs of various individuals and locations/buildings in the Victorian era. Based off of the album used, as well as clothing worn by the individuals, this album was likely created in the 1890s - 1900s. It is unknown if this album is connected to the Beardwood-Whipple family, though the album likely originates from the United States."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_27624eb545436653e4667cd71e078466\"\u003eContent warning: Racist language. \n\nSeven photograph albums created by Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood and her mother, Grace M. Whipple from 1929 - 1931, documenting their travels with family across the Eastern, Southeastern, and Southern United States, as well as Europe. The majority of the albums seems to have been compiled by Olive for herself and her mother, with one album likely compiled by Grace. There is one outlier album from the 1890s.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Content warning: Racist language. \n\nSeven photograph albums created by Olive Whipple Peabody Beardwood and her mother, Grace M. Whipple from 1929 - 1931, documenting their travels with family across the Eastern, Southeastern, and Southern United States, as well as Europe. The majority of the albums seems to have been compiled by Olive for herself and her mother, with one album likely compiled by Grace. There is one outlier album from the 1890s."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_c551a28449052ba74a4e4314cf3f794e\"\u003eR 72, C 2, S 1\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 2, S 1"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","Whipple, Grace A. McKay, 1859-1939"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:35:40.833Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_507"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_608","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_608#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_608#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Content Warning: Contains racist language. A nine-page report, or \"Fact Sheet,\" for the commanding General of the 199th Infantry Brigade, deployed during the Vietnam War. The sheet provides statistics and information regarding racial bias against Black soldiers in military judicial action within the Brigade between April - September 1968.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_608#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_608","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_608","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_608","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_608","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_608.xml","title_ssm":["\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade"],"title_tesim":["\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade"],"unitdate_ssm":["October 15, 1968"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["October 15, 1968"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0384","/repositories/2/resources/608"],"text":["C0384","/repositories/2/resources/608","\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade","African Americans","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single item collection.","Bates, Josiah; Chow, Andrew R. \"As Da 5 Bloods Hits Netflix, Black Vietnam Veterans Recall the Real Injustices They Faced During and After the War[.]\" Time Magazine, June 12, 2020. https://time.com/5852476/da-5-bloods-black-vietnam-veterans/.","Spector, R. H.. \"Vietnam War.\" Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed August 1, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War.","Thompson, Erica. \"Serving without 'equal opportunity': Vietnam veterans faced racism at home and abroad[.]\" The Columbus Dispatch, December 3, 2020. https://www.dispatch.com/in-depth/news/2020/12/03/black-vietnam-veterans-systemic-racism-military/3627846001/.","The Vietnam War, which lasted from 1954 - 1975, was a conflict between the Communist North Vietnam and U.S.-allied South Vietnam. U.S. forces assisted South Vietnam - also known at the Viet Cong - in their effort to fight against North Vietnam. The Vietnam War and its protest indelibly changed the culture of the United States, Vietnam, and the world as a whole. Millions of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers died due to the conflict, and over 58,000 U.S. soldiers died or were lost serving in it. Vietnam re-unified in 1975, ending the war.","The Vietnam War was the first racially integrated U.S. conflict. According to a Time Magazine article, \"In 1964, American troops began arriving in Vietnam in large numbers following the Gulf of Tonkin incident, with the new integration policies a source of optimism. But many Black soldiers were immediately faced with discrimination and racism during basic training, which typically took place in the Jim Crow south. 'Although we're talking about an era after the Civil Rights Act, officers and soldiers had deep Southern racist roots,' [Professor Hasan Kwame] Jeffries says. 'The racism was there: it was real and felt between soldiers.' These structures persisted overseas, even if Black and white soldiers had to fight side-by-side.\" The overwhelming sense among Black soldiers was a resistence to serve the United States, a country that had done little to protect their civil rights and to quash systemic racism.","Processing completed by Amanda Brent in August 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in August 2022.","The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on the Vietnam War.","Content Warning: Contains racist language.","A nine-page report, or \"Fact Sheet,\" for the commanding General of the 199th Infantry Brigade, deployed during the Vietnam War. The sheet provides statistics and information regarding racial bias against Black soldiers in military judicial action within the Brigade between April - September 1968. The fact sheet was \"Submitted by SJA\" and the Project Officer is listed as Cpt Donald P. Kirkpatrick.","According to dealer notes, the Brigadier General was Frederick Ellis Davidson, the third Black general to serve in the U.S. Army.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Content Warning: Contains racist language.\n\nA nine-page report, or \"Fact Sheet,\" for the commanding General of the 199th Infantry Brigade, deployed during the Vietnam War. The sheet provides statistics and information regarding racial bias against Black soldiers in military judicial action within the Brigade between April - September 1968.","R 72, C 3, S 4","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","United States. Army","Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0384","/repositories/2/resources/608"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade"],"collection_title_tesim":["\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade"],"collection_ssim":["\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain"],"creator_ssim":["Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain"],"creators_ssim":["Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Read'Em Again Books (now Paper Americana) in May 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Vietnam War, 1961-1975"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Vietnam War, 1961-1975"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 item"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 item"],"date_range_isim":[1968],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single item collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single item collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBates, Josiah; Chow, Andrew R. \"As Da 5 Bloods Hits Netflix, Black Vietnam Veterans Recall the Real Injustices They Faced During and After the War[.]\" Time Magazine, June 12, 2020. https://time.com/5852476/da-5-bloods-black-vietnam-veterans/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSpector, R. H.. \"Vietnam War.\" Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed August 1, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThompson, Erica. \"Serving without 'equal opportunity': Vietnam veterans faced racism at home and abroad[.]\" The Columbus Dispatch, December 3, 2020. https://www.dispatch.com/in-depth/news/2020/12/03/black-vietnam-veterans-systemic-racism-military/3627846001/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Bates, Josiah; Chow, Andrew R. \"As Da 5 Bloods Hits Netflix, Black Vietnam Veterans Recall the Real Injustices They Faced During and After the War[.]\" Time Magazine, June 12, 2020. https://time.com/5852476/da-5-bloods-black-vietnam-veterans/.","Spector, R. H.. \"Vietnam War.\" Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed August 1, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War.","Thompson, Erica. \"Serving without 'equal opportunity': Vietnam veterans faced racism at home and abroad[.]\" The Columbus Dispatch, December 3, 2020. https://www.dispatch.com/in-depth/news/2020/12/03/black-vietnam-veterans-systemic-racism-military/3627846001/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Vietnam War, which lasted from 1954 - 1975, was a conflict between the Communist North Vietnam and U.S.-allied South Vietnam. U.S. forces assisted South Vietnam - also known at the Viet Cong - in their effort to fight against North Vietnam. The Vietnam War and its protest indelibly changed the culture of the United States, Vietnam, and the world as a whole. Millions of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers died due to the conflict, and over 58,000 U.S. soldiers died or were lost serving in it. Vietnam re-unified in 1975, ending the war.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Vietnam War was the first racially integrated U.S. conflict. According to a Time Magazine article, \"In 1964, American troops began arriving in Vietnam in large numbers following the Gulf of Tonkin incident, with the new integration policies a source of optimism. But many Black soldiers were immediately faced with discrimination and racism during basic training, which typically took place in the Jim Crow south. 'Although we're talking about an era after the Civil Rights Act, officers and soldiers had deep Southern racist roots,' [Professor Hasan Kwame] Jeffries says. 'The racism was there: it was real and felt between soldiers.' These structures persisted overseas, even if Black and white soldiers had to fight side-by-side.\" The overwhelming sense among Black soldiers was a resistence to serve the United States, a country that had done little to protect their civil rights and to quash systemic racism.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Vietnam War, which lasted from 1954 - 1975, was a conflict between the Communist North Vietnam and U.S.-allied South Vietnam. U.S. forces assisted South Vietnam - also known at the Viet Cong - in their effort to fight against North Vietnam. The Vietnam War and its protest indelibly changed the culture of the United States, Vietnam, and the world as a whole. Millions of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers died due to the conflict, and over 58,000 U.S. soldiers died or were lost serving in it. Vietnam re-unified in 1975, ending the war.","The Vietnam War was the first racially integrated U.S. conflict. According to a Time Magazine article, \"In 1964, American troops began arriving in Vietnam in large numbers following the Gulf of Tonkin incident, with the new integration policies a source of optimism. But many Black soldiers were immediately faced with discrimination and racism during basic training, which typically took place in the Jim Crow south. 'Although we're talking about an era after the Civil Rights Act, officers and soldiers had deep Southern racist roots,' [Professor Hasan Kwame] Jeffries says. 'The racism was there: it was real and felt between soldiers.' These structures persisted overseas, even if Black and white soldiers had to fight side-by-side.\" The overwhelming sense among Black soldiers was a resistence to serve the United States, a country that had done little to protect their civil rights and to quash systemic racism."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade, C0384, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade, C0384, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Amanda Brent in August 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in August 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Amanda Brent in August 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in August 2022."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on the Vietnam War.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on the Vietnam War."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent Warning: Contains racist language.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA nine-page report, or \"Fact Sheet,\" for the commanding General of the 199th Infantry Brigade, deployed during the Vietnam War. The sheet provides statistics and information regarding racial bias against Black soldiers in military judicial action within the Brigade between April - September 1968. The fact sheet was \"Submitted by SJA\" and the Project Officer is listed as Cpt Donald P. Kirkpatrick.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAccording to dealer notes, the Brigadier General was Frederick Ellis Davidson, the third Black general to serve in the U.S. Army.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Content Warning: Contains racist language.","A nine-page report, or \"Fact Sheet,\" for the commanding General of the 199th Infantry Brigade, deployed during the Vietnam War. The sheet provides statistics and information regarding racial bias against Black soldiers in military judicial action within the Brigade between April - September 1968. The fact sheet was \"Submitted by SJA\" and the Project Officer is listed as Cpt Donald P. Kirkpatrick.","According to dealer notes, the Brigadier General was Frederick Ellis Davidson, the third Black general to serve in the U.S. Army."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_bff9e9074aa23114ce49f43ae2cc2ed0\"\u003eContent Warning: Contains racist language.\n\nA nine-page report, or \"Fact Sheet,\" for the commanding General of the 199th Infantry Brigade, deployed during the Vietnam War. The sheet provides statistics and information regarding racial bias against Black soldiers in military judicial action within the Brigade between April - September 1968.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Content Warning: Contains racist language.\n\nA nine-page report, or \"Fact Sheet,\" for the commanding General of the 199th Infantry Brigade, deployed during the Vietnam War. The sheet provides statistics and information regarding racial bias against Black soldiers in military judicial action within the Brigade between April - September 1968."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_e4f7928b144465dfeb57e6ca0df97350\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 4\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 4"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Army"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","United States. Army","Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","United States. Army"],"persname_ssim":["Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:39:58.927Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_608","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_608","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_608","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_608","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_608.xml","title_ssm":["\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade"],"title_tesim":["\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade"],"unitdate_ssm":["October 15, 1968"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["October 15, 1968"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0384","/repositories/2/resources/608"],"text":["C0384","/repositories/2/resources/608","\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade","African Americans","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single item collection.","Bates, Josiah; Chow, Andrew R. \"As Da 5 Bloods Hits Netflix, Black Vietnam Veterans Recall the Real Injustices They Faced During and After the War[.]\" Time Magazine, June 12, 2020. https://time.com/5852476/da-5-bloods-black-vietnam-veterans/.","Spector, R. H.. \"Vietnam War.\" Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed August 1, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War.","Thompson, Erica. \"Serving without 'equal opportunity': Vietnam veterans faced racism at home and abroad[.]\" The Columbus Dispatch, December 3, 2020. https://www.dispatch.com/in-depth/news/2020/12/03/black-vietnam-veterans-systemic-racism-military/3627846001/.","The Vietnam War, which lasted from 1954 - 1975, was a conflict between the Communist North Vietnam and U.S.-allied South Vietnam. U.S. forces assisted South Vietnam - also known at the Viet Cong - in their effort to fight against North Vietnam. The Vietnam War and its protest indelibly changed the culture of the United States, Vietnam, and the world as a whole. Millions of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers died due to the conflict, and over 58,000 U.S. soldiers died or were lost serving in it. Vietnam re-unified in 1975, ending the war.","The Vietnam War was the first racially integrated U.S. conflict. According to a Time Magazine article, \"In 1964, American troops began arriving in Vietnam in large numbers following the Gulf of Tonkin incident, with the new integration policies a source of optimism. But many Black soldiers were immediately faced with discrimination and racism during basic training, which typically took place in the Jim Crow south. 'Although we're talking about an era after the Civil Rights Act, officers and soldiers had deep Southern racist roots,' [Professor Hasan Kwame] Jeffries says. 'The racism was there: it was real and felt between soldiers.' These structures persisted overseas, even if Black and white soldiers had to fight side-by-side.\" The overwhelming sense among Black soldiers was a resistence to serve the United States, a country that had done little to protect their civil rights and to quash systemic racism.","Processing completed by Amanda Brent in August 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in August 2022.","The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on the Vietnam War.","Content Warning: Contains racist language.","A nine-page report, or \"Fact Sheet,\" for the commanding General of the 199th Infantry Brigade, deployed during the Vietnam War. The sheet provides statistics and information regarding racial bias against Black soldiers in military judicial action within the Brigade between April - September 1968. The fact sheet was \"Submitted by SJA\" and the Project Officer is listed as Cpt Donald P. Kirkpatrick.","According to dealer notes, the Brigadier General was Frederick Ellis Davidson, the third Black general to serve in the U.S. Army.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Content Warning: Contains racist language.\n\nA nine-page report, or \"Fact Sheet,\" for the commanding General of the 199th Infantry Brigade, deployed during the Vietnam War. The sheet provides statistics and information regarding racial bias against Black soldiers in military judicial action within the Brigade between April - September 1968.","R 72, C 3, S 4","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","United States. Army","Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0384","/repositories/2/resources/608"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade"],"collection_title_tesim":["\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade"],"collection_ssim":["\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain"],"creator_ssim":["Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain"],"creators_ssim":["Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Read'Em Again Books (now Paper Americana) in May 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Vietnam War, 1961-1975"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Vietnam War, 1961-1975"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 item"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 item"],"date_range_isim":[1968],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single item collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single item collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBates, Josiah; Chow, Andrew R. \"As Da 5 Bloods Hits Netflix, Black Vietnam Veterans Recall the Real Injustices They Faced During and After the War[.]\" Time Magazine, June 12, 2020. https://time.com/5852476/da-5-bloods-black-vietnam-veterans/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSpector, R. H.. \"Vietnam War.\" Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed August 1, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThompson, Erica. \"Serving without 'equal opportunity': Vietnam veterans faced racism at home and abroad[.]\" The Columbus Dispatch, December 3, 2020. https://www.dispatch.com/in-depth/news/2020/12/03/black-vietnam-veterans-systemic-racism-military/3627846001/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Bates, Josiah; Chow, Andrew R. \"As Da 5 Bloods Hits Netflix, Black Vietnam Veterans Recall the Real Injustices They Faced During and After the War[.]\" Time Magazine, June 12, 2020. https://time.com/5852476/da-5-bloods-black-vietnam-veterans/.","Spector, R. H.. \"Vietnam War.\" Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed August 1, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War.","Thompson, Erica. \"Serving without 'equal opportunity': Vietnam veterans faced racism at home and abroad[.]\" The Columbus Dispatch, December 3, 2020. https://www.dispatch.com/in-depth/news/2020/12/03/black-vietnam-veterans-systemic-racism-military/3627846001/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Vietnam War, which lasted from 1954 - 1975, was a conflict between the Communist North Vietnam and U.S.-allied South Vietnam. U.S. forces assisted South Vietnam - also known at the Viet Cong - in their effort to fight against North Vietnam. The Vietnam War and its protest indelibly changed the culture of the United States, Vietnam, and the world as a whole. Millions of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers died due to the conflict, and over 58,000 U.S. soldiers died or were lost serving in it. Vietnam re-unified in 1975, ending the war.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Vietnam War was the first racially integrated U.S. conflict. According to a Time Magazine article, \"In 1964, American troops began arriving in Vietnam in large numbers following the Gulf of Tonkin incident, with the new integration policies a source of optimism. But many Black soldiers were immediately faced with discrimination and racism during basic training, which typically took place in the Jim Crow south. 'Although we're talking about an era after the Civil Rights Act, officers and soldiers had deep Southern racist roots,' [Professor Hasan Kwame] Jeffries says. 'The racism was there: it was real and felt between soldiers.' These structures persisted overseas, even if Black and white soldiers had to fight side-by-side.\" The overwhelming sense among Black soldiers was a resistence to serve the United States, a country that had done little to protect their civil rights and to quash systemic racism.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Vietnam War, which lasted from 1954 - 1975, was a conflict between the Communist North Vietnam and U.S.-allied South Vietnam. U.S. forces assisted South Vietnam - also known at the Viet Cong - in their effort to fight against North Vietnam. The Vietnam War and its protest indelibly changed the culture of the United States, Vietnam, and the world as a whole. Millions of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers died due to the conflict, and over 58,000 U.S. soldiers died or were lost serving in it. Vietnam re-unified in 1975, ending the war.","The Vietnam War was the first racially integrated U.S. conflict. According to a Time Magazine article, \"In 1964, American troops began arriving in Vietnam in large numbers following the Gulf of Tonkin incident, with the new integration policies a source of optimism. But many Black soldiers were immediately faced with discrimination and racism during basic training, which typically took place in the Jim Crow south. 'Although we're talking about an era after the Civil Rights Act, officers and soldiers had deep Southern racist roots,' [Professor Hasan Kwame] Jeffries says. 'The racism was there: it was real and felt between soldiers.' These structures persisted overseas, even if Black and white soldiers had to fight side-by-side.\" The overwhelming sense among Black soldiers was a resistence to serve the United States, a country that had done little to protect their civil rights and to quash systemic racism."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade, C0384, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade, C0384, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Amanda Brent in August 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in August 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Amanda Brent in August 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in August 2022."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on the Vietnam War.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on the Vietnam War."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent Warning: Contains racist language.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA nine-page report, or \"Fact Sheet,\" for the commanding General of the 199th Infantry Brigade, deployed during the Vietnam War. The sheet provides statistics and information regarding racial bias against Black soldiers in military judicial action within the Brigade between April - September 1968. The fact sheet was \"Submitted by SJA\" and the Project Officer is listed as Cpt Donald P. Kirkpatrick.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAccording to dealer notes, the Brigadier General was Frederick Ellis Davidson, the third Black general to serve in the U.S. Army.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Content Warning: Contains racist language.","A nine-page report, or \"Fact Sheet,\" for the commanding General of the 199th Infantry Brigade, deployed during the Vietnam War. The sheet provides statistics and information regarding racial bias against Black soldiers in military judicial action within the Brigade between April - September 1968. The fact sheet was \"Submitted by SJA\" and the Project Officer is listed as Cpt Donald P. Kirkpatrick.","According to dealer notes, the Brigadier General was Frederick Ellis Davidson, the third Black general to serve in the U.S. Army."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_bff9e9074aa23114ce49f43ae2cc2ed0\"\u003eContent Warning: Contains racist language.\n\nA nine-page report, or \"Fact Sheet,\" for the commanding General of the 199th Infantry Brigade, deployed during the Vietnam War. The sheet provides statistics and information regarding racial bias against Black soldiers in military judicial action within the Brigade between April - September 1968.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Content Warning: Contains racist language.\n\nA nine-page report, or \"Fact Sheet,\" for the commanding General of the 199th Infantry Brigade, deployed during the Vietnam War. The sheet provides statistics and information regarding racial bias against Black soldiers in military judicial action within the Brigade between April - September 1968."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_e4f7928b144465dfeb57e6ca0df97350\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 4\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 4"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Army"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","United States. Army","Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","United States. Army"],"persname_ssim":["Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:39:58.927Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_608"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_726","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_726#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"New Jersey State Opera","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_726#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Poster for the World Premiere of the opera \u003cspan\u003eFrederick Douglass\u003c/span\u003e at the New Jersey State Opera.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_726#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_726","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_726","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_726","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_726","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_726.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster","title_ssm":["Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster"],"title_tesim":["Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster"],"unitdate_ssm":["April 1991"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["April 1991"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0438","/repositories/2/resources/726"],"text":["C0438","/repositories/2/resources/726","Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster","Opera","African Americans","Posters","Performing arts posters","Opera posters","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single item collection.","\"Donald Miller.\" n.d. U.S. National Park Service. Accessed October 30, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/people/donald-miller.htm.","Dubnjakovic, Ana. n.d. \"Library Guides: African American Experiences in Opera: Frederick Douglass.\" University of South Carolina University Libraries. Accessed October 23, 2024. https://guides.library.sc.edu/african-american-opera/frederick-douglass.","\" Frederick Douglass  (Ulysses Kay Opera).\" 2024. In  Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_(Ulysses_Kay_opera)\u0026oldid=1243425148.","\"New Jersey State Opera.\" 2024. In  Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_State_Opera\u0026oldid=1224178576.","\"Ulysses Kay.\" 2024. In  Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_Kay\u0026oldid=1246969105.","Frederick Douglass  is a three-act opera with music composed by Ulysses Kay and a libretto written by Donald Dorr. Work on the opera began in 1979 after Kay and Dorr received a National Endowment for the Arts grant the previous year. The opera's story focuses on the final year in the life of abolitionist and statesman Frederick Douglass after the marriage to his second wife Helen Pitts Douglass. The opera was completed in 1985, but did not premiere until over 5 years later. The opera's world premiere starred Kevin Maynor as Frederick Douglass and Klara Barlow as Helen Pitts Douglass and took place on April 12, 1991 at Newark Symphony Hall performed by the New Jersey State Opera.","Ulysses S. Kay was born in Tucson, Arizona on January 7, 1917. The nephew of jazz musician King Oliver, Kay studied music both domestically and internationally, spending four years in Rome, Italy (1949-1953) through support from a Fulbright Scholarship, the Rome Prize, and a Julius Rosenwald Fellowship. Known for his neoclassical style symphonic and choral compositions, Kay won multiple awards and recognitions throughout his career, including the third annual George Gershwin Memorial Contest. In 1968 he was appointed distinguished professor at Lehman College of the City University of New York where he taught for 20 years, until his retirement. Kay also wrote five operas, with  Frederick Douglass  being his last. He passed away on May 20, 1995 at the age of 78 due to complications of Parkinson's disease.","Donald L. Miller was born on June 30, 1923 in Jamaica. An artist and illustrator, Miller is best known for his large painted mural in Washington, D.C.'s Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Library which depicts Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other activists and events during the Civil Rights movement. Miller also worked as a cartoonist for  The Adakian  newspaper, a children's book illustrator, and served as an art professor at Seton Hall University in New Jersey. He passed away on February 7, 1993.","The New Jersey State opera was founded in 1964 as the Opera Theater of Westfield, with Alfredo Silipigni serving as one of the first Artistic Directors. In 1965, the name was changed to the Opera Theatre of New Jersey, and later to the New Jersey State Opera in 1974. The company moved into Newark Symphony Hall in 1968, where it stayed for 30 years before moving into the New Jersey Performing Arts Center (NJPAC) in 1998. It moved out of Newark in 2012 relocating to the Clifton-Passaic area of New Jersey.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in October 2024.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other performing arts collections, including  theatrical posters , such as the  Porgy and Bess poster collection .","The University of South Carolina Music Library holds a  vocal score for the opera  and Columbia University Libraries holds a copy of the  program for the New Jersey State Opera production .","The Library of Congress holds the  Frederick Douglass papers .","Poster for the New Jersey State Opera World Premiere of the opera  Frederick Douglass , directed by Louis Johnson and conducted by Alfredo Silipigni. The poster measures approximately 26.5\" x 19\" and features a painting by Donald L. Miller depicting a large reproduction of the 1879 portrait of Douglass and two vignettes from the opera. Miller's signature can be seen along the right edge of the image.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Poster for the World Premiere of the opera  Frederick Douglass  at the New Jersey State Opera.","Map case 22.1","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","New Jersey State Opera","Newark Symphony Hall (Newark, N.J.)","Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895","Kay, Ulysses, 1917-1995","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0438","/repositories/2/resources/726"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster"],"collection_title_tesim":["Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster"],"collection_ssim":["Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["New Jersey State Opera"],"creator_ssim":["New Jersey State Opera"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["New Jersey State Opera"],"creators_ssim":["New Jersey State Opera"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Ian Brabner Rare Americana in 2020."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Opera","African Americans","Posters","Performing arts posters","Opera posters"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Opera","African Americans","Posters","Performing arts posters","Opera posters"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet 1 poster"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet 1 poster"],"genreform_ssim":["Posters","Performing arts posters","Opera posters"],"date_range_isim":[1991],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single item collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single item collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Donald Miller.\" n.d. U.S. National Park Service. Accessed October 30, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/people/donald-miller.htm.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDubnjakovic, Ana. n.d. \"Library Guides: African American Experiences in Opera: Frederick Douglass.\" University of South Carolina University Libraries. Accessed October 23, 2024. https://guides.library.sc.edu/african-american-opera/frederick-douglass.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"\u003ctitle\u003eFrederick Douglass\u003c/title\u003e (Ulysses Kay Opera).\" 2024. In \u003ctitle\u003eWikipedia\u003c/title\u003e. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_(Ulysses_Kay_opera)\u0026amp;oldid=1243425148.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"New Jersey State Opera.\" 2024. In \u003ctitle\u003eWikipedia\u003c/title\u003e. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_State_Opera\u0026amp;oldid=1224178576.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Ulysses Kay.\" 2024. In \u003ctitle\u003eWikipedia\u003c/title\u003e. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_Kay\u0026amp;oldid=1246969105.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Donald Miller.\" n.d. U.S. National Park Service. Accessed October 30, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/people/donald-miller.htm.","Dubnjakovic, Ana. n.d. \"Library Guides: African American Experiences in Opera: Frederick Douglass.\" University of South Carolina University Libraries. Accessed October 23, 2024. https://guides.library.sc.edu/african-american-opera/frederick-douglass.","\" Frederick Douglass  (Ulysses Kay Opera).\" 2024. In  Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_(Ulysses_Kay_opera)\u0026oldid=1243425148.","\"New Jersey State Opera.\" 2024. In  Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_State_Opera\u0026oldid=1224178576.","\"Ulysses Kay.\" 2024. In  Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_Kay\u0026oldid=1246969105."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle\u003eFrederick Douglass\u003c/title\u003e is a three-act opera with music composed by Ulysses Kay and a libretto written by Donald Dorr. Work on the opera began in 1979 after Kay and Dorr received a National Endowment for the Arts grant the previous year. The opera's story focuses on the final year in the life of abolitionist and statesman Frederick Douglass after the marriage to his second wife Helen Pitts Douglass. The opera was completed in 1985, but did not premiere until over 5 years later. The opera's world premiere starred Kevin Maynor as Frederick Douglass and Klara Barlow as Helen Pitts Douglass and took place on April 12, 1991 at Newark Symphony Hall performed by the New Jersey State Opera.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUlysses S. Kay was born in Tucson, Arizona on January 7, 1917. The nephew of jazz musician King Oliver, Kay studied music both domestically and internationally, spending four years in Rome, Italy (1949-1953) through support from a Fulbright Scholarship, the Rome Prize, and a Julius Rosenwald Fellowship. Known for his neoclassical style symphonic and choral compositions, Kay won multiple awards and recognitions throughout his career, including the third annual George Gershwin Memorial Contest. In 1968 he was appointed distinguished professor at Lehman College of the City University of New York where he taught for 20 years, until his retirement. Kay also wrote five operas, with \u003ctitle\u003eFrederick Douglass\u003c/title\u003e being his last. He passed away on May 20, 1995 at the age of 78 due to complications of Parkinson's disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDonald L. Miller was born on June 30, 1923 in Jamaica. An artist and illustrator, Miller is best known for his large painted mural in Washington, D.C.'s Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Library which depicts Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other activists and events during the Civil Rights movement. Miller also worked as a cartoonist for \u003ctitle\u003eThe Adakian\u003c/title\u003e newspaper, a children's book illustrator, and served as an art professor at Seton Hall University in New Jersey. He passed away on February 7, 1993.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe New Jersey State opera was founded in 1964 as the Opera Theater of Westfield, with Alfredo Silipigni serving as one of the first Artistic Directors. In 1965, the name was changed to the Opera Theatre of New Jersey, and later to the New Jersey State Opera in 1974. The company moved into Newark Symphony Hall in 1968, where it stayed for 30 years before moving into the New Jersey Performing Arts Center (NJPAC) in 1998. It moved out of Newark in 2012 relocating to the Clifton-Passaic area of New Jersey.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical and Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frederick Douglass  is a three-act opera with music composed by Ulysses Kay and a libretto written by Donald Dorr. Work on the opera began in 1979 after Kay and Dorr received a National Endowment for the Arts grant the previous year. The opera's story focuses on the final year in the life of abolitionist and statesman Frederick Douglass after the marriage to his second wife Helen Pitts Douglass. The opera was completed in 1985, but did not premiere until over 5 years later. The opera's world premiere starred Kevin Maynor as Frederick Douglass and Klara Barlow as Helen Pitts Douglass and took place on April 12, 1991 at Newark Symphony Hall performed by the New Jersey State Opera.","Ulysses S. Kay was born in Tucson, Arizona on January 7, 1917. The nephew of jazz musician King Oliver, Kay studied music both domestically and internationally, spending four years in Rome, Italy (1949-1953) through support from a Fulbright Scholarship, the Rome Prize, and a Julius Rosenwald Fellowship. Known for his neoclassical style symphonic and choral compositions, Kay won multiple awards and recognitions throughout his career, including the third annual George Gershwin Memorial Contest. In 1968 he was appointed distinguished professor at Lehman College of the City University of New York where he taught for 20 years, until his retirement. Kay also wrote five operas, with  Frederick Douglass  being his last. He passed away on May 20, 1995 at the age of 78 due to complications of Parkinson's disease.","Donald L. Miller was born on June 30, 1923 in Jamaica. An artist and illustrator, Miller is best known for his large painted mural in Washington, D.C.'s Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Library which depicts Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other activists and events during the Civil Rights movement. Miller also worked as a cartoonist for  The Adakian  newspaper, a children's book illustrator, and served as an art professor at Seton Hall University in New Jersey. He passed away on February 7, 1993.","The New Jersey State opera was founded in 1964 as the Opera Theater of Westfield, with Alfredo Silipigni serving as one of the first Artistic Directors. In 1965, the name was changed to the Opera Theatre of New Jersey, and later to the New Jersey State Opera in 1974. The company moved into Newark Symphony Hall in 1968, where it stayed for 30 years before moving into the New Jersey Performing Arts Center (NJPAC) in 1998. It moved out of Newark in 2012 relocating to the Clifton-Passaic area of New Jersey."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle\u003eFrederick Douglass\u003c/title\u003e New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster, C0438, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster, C0438, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in October 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in October 2024."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other performing arts collections, including \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/subjects/248\"\u003etheatrical posters\u003c/a\u003e, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0145\"\u003ePorgy and Bess poster collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe University of South Carolina Music Library holds a \u003ca href=\"https://pascal-usc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?context=L\u0026amp;vid=01PASCAL_USCCOL:USC\u0026amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI\u0026amp;tab=Everything\u0026amp;docid=alma991008646559705618\"\u003evocal score for the opera\u003c/a\u003e and Columbia University Libraries holds a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://exhibitions.library.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/kay/operas/frederick-douglass---program\"\u003eprogram for the New Jersey State Opera production\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Library of Congress holds the \u003ca href=\"https://www.loc.gov/collections/frederick-douglass-papers/about-this-collection/\"\u003eFrederick Douglass papers\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other performing arts collections, including  theatrical posters , such as the  Porgy and Bess poster collection .","The University of South Carolina Music Library holds a  vocal score for the opera  and Columbia University Libraries holds a copy of the  program for the New Jersey State Opera production .","The Library of Congress holds the  Frederick Douglass papers ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePoster for the New Jersey State Opera World Premiere of the opera \u003ctitle\u003eFrederick Douglass\u003c/title\u003e, directed by Louis Johnson and conducted by Alfredo Silipigni. The poster measures approximately 26.5\" x 19\" and features a painting by Donald L. Miller depicting a large reproduction of the 1879 portrait of Douglass and two vignettes from the opera. Miller's signature can be seen along the right edge of the image.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Poster for the New Jersey State Opera World Premiere of the opera  Frederick Douglass , directed by Louis Johnson and conducted by Alfredo Silipigni. The poster measures approximately 26.5\" x 19\" and features a painting by Donald L. Miller depicting a large reproduction of the 1879 portrait of Douglass and two vignettes from the opera. Miller's signature can be seen along the right edge of the image."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_53fbae18f2ffe893fad732a7913e4b96\"\u003ePoster for the World Premiere of the opera \u003ctitle\u003eFrederick Douglass\u003c/title\u003e at the New Jersey State Opera.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Poster for the World Premiere of the opera  Frederick Douglass  at the New Jersey State Opera."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_9897faec73cf1a048c9a3eaee78d5869\"\u003eMap case 22.1\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Map case 22.1"],"names_coll_ssim":["Newark Symphony Hall (Newark, N.J.)","Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895","Kay, Ulysses, 1917-1995"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","New Jersey State Opera","Newark Symphony Hall (Newark, N.J.)","Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895","Kay, Ulysses, 1917-1995"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","New Jersey State Opera","Newark Symphony Hall (Newark, N.J.)"],"persname_ssim":["Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895","Kay, Ulysses, 1917-1995"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:18:28.281Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_726","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_726","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_726","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_726","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_726.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster","title_ssm":["Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster"],"title_tesim":["Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster"],"unitdate_ssm":["April 1991"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["April 1991"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0438","/repositories/2/resources/726"],"text":["C0438","/repositories/2/resources/726","Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster","Opera","African Americans","Posters","Performing arts posters","Opera posters","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single item collection.","\"Donald Miller.\" n.d. U.S. National Park Service. Accessed October 30, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/people/donald-miller.htm.","Dubnjakovic, Ana. n.d. \"Library Guides: African American Experiences in Opera: Frederick Douglass.\" University of South Carolina University Libraries. Accessed October 23, 2024. https://guides.library.sc.edu/african-american-opera/frederick-douglass.","\" Frederick Douglass  (Ulysses Kay Opera).\" 2024. In  Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_(Ulysses_Kay_opera)\u0026oldid=1243425148.","\"New Jersey State Opera.\" 2024. In  Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_State_Opera\u0026oldid=1224178576.","\"Ulysses Kay.\" 2024. In  Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_Kay\u0026oldid=1246969105.","Frederick Douglass  is a three-act opera with music composed by Ulysses Kay and a libretto written by Donald Dorr. Work on the opera began in 1979 after Kay and Dorr received a National Endowment for the Arts grant the previous year. The opera's story focuses on the final year in the life of abolitionist and statesman Frederick Douglass after the marriage to his second wife Helen Pitts Douglass. The opera was completed in 1985, but did not premiere until over 5 years later. The opera's world premiere starred Kevin Maynor as Frederick Douglass and Klara Barlow as Helen Pitts Douglass and took place on April 12, 1991 at Newark Symphony Hall performed by the New Jersey State Opera.","Ulysses S. Kay was born in Tucson, Arizona on January 7, 1917. The nephew of jazz musician King Oliver, Kay studied music both domestically and internationally, spending four years in Rome, Italy (1949-1953) through support from a Fulbright Scholarship, the Rome Prize, and a Julius Rosenwald Fellowship. Known for his neoclassical style symphonic and choral compositions, Kay won multiple awards and recognitions throughout his career, including the third annual George Gershwin Memorial Contest. In 1968 he was appointed distinguished professor at Lehman College of the City University of New York where he taught for 20 years, until his retirement. Kay also wrote five operas, with  Frederick Douglass  being his last. He passed away on May 20, 1995 at the age of 78 due to complications of Parkinson's disease.","Donald L. Miller was born on June 30, 1923 in Jamaica. An artist and illustrator, Miller is best known for his large painted mural in Washington, D.C.'s Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Library which depicts Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other activists and events during the Civil Rights movement. Miller also worked as a cartoonist for  The Adakian  newspaper, a children's book illustrator, and served as an art professor at Seton Hall University in New Jersey. He passed away on February 7, 1993.","The New Jersey State opera was founded in 1964 as the Opera Theater of Westfield, with Alfredo Silipigni serving as one of the first Artistic Directors. In 1965, the name was changed to the Opera Theatre of New Jersey, and later to the New Jersey State Opera in 1974. The company moved into Newark Symphony Hall in 1968, where it stayed for 30 years before moving into the New Jersey Performing Arts Center (NJPAC) in 1998. It moved out of Newark in 2012 relocating to the Clifton-Passaic area of New Jersey.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in October 2024.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other performing arts collections, including  theatrical posters , such as the  Porgy and Bess poster collection .","The University of South Carolina Music Library holds a  vocal score for the opera  and Columbia University Libraries holds a copy of the  program for the New Jersey State Opera production .","The Library of Congress holds the  Frederick Douglass papers .","Poster for the New Jersey State Opera World Premiere of the opera  Frederick Douglass , directed by Louis Johnson and conducted by Alfredo Silipigni. The poster measures approximately 26.5\" x 19\" and features a painting by Donald L. Miller depicting a large reproduction of the 1879 portrait of Douglass and two vignettes from the opera. Miller's signature can be seen along the right edge of the image.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Poster for the World Premiere of the opera  Frederick Douglass  at the New Jersey State Opera.","Map case 22.1","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","New Jersey State Opera","Newark Symphony Hall (Newark, N.J.)","Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895","Kay, Ulysses, 1917-1995","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0438","/repositories/2/resources/726"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster"],"collection_title_tesim":["Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster"],"collection_ssim":["Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["New Jersey State Opera"],"creator_ssim":["New Jersey State Opera"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["New Jersey State Opera"],"creators_ssim":["New Jersey State Opera"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Ian Brabner Rare Americana in 2020."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Opera","African Americans","Posters","Performing arts posters","Opera posters"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Opera","African Americans","Posters","Performing arts posters","Opera posters"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet 1 poster"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet 1 poster"],"genreform_ssim":["Posters","Performing arts posters","Opera posters"],"date_range_isim":[1991],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single item collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single item collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Donald Miller.\" n.d. U.S. National Park Service. Accessed October 30, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/people/donald-miller.htm.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDubnjakovic, Ana. n.d. \"Library Guides: African American Experiences in Opera: Frederick Douglass.\" University of South Carolina University Libraries. Accessed October 23, 2024. https://guides.library.sc.edu/african-american-opera/frederick-douglass.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"\u003ctitle\u003eFrederick Douglass\u003c/title\u003e (Ulysses Kay Opera).\" 2024. In \u003ctitle\u003eWikipedia\u003c/title\u003e. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_(Ulysses_Kay_opera)\u0026amp;oldid=1243425148.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"New Jersey State Opera.\" 2024. In \u003ctitle\u003eWikipedia\u003c/title\u003e. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_State_Opera\u0026amp;oldid=1224178576.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Ulysses Kay.\" 2024. In \u003ctitle\u003eWikipedia\u003c/title\u003e. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_Kay\u0026amp;oldid=1246969105.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Donald Miller.\" n.d. U.S. National Park Service. Accessed October 30, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/people/donald-miller.htm.","Dubnjakovic, Ana. n.d. \"Library Guides: African American Experiences in Opera: Frederick Douglass.\" University of South Carolina University Libraries. Accessed October 23, 2024. https://guides.library.sc.edu/african-american-opera/frederick-douglass.","\" Frederick Douglass  (Ulysses Kay Opera).\" 2024. In  Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_(Ulysses_Kay_opera)\u0026oldid=1243425148.","\"New Jersey State Opera.\" 2024. In  Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_State_Opera\u0026oldid=1224178576.","\"Ulysses Kay.\" 2024. In  Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_Kay\u0026oldid=1246969105."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle\u003eFrederick Douglass\u003c/title\u003e is a three-act opera with music composed by Ulysses Kay and a libretto written by Donald Dorr. Work on the opera began in 1979 after Kay and Dorr received a National Endowment for the Arts grant the previous year. The opera's story focuses on the final year in the life of abolitionist and statesman Frederick Douglass after the marriage to his second wife Helen Pitts Douglass. The opera was completed in 1985, but did not premiere until over 5 years later. The opera's world premiere starred Kevin Maynor as Frederick Douglass and Klara Barlow as Helen Pitts Douglass and took place on April 12, 1991 at Newark Symphony Hall performed by the New Jersey State Opera.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUlysses S. Kay was born in Tucson, Arizona on January 7, 1917. The nephew of jazz musician King Oliver, Kay studied music both domestically and internationally, spending four years in Rome, Italy (1949-1953) through support from a Fulbright Scholarship, the Rome Prize, and a Julius Rosenwald Fellowship. Known for his neoclassical style symphonic and choral compositions, Kay won multiple awards and recognitions throughout his career, including the third annual George Gershwin Memorial Contest. In 1968 he was appointed distinguished professor at Lehman College of the City University of New York where he taught for 20 years, until his retirement. Kay also wrote five operas, with \u003ctitle\u003eFrederick Douglass\u003c/title\u003e being his last. He passed away on May 20, 1995 at the age of 78 due to complications of Parkinson's disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDonald L. Miller was born on June 30, 1923 in Jamaica. An artist and illustrator, Miller is best known for his large painted mural in Washington, D.C.'s Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Library which depicts Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other activists and events during the Civil Rights movement. Miller also worked as a cartoonist for \u003ctitle\u003eThe Adakian\u003c/title\u003e newspaper, a children's book illustrator, and served as an art professor at Seton Hall University in New Jersey. He passed away on February 7, 1993.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe New Jersey State opera was founded in 1964 as the Opera Theater of Westfield, with Alfredo Silipigni serving as one of the first Artistic Directors. In 1965, the name was changed to the Opera Theatre of New Jersey, and later to the New Jersey State Opera in 1974. The company moved into Newark Symphony Hall in 1968, where it stayed for 30 years before moving into the New Jersey Performing Arts Center (NJPAC) in 1998. It moved out of Newark in 2012 relocating to the Clifton-Passaic area of New Jersey.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical and Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frederick Douglass  is a three-act opera with music composed by Ulysses Kay and a libretto written by Donald Dorr. Work on the opera began in 1979 after Kay and Dorr received a National Endowment for the Arts grant the previous year. The opera's story focuses on the final year in the life of abolitionist and statesman Frederick Douglass after the marriage to his second wife Helen Pitts Douglass. The opera was completed in 1985, but did not premiere until over 5 years later. The opera's world premiere starred Kevin Maynor as Frederick Douglass and Klara Barlow as Helen Pitts Douglass and took place on April 12, 1991 at Newark Symphony Hall performed by the New Jersey State Opera.","Ulysses S. Kay was born in Tucson, Arizona on January 7, 1917. The nephew of jazz musician King Oliver, Kay studied music both domestically and internationally, spending four years in Rome, Italy (1949-1953) through support from a Fulbright Scholarship, the Rome Prize, and a Julius Rosenwald Fellowship. Known for his neoclassical style symphonic and choral compositions, Kay won multiple awards and recognitions throughout his career, including the third annual George Gershwin Memorial Contest. In 1968 he was appointed distinguished professor at Lehman College of the City University of New York where he taught for 20 years, until his retirement. Kay also wrote five operas, with  Frederick Douglass  being his last. He passed away on May 20, 1995 at the age of 78 due to complications of Parkinson's disease.","Donald L. Miller was born on June 30, 1923 in Jamaica. An artist and illustrator, Miller is best known for his large painted mural in Washington, D.C.'s Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Library which depicts Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other activists and events during the Civil Rights movement. Miller also worked as a cartoonist for  The Adakian  newspaper, a children's book illustrator, and served as an art professor at Seton Hall University in New Jersey. He passed away on February 7, 1993.","The New Jersey State opera was founded in 1964 as the Opera Theater of Westfield, with Alfredo Silipigni serving as one of the first Artistic Directors. In 1965, the name was changed to the Opera Theatre of New Jersey, and later to the New Jersey State Opera in 1974. The company moved into Newark Symphony Hall in 1968, where it stayed for 30 years before moving into the New Jersey Performing Arts Center (NJPAC) in 1998. It moved out of Newark in 2012 relocating to the Clifton-Passaic area of New Jersey."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle\u003eFrederick Douglass\u003c/title\u003e New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster, C0438, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster, C0438, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in October 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in October 2024."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other performing arts collections, including \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/subjects/248\"\u003etheatrical posters\u003c/a\u003e, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0145\"\u003ePorgy and Bess poster collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe University of South Carolina Music Library holds a \u003ca href=\"https://pascal-usc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?context=L\u0026amp;vid=01PASCAL_USCCOL:USC\u0026amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI\u0026amp;tab=Everything\u0026amp;docid=alma991008646559705618\"\u003evocal score for the opera\u003c/a\u003e and Columbia University Libraries holds a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://exhibitions.library.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/kay/operas/frederick-douglass---program\"\u003eprogram for the New Jersey State Opera production\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Library of Congress holds the \u003ca href=\"https://www.loc.gov/collections/frederick-douglass-papers/about-this-collection/\"\u003eFrederick Douglass papers\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other performing arts collections, including  theatrical posters , such as the  Porgy and Bess poster collection .","The University of South Carolina Music Library holds a  vocal score for the opera  and Columbia University Libraries holds a copy of the  program for the New Jersey State Opera production .","The Library of Congress holds the  Frederick Douglass papers ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePoster for the New Jersey State Opera World Premiere of the opera \u003ctitle\u003eFrederick Douglass\u003c/title\u003e, directed by Louis Johnson and conducted by Alfredo Silipigni. The poster measures approximately 26.5\" x 19\" and features a painting by Donald L. Miller depicting a large reproduction of the 1879 portrait of Douglass and two vignettes from the opera. Miller's signature can be seen along the right edge of the image.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Poster for the New Jersey State Opera World Premiere of the opera  Frederick Douglass , directed by Louis Johnson and conducted by Alfredo Silipigni. The poster measures approximately 26.5\" x 19\" and features a painting by Donald L. Miller depicting a large reproduction of the 1879 portrait of Douglass and two vignettes from the opera. Miller's signature can be seen along the right edge of the image."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_53fbae18f2ffe893fad732a7913e4b96\"\u003ePoster for the World Premiere of the opera \u003ctitle\u003eFrederick Douglass\u003c/title\u003e at the New Jersey State Opera.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Poster for the World Premiere of the opera  Frederick Douglass  at the New Jersey State Opera."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_9897faec73cf1a048c9a3eaee78d5869\"\u003eMap case 22.1\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Map case 22.1"],"names_coll_ssim":["Newark Symphony Hall (Newark, N.J.)","Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895","Kay, Ulysses, 1917-1995"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","New Jersey State Opera","Newark Symphony Hall (Newark, N.J.)","Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895","Kay, Ulysses, 1917-1995"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","New Jersey State Opera","Newark Symphony Hall (Newark, N.J.)"],"persname_ssim":["Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895","Kay, Ulysses, 1917-1995"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:18:28.281Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_726"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_180","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_180#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_180#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Content warning: outdated racial language to describe African Americans. Three programs and one pamphlet documenting the dance career of African American dancer Mildred Davenport, 1936 - 1940.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_180#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_180","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_180","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_180","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_180","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_180.xml","title_ssm":["Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection"],"title_tesim":["Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1936 - 1940"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1936 - 1940"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0189","/repositories/2/resources/180"],"text":["C0189","/repositories/2/resources/180","Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection","African Americans","Dance -- United States","Performing arts","Dance","African American women","Theater programs","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","Gilson, Grace. \"Mildred Davenport was a force on the stage and the war front,\" February 6, 2022. Boston Globe. Accessed January 5, 2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/06/metro/mildred-davenport-was-force-stage-war-front/.","Mildred Davenport was an African American dancer and instructor of dance. Born in 1900, the main portion of Davenport's career took place in Massachusetts, specifically the Boston area. Davenport danced in many shows and reviews throughout her career, including shows on Broadway, and eventually ran two studios, the Davenport School of Dance and Silver Box Studio. Her dance career ended when she enrolled in the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps during World War II, making her one of the first Black women in the Corps (Gilson). Davenport's later life was dedicated to civic service to the Black community of Boston. Davenport passed away in 1990.","Processing and finding aid completed by Amanda Menjivar in January 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections on ","\nSpecial Collections and Archives, University of California, Irvine holds the ","\nUniversity Archives and Special Collections at the University of Massachusetts Boston holds the ","Content warning: outdated racial language to describe African Americans.","Three programs and one pamphlet documenting the dance career of African American dancer Mildred Davenport. ","The first program, dated circa May 29, 1936, is titled \"Annual May Pageant and Dance of Miss Mildred Davenport and Pupils in 'The Feast of Apollo' and Divertissements.\" The performance was held at Brattle Hall in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The cover features a headshot of Davenport in 1930s dance costume.","The second program, dated May 26, 1939, is titled \"Twentieth Anniversary Souvenir Programme Booklet of Mildred Davenport and her Pupils - Bronze Rhapsody of 1939.\" The performance was held at Jordan Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, one of the premiere classical performance venues in the area. Inside the program are pictures of Davenport's students of varying ages, from elementary school age to young adult.","The third program, dated May 24, 1940, is titled \"Bronze Rhapsody of 1940.\" The performance was held at Jordan Hall in Boston, Massachusetts. Davenport and students from her dance studio, Davenport School of Dance, performed.","The pamphlet, titled \"Mildred Davenport Evangelist of the Dance,\" promotes Davenport's teaching at her dance studio. The cover features an Art Deco photograph/illustration collage of her mid-dance, and a short biography and credentials are provided inside. Created circa late 1930s.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Content warning: outdated racial language to describe African Americans.\nThree programs and one pamphlet documenting the dance career of African American dancer Mildred Davenport, 1936 - 1940.","R 44, C 1, S 2","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0189","/repositories/2/resources/180"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection"],"collection_ssim":["Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"creator_ssim":["Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"creators_ssim":["Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased from Lorne Blair Rare Books, Manuscripts, \u0026 Ephemera in February 2011."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Dance -- United States","Performing arts","Dance","African American women","Theater programs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Dance -- United States","Performing arts","Dance","African American women","Theater programs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 4 items"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 4 items"],"date_range_isim":[1936,1937,1938,1939,1940],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGilson, Grace. \"Mildred Davenport was a force on the stage and the war front,\" February 6, 2022. Boston Globe. Accessed January 5, 2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/06/metro/mildred-davenport-was-force-stage-war-front/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Gilson, Grace. \"Mildred Davenport was a force on the stage and the war front,\" February 6, 2022. Boston Globe. Accessed January 5, 2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/06/metro/mildred-davenport-was-force-stage-war-front/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMildred Davenport was an African American dancer and instructor of dance. Born in 1900, the main portion of Davenport's career took place in Massachusetts, specifically the Boston area. Davenport danced in many shows and reviews throughout her career, including shows on Broadway, and eventually ran two studios, the Davenport School of Dance and Silver Box Studio. Her dance career ended when she enrolled in the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps during World War II, making her one of the first Black women in the Corps (Gilson). Davenport's later life was dedicated to civic service to the Black community of Boston. Davenport passed away in 1990.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mildred Davenport was an African American dancer and instructor of dance. Born in 1900, the main portion of Davenport's career took place in Massachusetts, specifically the Boston area. Davenport danced in many shows and reviews throughout her career, including shows on Broadway, and eventually ran two studios, the Davenport School of Dance and Silver Box Studio. Her dance career ended when she enrolled in the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps during World War II, making her one of the first Black women in the Corps (Gilson). Davenport's later life was dedicated to civic service to the Black community of Boston. Davenport passed away in 1990."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMildred Davenport dance ephemera collection, C0189, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection, C0189, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Amanda Menjivar in January 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Amanda Menjivar in January 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections on \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"dance and the performing arts.\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93\u0026amp;op%5B%5D=\u0026amp;q%5B%5D=dance\u0026amp;limit=\u0026amp;field%5B%5D=\u0026amp;from_year%5B%5D=\u0026amp;to_year%5B%5D=\u0026amp;commit=Search\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSpecial Collections and Archives, University of California, Irvine holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Mildred Davenport dance programs and dance school materials.\" href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf4s200680/entire_text/%20\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nUniversity Archives and Special Collections at the University of Massachusetts Boston holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Mildred Davenport papers.\" href=\"https://openarchives.umb.edu/digital/collection/p15774coll8/id/477/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections on ","\nSpecial Collections and Archives, University of California, Irvine holds the ","\nUniversity Archives and Special Collections at the University of Massachusetts Boston holds the "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent warning: outdated racial language to describe African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThree programs and one pamphlet documenting the dance career of African American dancer Mildred Davenport. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe first program, dated circa May 29, 1936, is titled \"Annual May Pageant and Dance of Miss Mildred Davenport and Pupils in 'The Feast of Apollo' and Divertissements.\" The performance was held at Brattle Hall in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The cover features a headshot of Davenport in 1930s dance costume.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second program, dated May 26, 1939, is titled \"Twentieth Anniversary Souvenir Programme Booklet of Mildred Davenport and her Pupils - Bronze Rhapsody of 1939.\" The performance was held at Jordan Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, one of the premiere classical performance venues in the area. Inside the program are pictures of Davenport's students of varying ages, from elementary school age to young adult.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe third program, dated May 24, 1940, is titled \"Bronze Rhapsody of 1940.\" The performance was held at Jordan Hall in Boston, Massachusetts. Davenport and students from her dance studio, Davenport School of Dance, performed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe pamphlet, titled \"Mildred Davenport Evangelist of the Dance,\" promotes Davenport's teaching at her dance studio. The cover features an Art Deco photograph/illustration collage of her mid-dance, and a short biography and credentials are provided inside. Created circa late 1930s.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Content warning: outdated racial language to describe African Americans.","Three programs and one pamphlet documenting the dance career of African American dancer Mildred Davenport. ","The first program, dated circa May 29, 1936, is titled \"Annual May Pageant and Dance of Miss Mildred Davenport and Pupils in 'The Feast of Apollo' and Divertissements.\" The performance was held at Brattle Hall in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The cover features a headshot of Davenport in 1930s dance costume.","The second program, dated May 26, 1939, is titled \"Twentieth Anniversary Souvenir Programme Booklet of Mildred Davenport and her Pupils - Bronze Rhapsody of 1939.\" The performance was held at Jordan Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, one of the premiere classical performance venues in the area. Inside the program are pictures of Davenport's students of varying ages, from elementary school age to young adult.","The third program, dated May 24, 1940, is titled \"Bronze Rhapsody of 1940.\" The performance was held at Jordan Hall in Boston, Massachusetts. Davenport and students from her dance studio, Davenport School of Dance, performed.","The pamphlet, titled \"Mildred Davenport Evangelist of the Dance,\" promotes Davenport's teaching at her dance studio. The cover features an Art Deco photograph/illustration collage of her mid-dance, and a short biography and credentials are provided inside. Created circa late 1930s."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_213fbc6f1d0644429d80ad9a9acd9282\"\u003eContent warning: outdated racial language to describe African Americans.\nThree programs and one pamphlet documenting the dance career of African American dancer Mildred Davenport, 1936 - 1940.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Content warning: outdated racial language to describe African Americans.\nThree programs and one pamphlet documenting the dance career of African American dancer Mildred Davenport, 1936 - 1940."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_579499b1c539d272d3c1baa4a6d06532\"\u003eR 44, C 1, S 2\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 44, C 1, S 2"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"persname_ssim":["Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:27:17.368Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_180","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_180","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_180","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_180","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_180.xml","title_ssm":["Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection"],"title_tesim":["Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1936 - 1940"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1936 - 1940"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0189","/repositories/2/resources/180"],"text":["C0189","/repositories/2/resources/180","Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection","African Americans","Dance -- United States","Performing arts","Dance","African American women","Theater programs","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","Gilson, Grace. \"Mildred Davenport was a force on the stage and the war front,\" February 6, 2022. Boston Globe. Accessed January 5, 2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/06/metro/mildred-davenport-was-force-stage-war-front/.","Mildred Davenport was an African American dancer and instructor of dance. Born in 1900, the main portion of Davenport's career took place in Massachusetts, specifically the Boston area. Davenport danced in many shows and reviews throughout her career, including shows on Broadway, and eventually ran two studios, the Davenport School of Dance and Silver Box Studio. Her dance career ended when she enrolled in the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps during World War II, making her one of the first Black women in the Corps (Gilson). Davenport's later life was dedicated to civic service to the Black community of Boston. Davenport passed away in 1990.","Processing and finding aid completed by Amanda Menjivar in January 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections on ","\nSpecial Collections and Archives, University of California, Irvine holds the ","\nUniversity Archives and Special Collections at the University of Massachusetts Boston holds the ","Content warning: outdated racial language to describe African Americans.","Three programs and one pamphlet documenting the dance career of African American dancer Mildred Davenport. ","The first program, dated circa May 29, 1936, is titled \"Annual May Pageant and Dance of Miss Mildred Davenport and Pupils in 'The Feast of Apollo' and Divertissements.\" The performance was held at Brattle Hall in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The cover features a headshot of Davenport in 1930s dance costume.","The second program, dated May 26, 1939, is titled \"Twentieth Anniversary Souvenir Programme Booklet of Mildred Davenport and her Pupils - Bronze Rhapsody of 1939.\" The performance was held at Jordan Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, one of the premiere classical performance venues in the area. Inside the program are pictures of Davenport's students of varying ages, from elementary school age to young adult.","The third program, dated May 24, 1940, is titled \"Bronze Rhapsody of 1940.\" The performance was held at Jordan Hall in Boston, Massachusetts. Davenport and students from her dance studio, Davenport School of Dance, performed.","The pamphlet, titled \"Mildred Davenport Evangelist of the Dance,\" promotes Davenport's teaching at her dance studio. The cover features an Art Deco photograph/illustration collage of her mid-dance, and a short biography and credentials are provided inside. Created circa late 1930s.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Content warning: outdated racial language to describe African Americans.\nThree programs and one pamphlet documenting the dance career of African American dancer Mildred Davenport, 1936 - 1940.","R 44, C 1, S 2","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0189","/repositories/2/resources/180"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection"],"collection_ssim":["Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"creator_ssim":["Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"creators_ssim":["Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased from Lorne Blair Rare Books, Manuscripts, \u0026 Ephemera in February 2011."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Dance -- United States","Performing arts","Dance","African American women","Theater programs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Dance -- United States","Performing arts","Dance","African American women","Theater programs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 4 items"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 4 items"],"date_range_isim":[1936,1937,1938,1939,1940],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGilson, Grace. \"Mildred Davenport was a force on the stage and the war front,\" February 6, 2022. Boston Globe. Accessed January 5, 2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/06/metro/mildred-davenport-was-force-stage-war-front/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Gilson, Grace. \"Mildred Davenport was a force on the stage and the war front,\" February 6, 2022. Boston Globe. Accessed January 5, 2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/06/metro/mildred-davenport-was-force-stage-war-front/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMildred Davenport was an African American dancer and instructor of dance. Born in 1900, the main portion of Davenport's career took place in Massachusetts, specifically the Boston area. Davenport danced in many shows and reviews throughout her career, including shows on Broadway, and eventually ran two studios, the Davenport School of Dance and Silver Box Studio. Her dance career ended when she enrolled in the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps during World War II, making her one of the first Black women in the Corps (Gilson). Davenport's later life was dedicated to civic service to the Black community of Boston. Davenport passed away in 1990.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mildred Davenport was an African American dancer and instructor of dance. Born in 1900, the main portion of Davenport's career took place in Massachusetts, specifically the Boston area. Davenport danced in many shows and reviews throughout her career, including shows on Broadway, and eventually ran two studios, the Davenport School of Dance and Silver Box Studio. Her dance career ended when she enrolled in the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps during World War II, making her one of the first Black women in the Corps (Gilson). Davenport's later life was dedicated to civic service to the Black community of Boston. Davenport passed away in 1990."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMildred Davenport dance ephemera collection, C0189, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection, C0189, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Amanda Menjivar in January 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Amanda Menjivar in January 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections on \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"dance and the performing arts.\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93\u0026amp;op%5B%5D=\u0026amp;q%5B%5D=dance\u0026amp;limit=\u0026amp;field%5B%5D=\u0026amp;from_year%5B%5D=\u0026amp;to_year%5B%5D=\u0026amp;commit=Search\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSpecial Collections and Archives, University of California, Irvine holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Mildred Davenport dance programs and dance school materials.\" href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf4s200680/entire_text/%20\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nUniversity Archives and Special Collections at the University of Massachusetts Boston holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Mildred Davenport papers.\" href=\"https://openarchives.umb.edu/digital/collection/p15774coll8/id/477/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections on ","\nSpecial Collections and Archives, University of California, Irvine holds the ","\nUniversity Archives and Special Collections at the University of Massachusetts Boston holds the "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent warning: outdated racial language to describe African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThree programs and one pamphlet documenting the dance career of African American dancer Mildred Davenport. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe first program, dated circa May 29, 1936, is titled \"Annual May Pageant and Dance of Miss Mildred Davenport and Pupils in 'The Feast of Apollo' and Divertissements.\" The performance was held at Brattle Hall in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The cover features a headshot of Davenport in 1930s dance costume.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second program, dated May 26, 1939, is titled \"Twentieth Anniversary Souvenir Programme Booklet of Mildred Davenport and her Pupils - Bronze Rhapsody of 1939.\" The performance was held at Jordan Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, one of the premiere classical performance venues in the area. Inside the program are pictures of Davenport's students of varying ages, from elementary school age to young adult.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe third program, dated May 24, 1940, is titled \"Bronze Rhapsody of 1940.\" The performance was held at Jordan Hall in Boston, Massachusetts. Davenport and students from her dance studio, Davenport School of Dance, performed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe pamphlet, titled \"Mildred Davenport Evangelist of the Dance,\" promotes Davenport's teaching at her dance studio. The cover features an Art Deco photograph/illustration collage of her mid-dance, and a short biography and credentials are provided inside. Created circa late 1930s.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Content warning: outdated racial language to describe African Americans.","Three programs and one pamphlet documenting the dance career of African American dancer Mildred Davenport. ","The first program, dated circa May 29, 1936, is titled \"Annual May Pageant and Dance of Miss Mildred Davenport and Pupils in 'The Feast of Apollo' and Divertissements.\" The performance was held at Brattle Hall in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The cover features a headshot of Davenport in 1930s dance costume.","The second program, dated May 26, 1939, is titled \"Twentieth Anniversary Souvenir Programme Booklet of Mildred Davenport and her Pupils - Bronze Rhapsody of 1939.\" The performance was held at Jordan Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, one of the premiere classical performance venues in the area. Inside the program are pictures of Davenport's students of varying ages, from elementary school age to young adult.","The third program, dated May 24, 1940, is titled \"Bronze Rhapsody of 1940.\" The performance was held at Jordan Hall in Boston, Massachusetts. Davenport and students from her dance studio, Davenport School of Dance, performed.","The pamphlet, titled \"Mildred Davenport Evangelist of the Dance,\" promotes Davenport's teaching at her dance studio. The cover features an Art Deco photograph/illustration collage of her mid-dance, and a short biography and credentials are provided inside. Created circa late 1930s."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_213fbc6f1d0644429d80ad9a9acd9282\"\u003eContent warning: outdated racial language to describe African Americans.\nThree programs and one pamphlet documenting the dance career of African American dancer Mildred Davenport, 1936 - 1940.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Content warning: outdated racial language to describe African Americans.\nThree programs and one pamphlet documenting the dance career of African American dancer Mildred Davenport, 1936 - 1940."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_579499b1c539d272d3c1baa4a6d06532\"\u003eR 44, C 1, S 2\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 44, C 1, S 2"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"persname_ssim":["Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:27:17.368Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_180"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_748.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White","title_ssm":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"title_tesim":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"unitdate_ssm":["December 1, 1961"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["December 1, 1961"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0447","/repositories/2/resources/748"],"text":["C0447","/repositories/2/resources/748","Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White","American poetry -- 20th century","Art","African Americans","African American poets","African American artists","Poetry","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single item collection.","\"Biographical Note | A Finding Aid to the Charles W. White Papers, 1933-1987, Bulk 1960s-1970s.\" n.d. Text. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/charles-w-white-papers-9350/biographical-note.","\"Charles Wilbert White Jr. (1918-1979).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/156982547/charles_wilbert-white.","\"Langston Hughes.\" n.d. Poets.Org. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://poets.org/poet/langston-hughes.","\"Langston Hughes (1902-1967).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6166005/langston-hughes.","Laskow, Sarah. 2025. \"Rivers Cosmogram.\" Atlas Obscura. May 15, 2025. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/rivers-schomburg-center.","\"The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931, from the Prentiss Taylor Papers, 1885-1991.\" n.d. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/negro-mother-and-other-dramatic-recitations-516.","Best known as a writer of poetry, novels, short stories, and plays and a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, Langston Hughes was born James Mercer Langston Hughes on February 1, 1901 in Joplin, Missouri. His first book of poetry,  The Weary Blues , was published in 1926 and in 1930 his first novel  Not Without Laughter  won the Harmon gold medal for literature. His poem \"The Negro Mother\" was first published in 1931 in his poetry collection  The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations . Hughes passed away on May 22, 1967 at the age of 65. His ashes are interred beneath a cosmogram floor medallion inspired by and bearing lines from Hughes' poem \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\" in the foyer of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem, New York.","Charles W. White was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 2, 1918. A prominent figure in the Chicago Black Renaissance, White began his career as a painter, printmaker, and educator in California in 1956 and in 1965 began teaching at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles, a position he would continue throughout his life. White graduated from the School of the Art Institute in Chicago in 1938 and worked as a muralist for the Works Progress Administration's Illinois Federal Arts Projects from 1939-1940. In 1942 and 1943 he received two Julius Rosenwald Foundation fellowships to create \"The Contribution of the Negro to American Democracy\" mural at the Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Hampton, Virginia and was artist-in-residence at Washington, D.C.'s Howard University in 1945. As an artist, White primarily created black/sepia and white drawings, paintings, and lithographs depicting figurative portrayals of African American history and experiences. His work has been exhibited throughout the country and in 1972 he was the third African American artist elected to full membership in the National Academy of Design. He passed away on October 3, 1979 at the age of 61 and is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California.","Processing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in April 2025. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in May 2025.","The Special Collections Research Center holds  Paul Robeson sound recording collection .","The Smithsonian Archives of American Art holds the  Charles W. White papers .","Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center. When folded, the cover shows a reprint of White's 1952 illustration depicting a close-up of the face of an African American woman, with her hands holding a handkerchief to her cheek. When opened, the inside shows the full text of Hughes' poem, along with a stamp at the center bottom attributing the pamphlet to the \"Make History Live Series\". An inscription and signature from Hughes is included in green pen in the top left and bottom right portions of the interior pages reading: \"For the House of Literary curios - Langston Hughes, New York, December 1, 1961.\" The back cover includes a list of books by Hughes available for purchase at the Hugh Gordon Book Shop in Los Angeles, California, along with information on the store.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center.","R 71, C 2, S 6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)","Hughes, Langston, 1901-1967","White, Charles, 1918-1979","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0447","/repositories/2/resources/748"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"collection_title_tesim":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"collection_ssim":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"creator_ssim":["Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"creators_ssim":["Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Ian Brabner Rare Americana in 2021."],"access_subjects_ssim":["American poetry -- 20th century","Art","African Americans","African American poets","African American artists","Poetry"],"access_subjects_ssm":["American poetry -- 20th century","Art","African Americans","African American poets","African American artists","Poetry"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Poetry"],"date_range_isim":[1961],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single item collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single item collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Biographical Note | A Finding Aid to the Charles W. White Papers, 1933-1987, Bulk 1960s-1970s.\" n.d. Text. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/charles-w-white-papers-9350/biographical-note.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Charles Wilbert White Jr. (1918-1979).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/156982547/charles_wilbert-white.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Langston Hughes.\" n.d. Poets.Org. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://poets.org/poet/langston-hughes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Langston Hughes (1902-1967).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6166005/langston-hughes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLaskow, Sarah. 2025. \"Rivers Cosmogram.\" Atlas Obscura. May 15, 2025. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/rivers-schomburg-center.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931, from the Prentiss Taylor Papers, 1885-1991.\" n.d. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/negro-mother-and-other-dramatic-recitations-516.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Biographical Note | A Finding Aid to the Charles W. White Papers, 1933-1987, Bulk 1960s-1970s.\" n.d. Text. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/charles-w-white-papers-9350/biographical-note.","\"Charles Wilbert White Jr. (1918-1979).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/156982547/charles_wilbert-white.","\"Langston Hughes.\" n.d. Poets.Org. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://poets.org/poet/langston-hughes.","\"Langston Hughes (1902-1967).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6166005/langston-hughes.","Laskow, Sarah. 2025. \"Rivers Cosmogram.\" Atlas Obscura. May 15, 2025. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/rivers-schomburg-center.","\"The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931, from the Prentiss Taylor Papers, 1885-1991.\" n.d. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/negro-mother-and-other-dramatic-recitations-516."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBest known as a writer of poetry, novels, short stories, and plays and a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, Langston Hughes was born James Mercer Langston Hughes on February 1, 1901 in Joplin, Missouri. His first book of poetry, \u003ctitle\u003eThe Weary Blues\u003c/title\u003e, was published in 1926 and in 1930 his first novel \u003ctitle\u003eNot Without Laughter\u003c/title\u003e won the Harmon gold medal for literature. His poem \"The Negro Mother\" was first published in 1931 in his poetry collection \u003ctitle\u003eThe Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations\u003c/title\u003e. Hughes passed away on May 22, 1967 at the age of 65. His ashes are interred beneath a cosmogram floor medallion inspired by and bearing lines from Hughes' poem \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\" in the foyer of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem, New York.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCharles W. White was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 2, 1918. A prominent figure in the Chicago Black Renaissance, White began his career as a painter, printmaker, and educator in California in 1956 and in 1965 began teaching at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles, a position he would continue throughout his life. White graduated from the School of the Art Institute in Chicago in 1938 and worked as a muralist for the Works Progress Administration's Illinois Federal Arts Projects from 1939-1940. In 1942 and 1943 he received two Julius Rosenwald Foundation fellowships to create \"The Contribution of the Negro to American Democracy\" mural at the Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Hampton, Virginia and was artist-in-residence at Washington, D.C.'s Howard University in 1945. As an artist, White primarily created black/sepia and white drawings, paintings, and lithographs depicting figurative portrayals of African American history and experiences. His work has been exhibited throughout the country and in 1972 he was the third African American artist elected to full membership in the National Academy of Design. He passed away on October 3, 1979 at the age of 61 and is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Best known as a writer of poetry, novels, short stories, and plays and a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, Langston Hughes was born James Mercer Langston Hughes on February 1, 1901 in Joplin, Missouri. His first book of poetry,  The Weary Blues , was published in 1926 and in 1930 his first novel  Not Without Laughter  won the Harmon gold medal for literature. His poem \"The Negro Mother\" was first published in 1931 in his poetry collection  The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations . Hughes passed away on May 22, 1967 at the age of 65. His ashes are interred beneath a cosmogram floor medallion inspired by and bearing lines from Hughes' poem \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\" in the foyer of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem, New York.","Charles W. White was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 2, 1918. A prominent figure in the Chicago Black Renaissance, White began his career as a painter, printmaker, and educator in California in 1956 and in 1965 began teaching at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles, a position he would continue throughout his life. White graduated from the School of the Art Institute in Chicago in 1938 and worked as a muralist for the Works Progress Administration's Illinois Federal Arts Projects from 1939-1940. In 1942 and 1943 he received two Julius Rosenwald Foundation fellowships to create \"The Contribution of the Negro to American Democracy\" mural at the Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Hampton, Virginia and was artist-in-residence at Washington, D.C.'s Howard University in 1945. As an artist, White primarily created black/sepia and white drawings, paintings, and lithographs depicting figurative portrayals of African American history and experiences. His work has been exhibited throughout the country and in 1972 he was the third African American artist elected to full membership in the National Academy of Design. He passed away on October 3, 1979 at the age of 61 and is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White, C0447, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White, C0447, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in April 2025. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in May 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in April 2025. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in May 2025."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0097\"\u003ePaul Robeson sound recording collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Smithsonian Archives of American Art holds the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/charles-w-white-papers-9350\"\u003eCharles W. White papers\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds  Paul Robeson sound recording collection .","The Smithsonian Archives of American Art holds the  Charles W. White papers ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center. When folded, the cover shows a reprint of White's 1952 illustration depicting a close-up of the face of an African American woman, with her hands holding a handkerchief to her cheek. When opened, the inside shows the full text of Hughes' poem, along with a stamp at the center bottom attributing the pamphlet to the \"Make History Live Series\". An inscription and signature from Hughes is included in green pen in the top left and bottom right portions of the interior pages reading: \"For the House of Literary curios - Langston Hughes, New York, December 1, 1961.\" The back cover includes a list of books by Hughes available for purchase at the Hugh Gordon Book Shop in Los Angeles, California, along with information on the store.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center. When folded, the cover shows a reprint of White's 1952 illustration depicting a close-up of the face of an African American woman, with her hands holding a handkerchief to her cheek. When opened, the inside shows the full text of Hughes' poem, along with a stamp at the center bottom attributing the pamphlet to the \"Make History Live Series\". An inscription and signature from Hughes is included in green pen in the top left and bottom right portions of the interior pages reading: \"For the House of Literary curios - Langston Hughes, New York, December 1, 1961.\" The back cover includes a list of books by Hughes available for purchase at the Hugh Gordon Book Shop in Los Angeles, California, along with information on the store."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_bd347158a9241c662f81156721d9f0c2\"\u003eBifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_3ce5a21a95a27d68c29e8756e8589895\"\u003eR 71, C 2, S 6\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 71, C 2, S 6"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)","Hughes, Langston, 1901-1967","White, Charles, 1918-1979"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Hughes, Langston, 1901-1967","White, Charles, 1918-1979"],"persname_ssim":["Hughes, Langston, 1901-1967","White, Charles, 1918-1979"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:21:35.788Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_748.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White","title_ssm":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"title_tesim":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"unitdate_ssm":["December 1, 1961"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["December 1, 1961"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0447","/repositories/2/resources/748"],"text":["C0447","/repositories/2/resources/748","Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White","American poetry -- 20th century","Art","African Americans","African American poets","African American artists","Poetry","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single item collection.","\"Biographical Note | A Finding Aid to the Charles W. White Papers, 1933-1987, Bulk 1960s-1970s.\" n.d. Text. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/charles-w-white-papers-9350/biographical-note.","\"Charles Wilbert White Jr. (1918-1979).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/156982547/charles_wilbert-white.","\"Langston Hughes.\" n.d. Poets.Org. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://poets.org/poet/langston-hughes.","\"Langston Hughes (1902-1967).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6166005/langston-hughes.","Laskow, Sarah. 2025. \"Rivers Cosmogram.\" Atlas Obscura. May 15, 2025. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/rivers-schomburg-center.","\"The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931, from the Prentiss Taylor Papers, 1885-1991.\" n.d. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/negro-mother-and-other-dramatic-recitations-516.","Best known as a writer of poetry, novels, short stories, and plays and a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, Langston Hughes was born James Mercer Langston Hughes on February 1, 1901 in Joplin, Missouri. His first book of poetry,  The Weary Blues , was published in 1926 and in 1930 his first novel  Not Without Laughter  won the Harmon gold medal for literature. His poem \"The Negro Mother\" was first published in 1931 in his poetry collection  The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations . Hughes passed away on May 22, 1967 at the age of 65. His ashes are interred beneath a cosmogram floor medallion inspired by and bearing lines from Hughes' poem \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\" in the foyer of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem, New York.","Charles W. White was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 2, 1918. A prominent figure in the Chicago Black Renaissance, White began his career as a painter, printmaker, and educator in California in 1956 and in 1965 began teaching at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles, a position he would continue throughout his life. White graduated from the School of the Art Institute in Chicago in 1938 and worked as a muralist for the Works Progress Administration's Illinois Federal Arts Projects from 1939-1940. In 1942 and 1943 he received two Julius Rosenwald Foundation fellowships to create \"The Contribution of the Negro to American Democracy\" mural at the Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Hampton, Virginia and was artist-in-residence at Washington, D.C.'s Howard University in 1945. As an artist, White primarily created black/sepia and white drawings, paintings, and lithographs depicting figurative portrayals of African American history and experiences. His work has been exhibited throughout the country and in 1972 he was the third African American artist elected to full membership in the National Academy of Design. He passed away on October 3, 1979 at the age of 61 and is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California.","Processing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in April 2025. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in May 2025.","The Special Collections Research Center holds  Paul Robeson sound recording collection .","The Smithsonian Archives of American Art holds the  Charles W. White papers .","Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center. When folded, the cover shows a reprint of White's 1952 illustration depicting a close-up of the face of an African American woman, with her hands holding a handkerchief to her cheek. When opened, the inside shows the full text of Hughes' poem, along with a stamp at the center bottom attributing the pamphlet to the \"Make History Live Series\". An inscription and signature from Hughes is included in green pen in the top left and bottom right portions of the interior pages reading: \"For the House of Literary curios - Langston Hughes, New York, December 1, 1961.\" The back cover includes a list of books by Hughes available for purchase at the Hugh Gordon Book Shop in Los Angeles, California, along with information on the store.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center.","R 71, C 2, S 6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)","Hughes, Langston, 1901-1967","White, Charles, 1918-1979","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0447","/repositories/2/resources/748"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"collection_title_tesim":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"collection_ssim":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"creator_ssim":["Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"creators_ssim":["Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Ian Brabner Rare Americana in 2021."],"access_subjects_ssim":["American poetry -- 20th century","Art","African Americans","African American poets","African American artists","Poetry"],"access_subjects_ssm":["American poetry -- 20th century","Art","African Americans","African American poets","African American artists","Poetry"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Poetry"],"date_range_isim":[1961],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single item collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single item collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Biographical Note | A Finding Aid to the Charles W. White Papers, 1933-1987, Bulk 1960s-1970s.\" n.d. Text. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/charles-w-white-papers-9350/biographical-note.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Charles Wilbert White Jr. (1918-1979).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/156982547/charles_wilbert-white.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Langston Hughes.\" n.d. Poets.Org. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://poets.org/poet/langston-hughes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Langston Hughes (1902-1967).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6166005/langston-hughes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLaskow, Sarah. 2025. \"Rivers Cosmogram.\" Atlas Obscura. May 15, 2025. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/rivers-schomburg-center.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931, from the Prentiss Taylor Papers, 1885-1991.\" n.d. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/negro-mother-and-other-dramatic-recitations-516.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Biographical Note | A Finding Aid to the Charles W. White Papers, 1933-1987, Bulk 1960s-1970s.\" n.d. Text. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/charles-w-white-papers-9350/biographical-note.","\"Charles Wilbert White Jr. (1918-1979).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/156982547/charles_wilbert-white.","\"Langston Hughes.\" n.d. Poets.Org. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://poets.org/poet/langston-hughes.","\"Langston Hughes (1902-1967).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6166005/langston-hughes.","Laskow, Sarah. 2025. \"Rivers Cosmogram.\" Atlas Obscura. May 15, 2025. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/rivers-schomburg-center.","\"The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931, from the Prentiss Taylor Papers, 1885-1991.\" n.d. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/negro-mother-and-other-dramatic-recitations-516."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBest known as a writer of poetry, novels, short stories, and plays and a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, Langston Hughes was born James Mercer Langston Hughes on February 1, 1901 in Joplin, Missouri. His first book of poetry, \u003ctitle\u003eThe Weary Blues\u003c/title\u003e, was published in 1926 and in 1930 his first novel \u003ctitle\u003eNot Without Laughter\u003c/title\u003e won the Harmon gold medal for literature. His poem \"The Negro Mother\" was first published in 1931 in his poetry collection \u003ctitle\u003eThe Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations\u003c/title\u003e. Hughes passed away on May 22, 1967 at the age of 65. His ashes are interred beneath a cosmogram floor medallion inspired by and bearing lines from Hughes' poem \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\" in the foyer of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem, New York.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCharles W. White was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 2, 1918. A prominent figure in the Chicago Black Renaissance, White began his career as a painter, printmaker, and educator in California in 1956 and in 1965 began teaching at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles, a position he would continue throughout his life. White graduated from the School of the Art Institute in Chicago in 1938 and worked as a muralist for the Works Progress Administration's Illinois Federal Arts Projects from 1939-1940. In 1942 and 1943 he received two Julius Rosenwald Foundation fellowships to create \"The Contribution of the Negro to American Democracy\" mural at the Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Hampton, Virginia and was artist-in-residence at Washington, D.C.'s Howard University in 1945. As an artist, White primarily created black/sepia and white drawings, paintings, and lithographs depicting figurative portrayals of African American history and experiences. His work has been exhibited throughout the country and in 1972 he was the third African American artist elected to full membership in the National Academy of Design. He passed away on October 3, 1979 at the age of 61 and is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Best known as a writer of poetry, novels, short stories, and plays and a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, Langston Hughes was born James Mercer Langston Hughes on February 1, 1901 in Joplin, Missouri. His first book of poetry,  The Weary Blues , was published in 1926 and in 1930 his first novel  Not Without Laughter  won the Harmon gold medal for literature. His poem \"The Negro Mother\" was first published in 1931 in his poetry collection  The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations . Hughes passed away on May 22, 1967 at the age of 65. His ashes are interred beneath a cosmogram floor medallion inspired by and bearing lines from Hughes' poem \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\" in the foyer of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem, New York.","Charles W. White was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 2, 1918. A prominent figure in the Chicago Black Renaissance, White began his career as a painter, printmaker, and educator in California in 1956 and in 1965 began teaching at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles, a position he would continue throughout his life. White graduated from the School of the Art Institute in Chicago in 1938 and worked as a muralist for the Works Progress Administration's Illinois Federal Arts Projects from 1939-1940. In 1942 and 1943 he received two Julius Rosenwald Foundation fellowships to create \"The Contribution of the Negro to American Democracy\" mural at the Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Hampton, Virginia and was artist-in-residence at Washington, D.C.'s Howard University in 1945. As an artist, White primarily created black/sepia and white drawings, paintings, and lithographs depicting figurative portrayals of African American history and experiences. His work has been exhibited throughout the country and in 1972 he was the third African American artist elected to full membership in the National Academy of Design. He passed away on October 3, 1979 at the age of 61 and is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White, C0447, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White, C0447, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in April 2025. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in May 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in April 2025. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in May 2025."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0097\"\u003ePaul Robeson sound recording collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Smithsonian Archives of American Art holds the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/charles-w-white-papers-9350\"\u003eCharles W. White papers\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds  Paul Robeson sound recording collection .","The Smithsonian Archives of American Art holds the  Charles W. White papers ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center. When folded, the cover shows a reprint of White's 1952 illustration depicting a close-up of the face of an African American woman, with her hands holding a handkerchief to her cheek. When opened, the inside shows the full text of Hughes' poem, along with a stamp at the center bottom attributing the pamphlet to the \"Make History Live Series\". An inscription and signature from Hughes is included in green pen in the top left and bottom right portions of the interior pages reading: \"For the House of Literary curios - Langston Hughes, New York, December 1, 1961.\" The back cover includes a list of books by Hughes available for purchase at the Hugh Gordon Book Shop in Los Angeles, California, along with information on the store.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center. When folded, the cover shows a reprint of White's 1952 illustration depicting a close-up of the face of an African American woman, with her hands holding a handkerchief to her cheek. When opened, the inside shows the full text of Hughes' poem, along with a stamp at the center bottom attributing the pamphlet to the \"Make History Live Series\". An inscription and signature from Hughes is included in green pen in the top left and bottom right portions of the interior pages reading: \"For the House of Literary curios - Langston Hughes, New York, December 1, 1961.\" The back cover includes a list of books by Hughes available for purchase at the Hugh Gordon Book Shop in Los Angeles, California, along with information on the store."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_bd347158a9241c662f81156721d9f0c2\"\u003eBifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_3ce5a21a95a27d68c29e8756e8589895\"\u003eR 71, C 2, S 6\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 71, C 2, S 6"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)","Hughes, Langston, 1901-1967","White, Charles, 1918-1979"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Hughes, Langston, 1901-1967","White, Charles, 1918-1979"],"persname_ssim":["Hughes, Langston, 1901-1967","White, Charles, 1918-1979"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:21:35.788Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_53","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Paul Robeson sound recording collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_53#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Lofland, John","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_53#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collection contains reel-to-reel tapes, as well as duplicates of these reels on cassette and CD of Paul Robeson's 1955 concert performance at Swarthmore, and his 1955 speech, \"America to Me, Waterboy.\"","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_53#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_53","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_53","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_53","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_53","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_53.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Paul Robeson sound recording collection","title_ssm":["Paul Robeson sound recording collection"],"title_tesim":["Paul Robeson sound recording collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1955"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1955"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0097","/repositories/2/resources/53"],"text":["C0097","/repositories/2/resources/53","Paul Robeson sound recording collection","African Americans","African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","Music","Sound recordings","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single box collection.","Paul Robeson was a famous African American singer, actor, athlete, and civil rights advocate. Robeson made a name for himself in the 1930s performing Black spirituals, which he merged with various folk and national styles to champion the labor and social movements of his time. He sang for peace and justice in 25 languages throughout the U.S., Europe, the Soviet Union, and Africa. The quintessential cosmopolitan, Robeson became known as a citizen of the world, mingling effortlessly with the people of Moscow, Nairobi, and Harlem. Among his friends were future African leader Jomo Kenyatta, India's Nehru, historian Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois, anarchist Emma Goldman, and writers James Joyce and Ernest Hemingway. ","In the late 1940s, when dissent was scarcely tolerated in the U.S., Robeson openly questioned why African Americans should fight in the army of a government that tolerated racism. Because of his outspokenness, he was accused by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) of being a Communist. The accusation nearly ended his career. Eighty of his concerts were canceled, and in 1949 two interracial outdoor concerts in Peekskill, N.Y. were attacked by racist mobs while state police stood idly by. ","In 1950 the U.S. revoked Robeson's passport, leading to an eight-year battle to resecure it and to travel again. During those years, Robeson studied Chinese, met with Albert Einstein to discuss the prospects for world peace, published his autobiography,  Here I Stand , and sang at Carnegie Hall. Two major labor-related events took place during this time. In 1955 Robeson was invited by the Forum for Free Speech to speak and perform at Swarthmore College. It was at this event that the tapes featured in this collection were recorded. Paul Robeson retired from public life in 1963 and died on January 23, 1976, at age 77, in Philadelphia. ","Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022.","The Special Collections Research Center also holds many other collections and materials on musicians, the performing arts, and the civil rights movement. It also holds the  , which contains ","This collection contains reel-to-reel tapes, as well as duplicates of these reels on cassette and CD of Paul Robeson's 1955 concert performance at Swarthmore, and his 1955 speech, \"America to Me, Waterboy.\"","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","This collection contains reel-to-reel tapes, as well as duplicates of these reels on cassette and CD of Paul Robeson's 1955 concert performance at Swarthmore, and his 1955 speech, \"America to Me, Waterboy.\"","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Lofland, John","Robeson, Paul, 1898-1976","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0097","/repositories/2/resources/53"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Paul Robeson sound recording collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Paul Robeson sound recording collection"],"collection_ssim":["Paul Robeson sound recording collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Lofland, John"],"creator_ssim":["Lofland, John"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lofland, John"],"creators_ssim":["Lofland, John"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection donated by John Lofland in 1998."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","Music","Sound recordings"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","Music","Sound recordings"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet 1 box"],"genreform_ssim":["Sound recordings"],"date_range_isim":[1955],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single box collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single box collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul Robeson was a famous African American singer, actor, athlete, and civil rights advocate. Robeson made a name for himself in the 1930s performing Black spirituals, which he merged with various folk and national styles to champion the labor and social movements of his time. He sang for peace and justice in 25 languages throughout the U.S., Europe, the Soviet Union, and Africa. The quintessential cosmopolitan, Robeson became known as a citizen of the world, mingling effortlessly with the people of Moscow, Nairobi, and Harlem. Among his friends were future African leader Jomo Kenyatta, India's Nehru, historian Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois, anarchist Emma Goldman, and writers James Joyce and Ernest Hemingway. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1940s, when dissent was scarcely tolerated in the U.S., Robeson openly questioned why African Americans should fight in the army of a government that tolerated racism. Because of his outspokenness, he was accused by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) of being a Communist. The accusation nearly ended his career. Eighty of his concerts were canceled, and in 1949 two interracial outdoor concerts in Peekskill, N.Y. were attacked by racist mobs while state police stood idly by. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1950 the U.S. revoked Robeson's passport, leading to an eight-year battle to resecure it and to travel again. During those years, Robeson studied Chinese, met with Albert Einstein to discuss the prospects for world peace, published his autobiography, \u003ctitle\u003eHere I Stand\u003c/title\u003e, and sang at Carnegie Hall. Two major labor-related events took place during this time. In 1955 Robeson was invited by the Forum for Free Speech to speak and perform at Swarthmore College. It was at this event that the tapes featured in this collection were recorded. Paul Robeson retired from public life in 1963 and died on January 23, 1976, at age 77, in Philadelphia. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Paul Robeson was a famous African American singer, actor, athlete, and civil rights advocate. Robeson made a name for himself in the 1930s performing Black spirituals, which he merged with various folk and national styles to champion the labor and social movements of his time. He sang for peace and justice in 25 languages throughout the U.S., Europe, the Soviet Union, and Africa. The quintessential cosmopolitan, Robeson became known as a citizen of the world, mingling effortlessly with the people of Moscow, Nairobi, and Harlem. Among his friends were future African leader Jomo Kenyatta, India's Nehru, historian Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois, anarchist Emma Goldman, and writers James Joyce and Ernest Hemingway. ","In the late 1940s, when dissent was scarcely tolerated in the U.S., Robeson openly questioned why African Americans should fight in the army of a government that tolerated racism. Because of his outspokenness, he was accused by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) of being a Communist. The accusation nearly ended his career. Eighty of his concerts were canceled, and in 1949 two interracial outdoor concerts in Peekskill, N.Y. were attacked by racist mobs while state police stood idly by. ","In 1950 the U.S. revoked Robeson's passport, leading to an eight-year battle to resecure it and to travel again. During those years, Robeson studied Chinese, met with Albert Einstein to discuss the prospects for world peace, published his autobiography,  Here I Stand , and sang at Carnegie Hall. Two major labor-related events took place during this time. In 1955 Robeson was invited by the Forum for Free Speech to speak and perform at Swarthmore College. It was at this event that the tapes featured in this collection were recorded. Paul Robeson retired from public life in 1963 and died on January 23, 1976, at age 77, in Philadelphia. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul Robeson sound recording collection, C0097, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Paul Robeson sound recording collection, C0097, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds many other collections and materials on musicians, the performing arts, and the civil rights movement. It also holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"San Francisco Poster Brigade collection\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0282\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, which contains \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"an illustrated poster of Robeson.\" href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/gmuarchives/49399268691/in/dateposted-public/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds many other collections and materials on musicians, the performing arts, and the civil rights movement. It also holds the  , which contains "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains reel-to-reel tapes, as well as duplicates of these reels on cassette and CD of Paul Robeson's 1955 concert performance at Swarthmore, and his 1955 speech, \"America to Me, Waterboy.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains reel-to-reel tapes, as well as duplicates of these reels on cassette and CD of Paul Robeson's 1955 concert performance at Swarthmore, and his 1955 speech, \"America to Me, Waterboy.\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ed7c3c203aa8c0c324420c33cc26e97c\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection contains reel-to-reel tapes, as well as duplicates of these reels on cassette and CD of Paul Robeson's 1955 concert performance at Swarthmore, and his 1955 speech, \"America to Me, Waterboy.\"\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains reel-to-reel tapes, as well as duplicates of these reels on cassette and CD of Paul Robeson's 1955 concert performance at Swarthmore, and his 1955 speech, \"America to Me, Waterboy.\""],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Lofland, John","Robeson, Paul, 1898-1976"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Robeson, Paul, 1898-1976"],"persname_ssim":["Lofland, John","Robeson, Paul, 1898-1976"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:33:57.755Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_53","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_53","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_53","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_53","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_53.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Paul Robeson sound recording collection","title_ssm":["Paul Robeson sound recording collection"],"title_tesim":["Paul Robeson sound recording collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1955"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1955"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0097","/repositories/2/resources/53"],"text":["C0097","/repositories/2/resources/53","Paul Robeson sound recording collection","African Americans","African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","Music","Sound recordings","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single box collection.","Paul Robeson was a famous African American singer, actor, athlete, and civil rights advocate. Robeson made a name for himself in the 1930s performing Black spirituals, which he merged with various folk and national styles to champion the labor and social movements of his time. He sang for peace and justice in 25 languages throughout the U.S., Europe, the Soviet Union, and Africa. The quintessential cosmopolitan, Robeson became known as a citizen of the world, mingling effortlessly with the people of Moscow, Nairobi, and Harlem. Among his friends were future African leader Jomo Kenyatta, India's Nehru, historian Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois, anarchist Emma Goldman, and writers James Joyce and Ernest Hemingway. ","In the late 1940s, when dissent was scarcely tolerated in the U.S., Robeson openly questioned why African Americans should fight in the army of a government that tolerated racism. Because of his outspokenness, he was accused by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) of being a Communist. The accusation nearly ended his career. Eighty of his concerts were canceled, and in 1949 two interracial outdoor concerts in Peekskill, N.Y. were attacked by racist mobs while state police stood idly by. ","In 1950 the U.S. revoked Robeson's passport, leading to an eight-year battle to resecure it and to travel again. During those years, Robeson studied Chinese, met with Albert Einstein to discuss the prospects for world peace, published his autobiography,  Here I Stand , and sang at Carnegie Hall. Two major labor-related events took place during this time. In 1955 Robeson was invited by the Forum for Free Speech to speak and perform at Swarthmore College. It was at this event that the tapes featured in this collection were recorded. Paul Robeson retired from public life in 1963 and died on January 23, 1976, at age 77, in Philadelphia. ","Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022.","The Special Collections Research Center also holds many other collections and materials on musicians, the performing arts, and the civil rights movement. It also holds the  , which contains ","This collection contains reel-to-reel tapes, as well as duplicates of these reels on cassette and CD of Paul Robeson's 1955 concert performance at Swarthmore, and his 1955 speech, \"America to Me, Waterboy.\"","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","This collection contains reel-to-reel tapes, as well as duplicates of these reels on cassette and CD of Paul Robeson's 1955 concert performance at Swarthmore, and his 1955 speech, \"America to Me, Waterboy.\"","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Lofland, John","Robeson, Paul, 1898-1976","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0097","/repositories/2/resources/53"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Paul Robeson sound recording collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Paul Robeson sound recording collection"],"collection_ssim":["Paul Robeson sound recording collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Lofland, John"],"creator_ssim":["Lofland, John"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lofland, John"],"creators_ssim":["Lofland, John"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection donated by John Lofland in 1998."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","Music","Sound recordings"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","Music","Sound recordings"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet 1 box"],"genreform_ssim":["Sound recordings"],"date_range_isim":[1955],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single box collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single box collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul Robeson was a famous African American singer, actor, athlete, and civil rights advocate. Robeson made a name for himself in the 1930s performing Black spirituals, which he merged with various folk and national styles to champion the labor and social movements of his time. He sang for peace and justice in 25 languages throughout the U.S., Europe, the Soviet Union, and Africa. The quintessential cosmopolitan, Robeson became known as a citizen of the world, mingling effortlessly with the people of Moscow, Nairobi, and Harlem. Among his friends were future African leader Jomo Kenyatta, India's Nehru, historian Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois, anarchist Emma Goldman, and writers James Joyce and Ernest Hemingway. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1940s, when dissent was scarcely tolerated in the U.S., Robeson openly questioned why African Americans should fight in the army of a government that tolerated racism. Because of his outspokenness, he was accused by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) of being a Communist. The accusation nearly ended his career. Eighty of his concerts were canceled, and in 1949 two interracial outdoor concerts in Peekskill, N.Y. were attacked by racist mobs while state police stood idly by. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1950 the U.S. revoked Robeson's passport, leading to an eight-year battle to resecure it and to travel again. During those years, Robeson studied Chinese, met with Albert Einstein to discuss the prospects for world peace, published his autobiography, \u003ctitle\u003eHere I Stand\u003c/title\u003e, and sang at Carnegie Hall. Two major labor-related events took place during this time. In 1955 Robeson was invited by the Forum for Free Speech to speak and perform at Swarthmore College. It was at this event that the tapes featured in this collection were recorded. Paul Robeson retired from public life in 1963 and died on January 23, 1976, at age 77, in Philadelphia. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Paul Robeson was a famous African American singer, actor, athlete, and civil rights advocate. Robeson made a name for himself in the 1930s performing Black spirituals, which he merged with various folk and national styles to champion the labor and social movements of his time. He sang for peace and justice in 25 languages throughout the U.S., Europe, the Soviet Union, and Africa. The quintessential cosmopolitan, Robeson became known as a citizen of the world, mingling effortlessly with the people of Moscow, Nairobi, and Harlem. Among his friends were future African leader Jomo Kenyatta, India's Nehru, historian Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois, anarchist Emma Goldman, and writers James Joyce and Ernest Hemingway. ","In the late 1940s, when dissent was scarcely tolerated in the U.S., Robeson openly questioned why African Americans should fight in the army of a government that tolerated racism. Because of his outspokenness, he was accused by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) of being a Communist. The accusation nearly ended his career. Eighty of his concerts were canceled, and in 1949 two interracial outdoor concerts in Peekskill, N.Y. were attacked by racist mobs while state police stood idly by. ","In 1950 the U.S. revoked Robeson's passport, leading to an eight-year battle to resecure it and to travel again. During those years, Robeson studied Chinese, met with Albert Einstein to discuss the prospects for world peace, published his autobiography,  Here I Stand , and sang at Carnegie Hall. Two major labor-related events took place during this time. In 1955 Robeson was invited by the Forum for Free Speech to speak and perform at Swarthmore College. It was at this event that the tapes featured in this collection were recorded. Paul Robeson retired from public life in 1963 and died on January 23, 1976, at age 77, in Philadelphia. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul Robeson sound recording collection, C0097, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Paul Robeson sound recording collection, C0097, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in August 2022."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds many other collections and materials on musicians, the performing arts, and the civil rights movement. It also holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"San Francisco Poster Brigade collection\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0282\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, which contains \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"an illustrated poster of Robeson.\" href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/gmuarchives/49399268691/in/dateposted-public/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds many other collections and materials on musicians, the performing arts, and the civil rights movement. It also holds the  , which contains "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains reel-to-reel tapes, as well as duplicates of these reels on cassette and CD of Paul Robeson's 1955 concert performance at Swarthmore, and his 1955 speech, \"America to Me, Waterboy.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains reel-to-reel tapes, as well as duplicates of these reels on cassette and CD of Paul Robeson's 1955 concert performance at Swarthmore, and his 1955 speech, \"America to Me, Waterboy.\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ed7c3c203aa8c0c324420c33cc26e97c\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection contains reel-to-reel tapes, as well as duplicates of these reels on cassette and CD of Paul Robeson's 1955 concert performance at Swarthmore, and his 1955 speech, \"America to Me, Waterboy.\"\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains reel-to-reel tapes, as well as duplicates of these reels on cassette and CD of Paul Robeson's 1955 concert performance at Swarthmore, and his 1955 speech, \"America to Me, Waterboy.\""],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Lofland, John","Robeson, Paul, 1898-1976"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Robeson, Paul, 1898-1976"],"persname_ssim":["Lofland, John","Robeson, Paul, 1898-1976"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:33:57.755Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_53"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Philip Levy civil rights collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Levy, Philip, -1970","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_576.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Philip Levy civil rights collection","title_ssm":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"title_tesim":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1948-1953"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1948-1953"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0121","/repositories/2/resources/576"],"text":["C0121","/repositories/2/resources/576","Philip Levy civil rights collection","Washington (D.C.)","United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century","African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","African Americans","Correspondence","There are no access restrictions.","Arranged by subject by Special Collections Research Center staff.","Philip Levy was a government official in several capacities, serving on the legal staff of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and as counsel to Senator Robert F. Wagner. Levy practiced private law in Washington, D.C. during a career that spanned 1934-1970. He was directly involved with the development of national labor policy in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s, and maintained a continued interest in labor policy throughout his long career.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Box list created and EAD updated by Amanda Menjivar in 2017.","Special Collections Research Center also holds the ","This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802 partly in response to protests organized by A. Philip Randolph. The bill was blocked from federal legislation by the conservative coalition in Congress, but five states passed their own FEPC bills: New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Washington. Several documents represented in this collection come from Connecticut. "," The materials in this collection include a 1948 letter on civil rights from President Harry Truman to the Congress; a 1949 statement of Irving M. Engel on behalf of the American Jewish Committee to the House Committee on Labor and the Education Subcommittee on Discrimination in Employment; correspondence of Senator William Benton to Philip Levy, Walter White, and an op-ed to the New York Times; a 70 page \"Program for Progress in Race Relations\" submitted in 1951 by William H. Hastie, Arthur B. Spingarn, and Walter White on behalf of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.; pamphlets from 1949 criticizing the Fair Employment Practices Commission on the bases of reverse discrimination and biological inequality between and among races; statements of Senator Herbert H. Lehman regarding civil rights, including an address to a Dinner of the American Civil Liberties Union; 1951 meeting minutes of the NAACP; and letters from the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund to the Ford Foundation's Program Planning Division requesting support for research on unequal opportunities and world opinion on racial discrimination in the United States. The collection also includes various newsclippings and articles about race relations and civil rights during this time. Particular focus is paid to race relations in Washington, D.C.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice","Levy, Philip, -1970","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0121","/repositories/2/resources/576"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"collection_ssim":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["Washington (D.C.)","United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Washington (D.C.)","United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Levy, Philip, -1970"],"creator_ssim":["Levy, Philip, -1970"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Levy, Philip, -1970"],"creators_ssim":["Levy, Philip, -1970"],"places_ssim":["Washington (D.C.)","United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection donor unknown."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","African Americans","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","African Americans","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet 2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet 2 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged by subject by Special Collections Research Center staff.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged by subject by Special Collections Research Center staff."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhilip Levy was a government official in several capacities, serving on the legal staff of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and as counsel to Senator Robert F. Wagner. Levy practiced private law in Washington, D.C. during a career that spanned 1934-1970. He was directly involved with the development of national labor policy in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s, and maintained a continued interest in labor policy throughout his long career.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Philip Levy was a government official in several capacities, serving on the legal staff of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and as counsel to Senator Robert F. Wagner. Levy practiced private law in Washington, D.C. during a career that spanned 1934-1970. He was directly involved with the development of national labor policy in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s, and maintained a continued interest in labor policy throughout his long career."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhilip Levy civil rights collection, C0121, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Philip Levy civil rights collection, C0121, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Box list created and EAD updated by Amanda Menjivar in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Box list created and EAD updated by Amanda Menjivar in 2017."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center also holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0055\" title=\"James H. Laue papers.\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections Research Center also holds the "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802 partly in response to protests organized by A. Philip Randolph. The bill was blocked from federal legislation by the conservative coalition in Congress, but five states passed their own FEPC bills: New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Washington. Several documents represented in this collection come from Connecticut. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The materials in this collection include a 1948 letter on civil rights from President Harry Truman to the Congress; a 1949 statement of Irving M. Engel on behalf of the American Jewish Committee to the House Committee on Labor and the Education Subcommittee on Discrimination in Employment; correspondence of Senator William Benton to Philip Levy, Walter White, and an op-ed to the New York Times; a 70 page \"Program for Progress in Race Relations\" submitted in 1951 by William H. Hastie, Arthur B. Spingarn, and Walter White on behalf of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.; pamphlets from 1949 criticizing the Fair Employment Practices Commission on the bases of reverse discrimination and biological inequality between and among races; statements of Senator Herbert H. Lehman regarding civil rights, including an address to a Dinner of the American Civil Liberties Union; 1951 meeting minutes of the NAACP; and letters from the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund to the Ford Foundation's Program Planning Division requesting support for research on unequal opportunities and world opinion on racial discrimination in the United States. The collection also includes various newsclippings and articles about race relations and civil rights during this time. Particular focus is paid to race relations in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802 partly in response to protests organized by A. Philip Randolph. The bill was blocked from federal legislation by the conservative coalition in Congress, but five states passed their own FEPC bills: New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Washington. Several documents represented in this collection come from Connecticut. "," The materials in this collection include a 1948 letter on civil rights from President Harry Truman to the Congress; a 1949 statement of Irving M. Engel on behalf of the American Jewish Committee to the House Committee on Labor and the Education Subcommittee on Discrimination in Employment; correspondence of Senator William Benton to Philip Levy, Walter White, and an op-ed to the New York Times; a 70 page \"Program for Progress in Race Relations\" submitted in 1951 by William H. Hastie, Arthur B. Spingarn, and Walter White on behalf of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.; pamphlets from 1949 criticizing the Fair Employment Practices Commission on the bases of reverse discrimination and biological inequality between and among races; statements of Senator Herbert H. Lehman regarding civil rights, including an address to a Dinner of the American Civil Liberties Union; 1951 meeting minutes of the NAACP; and letters from the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund to the Ford Foundation's Program Planning Division requesting support for research on unequal opportunities and world opinion on racial discrimination in the United States. The collection also includes various newsclippings and articles about race relations and civil rights during this time. Particular focus is paid to race relations in Washington, D.C."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_e6bb56a404ecf19a95e6286098b134f0\"\u003eThis collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802."],"names_coll_ssim":["American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice","Levy, Philip, -1970","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice"],"persname_ssim":["Levy, Philip, -1970","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":43,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:35:58.899Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_576.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Philip Levy civil rights collection","title_ssm":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"title_tesim":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1948-1953"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1948-1953"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0121","/repositories/2/resources/576"],"text":["C0121","/repositories/2/resources/576","Philip Levy civil rights collection","Washington (D.C.)","United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century","African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","African Americans","Correspondence","There are no access restrictions.","Arranged by subject by Special Collections Research Center staff.","Philip Levy was a government official in several capacities, serving on the legal staff of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and as counsel to Senator Robert F. Wagner. Levy practiced private law in Washington, D.C. during a career that spanned 1934-1970. He was directly involved with the development of national labor policy in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s, and maintained a continued interest in labor policy throughout his long career.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Box list created and EAD updated by Amanda Menjivar in 2017.","Special Collections Research Center also holds the ","This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802 partly in response to protests organized by A. Philip Randolph. The bill was blocked from federal legislation by the conservative coalition in Congress, but five states passed their own FEPC bills: New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Washington. Several documents represented in this collection come from Connecticut. "," The materials in this collection include a 1948 letter on civil rights from President Harry Truman to the Congress; a 1949 statement of Irving M. Engel on behalf of the American Jewish Committee to the House Committee on Labor and the Education Subcommittee on Discrimination in Employment; correspondence of Senator William Benton to Philip Levy, Walter White, and an op-ed to the New York Times; a 70 page \"Program for Progress in Race Relations\" submitted in 1951 by William H. Hastie, Arthur B. Spingarn, and Walter White on behalf of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.; pamphlets from 1949 criticizing the Fair Employment Practices Commission on the bases of reverse discrimination and biological inequality between and among races; statements of Senator Herbert H. Lehman regarding civil rights, including an address to a Dinner of the American Civil Liberties Union; 1951 meeting minutes of the NAACP; and letters from the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund to the Ford Foundation's Program Planning Division requesting support for research on unequal opportunities and world opinion on racial discrimination in the United States. The collection also includes various newsclippings and articles about race relations and civil rights during this time. Particular focus is paid to race relations in Washington, D.C.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice","Levy, Philip, -1970","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0121","/repositories/2/resources/576"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"collection_ssim":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["Washington (D.C.)","United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Washington (D.C.)","United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Levy, Philip, -1970"],"creator_ssim":["Levy, Philip, -1970"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Levy, Philip, -1970"],"creators_ssim":["Levy, Philip, -1970"],"places_ssim":["Washington (D.C.)","United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection donor unknown."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","African Americans","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","African Americans","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet 2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet 2 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged by subject by Special Collections Research Center staff.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged by subject by Special Collections Research Center staff."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhilip Levy was a government official in several capacities, serving on the legal staff of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and as counsel to Senator Robert F. Wagner. Levy practiced private law in Washington, D.C. during a career that spanned 1934-1970. He was directly involved with the development of national labor policy in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s, and maintained a continued interest in labor policy throughout his long career.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Philip Levy was a government official in several capacities, serving on the legal staff of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and as counsel to Senator Robert F. Wagner. Levy practiced private law in Washington, D.C. during a career that spanned 1934-1970. He was directly involved with the development of national labor policy in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s, and maintained a continued interest in labor policy throughout his long career."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhilip Levy civil rights collection, C0121, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Philip Levy civil rights collection, C0121, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Box list created and EAD updated by Amanda Menjivar in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Box list created and EAD updated by Amanda Menjivar in 2017."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center also holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0055\" title=\"James H. Laue papers.\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections Research Center also holds the "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802 partly in response to protests organized by A. Philip Randolph. The bill was blocked from federal legislation by the conservative coalition in Congress, but five states passed their own FEPC bills: New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Washington. Several documents represented in this collection come from Connecticut. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The materials in this collection include a 1948 letter on civil rights from President Harry Truman to the Congress; a 1949 statement of Irving M. Engel on behalf of the American Jewish Committee to the House Committee on Labor and the Education Subcommittee on Discrimination in Employment; correspondence of Senator William Benton to Philip Levy, Walter White, and an op-ed to the New York Times; a 70 page \"Program for Progress in Race Relations\" submitted in 1951 by William H. Hastie, Arthur B. Spingarn, and Walter White on behalf of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.; pamphlets from 1949 criticizing the Fair Employment Practices Commission on the bases of reverse discrimination and biological inequality between and among races; statements of Senator Herbert H. Lehman regarding civil rights, including an address to a Dinner of the American Civil Liberties Union; 1951 meeting minutes of the NAACP; and letters from the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund to the Ford Foundation's Program Planning Division requesting support for research on unequal opportunities and world opinion on racial discrimination in the United States. The collection also includes various newsclippings and articles about race relations and civil rights during this time. Particular focus is paid to race relations in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802 partly in response to protests organized by A. Philip Randolph. The bill was blocked from federal legislation by the conservative coalition in Congress, but five states passed their own FEPC bills: New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Washington. Several documents represented in this collection come from Connecticut. "," The materials in this collection include a 1948 letter on civil rights from President Harry Truman to the Congress; a 1949 statement of Irving M. Engel on behalf of the American Jewish Committee to the House Committee on Labor and the Education Subcommittee on Discrimination in Employment; correspondence of Senator William Benton to Philip Levy, Walter White, and an op-ed to the New York Times; a 70 page \"Program for Progress in Race Relations\" submitted in 1951 by William H. Hastie, Arthur B. Spingarn, and Walter White on behalf of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.; pamphlets from 1949 criticizing the Fair Employment Practices Commission on the bases of reverse discrimination and biological inequality between and among races; statements of Senator Herbert H. Lehman regarding civil rights, including an address to a Dinner of the American Civil Liberties Union; 1951 meeting minutes of the NAACP; and letters from the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund to the Ford Foundation's Program Planning Division requesting support for research on unequal opportunities and world opinion on racial discrimination in the United States. The collection also includes various newsclippings and articles about race relations and civil rights during this time. Particular focus is paid to race relations in Washington, D.C."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_e6bb56a404ecf19a95e6286098b134f0\"\u003eThis collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802."],"names_coll_ssim":["American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice","Levy, Philip, -1970","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice"],"persname_ssim":["Levy, Philip, -1970","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":43,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:35:58.899Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University","value":"George Mason University","hits":14},"links":{"remove":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade","value":"\"Discrimination in Administration of Military Justice\" report for the Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22Discrimination+in+Administration+of+Military+Justice%22+report+for+the+Commanding+General%2C+199th+Infantry+Brigade\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention - Resolutions and Declarations\" by the Black Panther Party","value":"\"Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention - Resolutions and Declarations\" by the Black Panther Party","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22Revolutionary+People%27s+Constitutional+Convention+-+Resolutions+and+Declarations%22+by+the+Black+Panther+Party\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"The Key\" Aesthetic Club Annual, Bluefield State College, West Virginia","value":"\"The Key\" Aesthetic Club Annual, Bluefield State College, West Virginia","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22The+Key%22+Aesthetic+Club+Annual%2C+Bluefield+State+College%2C+West+Virginia\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","value":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=African+American+Buffalo+Soldiers+stereoscopic+photographs\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American women real photo postcards","value":"African American women real photo postcards","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=African+American+women+real+photo+postcards\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten","value":"Alvin Ailey photograph by Carl Van Vechten","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Alvin+Ailey+photograph+by+Carl+Van+Vechten\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums","value":"Beardwood and Whipple family travel photograph albums","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Beardwood+and+Whipple+family+travel+photograph+albums\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster","value":"Frederick Douglass  New Jersey State Opera World Premiere poster","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Frederick+Douglass++New+Jersey+State+Opera+World+Premiere+poster\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection","value":"Mildred Davenport dance ephemera collection","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Mildred+Davenport+dance+ephemera+collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White","value":"Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Pamphlet+for+poem+%22The+Negro+Mother%22+by+Langston+Hughes+inscribed+and+signed+by+author+with+illustration+by+Charles+White\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Paul Robeson sound recording collection","value":"Paul Robeson sound recording collection","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+Robeson+sound+recording+collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"date_range_isim","attributes":{"label":"Date range","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"1929","value":"1929","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1929\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1930","value":"1930","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1930\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1931","value":"1931","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1931\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1936","value":"1936","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1936\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1937","value":"1937","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1937\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1938","value":"1938","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1938\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1939","value":"1939","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1939\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1940","value":"1940","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1940\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1946","value":"1946","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1946\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1948","value":"1948","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1948\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1949","value":"1949","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1949\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/date_range_isim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","value":"Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Beardwood%2C+Olive+Peabody%2C+1886-1969\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bluefield State College","value":"Bluefield State College","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Bluefield+State+College\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990","value":"Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Davenport%2C+Mildred%2C+1900-1990\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","value":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University.+Libraries.+Special+Collections+Research+Center\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center.","value":"George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University.+Special+Collections+Research+Center.\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"H.C. White Co","value":"H.C. White Co","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=H.C.+White+Co\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)","value":"Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Hugh+Havilon+Gordon+Cultural+Center+%28Los+Angeles%2C+California%29\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Keystone View Company","value":"Keystone View Company","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Keystone+View+Company\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain","value":"Kirkpatrick, Donald P., Captain","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Kirkpatrick%2C+Donald+P.%2C+Captain\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Levy, Philip, -1970","value":"Levy, Philip, -1970","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Levy%2C+Philip%2C+-1970\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Lofland, John","value":"Lofland, John","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Lofland%2C+John\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/creator_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"names_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Names","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Ailey, Alvin","value":"Ailey, Alvin","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Ailey%2C+Alvin\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"American Jewish Committee","value":"American Jewish Committee","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=American+Jewish+Committee\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"American National Theatre and Academy","value":"American National Theatre and Academy","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=American+National+Theatre+and+Academy\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","value":"Beardwood, Olive Peabody, 1886-1969","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Beardwood%2C+Olive+Peabody%2C+1886-1969\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Benton, William, 1900-1973","value":"Benton, William, 1900-1973","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Benton%2C+William%2C+1900-1973\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bluefield State College","value":"Bluefield State College","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Bluefield+State+College\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990","value":"Davenport, Mildred, 1900-1990","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Davenport%2C+Mildred%2C+1900-1990\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895","value":"Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Douglass%2C+Frederick%2C+1818-1895\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","value":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","hits":14},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University.+Libraries.+Special+Collections+Research+Center\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center.","value":"George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University.+Special+Collections+Research+Center.\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"H.C. White Co","value":"H.C. White Co","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=H.C.+White+Co\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/names_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"geogname_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Places","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"South Carolina","value":"South Carolina","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=South+Carolina\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans","value":"United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=United+States+--+Armed+Forces+--+African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century","value":"United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=United+States+--+Politics+and+government+--+20th+century\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Washington (D.C.)","value":"Washington (D.C.)","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Washington+%28D.C.%29\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/geogname_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access_subjects_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Subjects","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"African American artists","value":"African American artists","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+artists\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American college students","value":"African American college students","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+college+students\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American poets","value":"African American poets","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+poets\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American veterans","value":"African American veterans","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+veterans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American women","value":"African American women","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+women\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans","value":"African Americans","hits":14},"links":{"remove":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","value":"African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Civil+rights+--+History+--+20th+century\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"American poetry -- 20th century","value":"American poetry -- 20th century","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=American+poetry+--+20th+century\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Art","value":"Art","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Art\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Automobile travel","value":"Automobile travel","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Automobile+travel\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Black power -- United States","value":"Black power -- United States","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Black+power+--+United+States\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access_subjects_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"level_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Level","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Collection","value":"Collection","hits":14},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/level_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"all_fields","attributes":{"label":"All Fields"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026search_field=all_fields\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"keyword","attributes":{"label":"Keyword"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026search_field=keyword\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"name","attributes":{"label":"Name"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026search_field=name\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"place","attributes":{"label":"Place"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026search_field=place\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"subject","attributes":{"label":"Subject"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026search_field=subject\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"title","attributes":{"label":"Title"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026search_field=title\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"container","attributes":{"label":"Container"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026search_field=container\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"identifier","attributes":{"label":"Identifier"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026search_field=identifier\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"score desc, title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"relevance"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026sort=score+desc%2C+title_sort+asc\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"date (ascending)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026sort=date_sort+asc\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"date (descending)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026sort=date_sort+desc\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"creator (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026sort=creator_sort+asc\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"creator (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026sort=creator_sort+desc\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"title (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026sort=title_sort+asc\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"title (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026sort=title_sort+desc\u0026view=compact"}}]}