{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1882","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1882\u0026page=2","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1882\u0026page=2"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":2,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":11,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1174.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African and African American photograph collection","title_ssm":["African and African American photograph collection"],"title_tesim":["African and African American photograph collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1850/1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945"],"text":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945","WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174","African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers","This collection is open for research use.","This collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.","Cased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.","Cased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.","Twenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites.","Tintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.","Tintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.","Tintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.","There are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.","There is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"","Tintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.","Carte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"","Full length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.","Published by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026 Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"","Sepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.","Copyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.","Gelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.","Gelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"","These students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.","Published by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Gelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.","Gelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.","Tintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.","Sixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.","Studio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.","Large albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.","Panoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945"],"collection_ssim":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchases in November 2023 and June 2024"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.5 Linear Feet one document case, 1 folder in a shared box, 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["2.5 Linear Feet one document case, 1 folder in a shared box, 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], African and African American Photograph Collection (WLU Coll. 0552), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], African and African American Photograph Collection (WLU Coll. 0552), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eCased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFull length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStudio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLarge albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePanoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.","Cased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.","Cased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.","Twenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites.","Tintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.","Tintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.","Tintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.","There are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.","There is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"","Tintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.","Carte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"","Full length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.","Published by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026 Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"","Sepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.","Copyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.","Gelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.","Gelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"","These students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.","Published by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Gelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.","Gelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.","Tintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.","Sixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.","Studio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.","Large albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.","Panoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":24,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:01:08.296Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1174.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African and African American photograph collection","title_ssm":["African and African American photograph collection"],"title_tesim":["African and African American photograph collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1850/1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945"],"text":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945","WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174","African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers","This collection is open for research use.","This collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.","Cased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.","Cased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.","Twenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites.","Tintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.","Tintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.","Tintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.","There are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.","There is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"","Tintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.","Carte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"","Full length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.","Published by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026 Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"","Sepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.","Copyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.","Gelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.","Gelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"","These students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.","Published by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Gelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.","Gelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.","Tintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.","Sixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.","Studio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.","Large albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.","Panoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945"],"collection_ssim":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchases in November 2023 and June 2024"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.5 Linear Feet one document case, 1 folder in a shared box, 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["2.5 Linear Feet one document case, 1 folder in a shared box, 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], African and African American Photograph Collection (WLU Coll. 0552), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], African and African American Photograph Collection (WLU Coll. 0552), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eCased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFull length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStudio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLarge albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePanoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.","Cased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.","Cased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.","Twenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites.","Tintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.","Tintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.","Tintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.","There are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.","There is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"","Tintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.","Carte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"","Full length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.","Published by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026 Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"","Sepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.","Copyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.","Gelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.","Gelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"","These students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.","Published by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Gelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.","Gelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.","Tintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.","Sixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.","Studio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.","Large albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.","Panoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":24,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:01:08.296Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2135","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans, 1829/1884","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2135#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Shafer, Aileen","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2135#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eNineteenth century records regarding African-Americans, including deed of emancipation (1829), two brief autograph letters by abolitionists Charles Sumner and Wendell Phillips (1850, 1882), eight copies of \"The Anti-Slavery Record\", a significant abolitionist publication (1835), and twenty popular song broadsides featuring minstrel song themes (ca. 1830s-1860s).\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2135#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2135","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2135","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2135","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2135","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2135.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/196237","title_ssm":["Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans"],"title_tesim":["Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans"],"unitdate_ssm":["1829-1884"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1829-1884"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1829/1884"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans, 1829/1884"],"text":["Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans, 1829/1884","A\u0026M 3756","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2135","African Americans","African Americans  -- History -- Miscellanea","Minstrel music","Slaves and slavery.","No special access restriction applies.","The Anti-Slavery Record, a monthly publication, promoted the complete and immediate abolition of slavery.  It was published for the American Anti-Slavery Society by R.G. Williams.  The newspaper was published for three years, 1835-1837, volume 1, issue 1 January 1835 through volume 3, issue 12, December 1837.  Aileen Shafer's collection includes volume 1, issue 1 through issue 10, 1835.","Issues of The Anti-Slavery Record feature excerpts from newspapers and speeches; reports on the slave trade and slave auctions; contributions by abolitionists such as Timothy Weld, John Rankin, and Elizur Wright; excerpts from Seabrook's proslavery Essay on the Management of Slavery; and eyewitness accounts of the torture and murder of slaves. Of particular note are the wood-cut engravings found throughout the issues.","Excerpted from a sales ad for issues of The Anti-Slavery Record by Bauman Rare Books.  Accessed December 2, 2020.","Note: Electronic versions of all issues of The Anti-Slavery Recordare available online from a number of sources including Google Books, the Hathi Trust, and the WVU Libraries' database HeinOnline.","Nineteenth century records regarding African-Americans, including deed of emancipation (1829), two brief autograph letters by abolitionists Charles Sumner and Wendell Phillips (1850, 1882), eight copies of \"The Anti-Slavery Record\", a significant abolitionist publication (1835), and twenty popular song broadsides featuring minstrel song themes (ca. 1830s-1860s).","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Shafer, Aileen","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans, 1829/1884"],"collection_ssim":["Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans, 1829/1884"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 3756","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2135"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 3756","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2135"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_ssm":["Shafer, Aileen"],"creator_ssim":["Shafer, Aileen"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Shafer, Aileen"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creators_ssim":["Shafer, Aileen","West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","African Americans  -- History -- Miscellanea","Minstrel music","Slaves and slavery."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","African Americans  -- History -- Miscellanea","Minstrel music","Slaves and slavery."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.21 Linear Feet 2.5 in. (1 document case)"],"extent_tesim":["0.21 Linear Feet 2.5 in. (1 document case)"],"date_range_isim":[1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle\u003eThe Anti-Slavery Record\u003c/title\u003e, a monthly publication, promoted the complete and immediate abolition of slavery.  It was published for the American Anti-Slavery Society by R.G. Williams.  The newspaper was published for three years, 1835-1837, volume 1, issue 1 January 1835 through volume 3, issue 12, December 1837.  Aileen Shafer's collection includes volume 1, issue 1 through issue 10, 1835.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIssues of \u003ctitle\u003eThe Anti-Slavery Record\u003c/title\u003e feature excerpts from newspapers and speeches; reports on the slave trade and slave auctions; contributions by abolitionists such as Timothy Weld, John Rankin, and Elizur Wright; excerpts from Seabrook's proslavery \u003ctitle\u003eEssay on the Management of Slavery\u003c/title\u003e; and eyewitness accounts of the torture and murder of slaves. Of particular note are the wood-cut engravings found throughout the issues.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExcerpted from a sales ad for issues of \u003ctitle\u003eThe Anti-Slavery Record\u003c/title\u003e by Bauman Rare Books.  Accessed December 2, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote: Electronic versions of all issues of \u003ctitleitle\u003eThe Anti-Slavery Record\u003c/titleitle\u003eare available online from a number of sources including Google Books, the Hathi Trust, and the WVU Libraries' database HeinOnline.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Anti-Slavery Record, a monthly publication, promoted the complete and immediate abolition of slavery.  It was published for the American Anti-Slavery Society by R.G. Williams.  The newspaper was published for three years, 1835-1837, volume 1, issue 1 January 1835 through volume 3, issue 12, December 1837.  Aileen Shafer's collection includes volume 1, issue 1 through issue 10, 1835.","Issues of The Anti-Slavery Record feature excerpts from newspapers and speeches; reports on the slave trade and slave auctions; contributions by abolitionists such as Timothy Weld, John Rankin, and Elizur Wright; excerpts from Seabrook's proslavery Essay on the Management of Slavery; and eyewitness accounts of the torture and murder of slaves. Of particular note are the wood-cut engravings found throughout the issues.","Excerpted from a sales ad for issues of The Anti-Slavery Record by Bauman Rare Books.  Accessed December 2, 2020.","Note: Electronic versions of all issues of The Anti-Slavery Recordare available online from a number of sources including Google Books, the Hathi Trust, and the WVU Libraries' database HeinOnline."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans, A\u0026amp;M 3756, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans, A\u0026M 3756, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNineteenth century records regarding African-Americans, including deed of emancipation (1829), two brief autograph letters by abolitionists Charles Sumner and Wendell Phillips (1850, 1882), eight copies of \"The Anti-Slavery Record\", a significant abolitionist publication (1835), and twenty popular song broadsides featuring minstrel song themes (ca. 1830s-1860s).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Nineteenth century records regarding African-Americans, including deed of emancipation (1829), two brief autograph letters by abolitionists Charles Sumner and Wendell Phillips (1850, 1882), eight copies of \"The Anti-Slavery Record\", a significant abolitionist publication (1835), and twenty popular song broadsides featuring minstrel song themes (ca. 1830s-1860s)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_ec1635d32b3b2bd05c251b2fb3a718d7\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"persname_ssim":["Shafer, Aileen"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Shafer, Aileen"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":31,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:54:07.247Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2135","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2135","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2135","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2135","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2135.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/196237","title_ssm":["Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans"],"title_tesim":["Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans"],"unitdate_ssm":["1829-1884"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1829-1884"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1829/1884"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans, 1829/1884"],"text":["Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans, 1829/1884","A\u0026M 3756","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2135","African Americans","African Americans  -- History -- Miscellanea","Minstrel music","Slaves and slavery.","No special access restriction applies.","The Anti-Slavery Record, a monthly publication, promoted the complete and immediate abolition of slavery.  It was published for the American Anti-Slavery Society by R.G. Williams.  The newspaper was published for three years, 1835-1837, volume 1, issue 1 January 1835 through volume 3, issue 12, December 1837.  Aileen Shafer's collection includes volume 1, issue 1 through issue 10, 1835.","Issues of The Anti-Slavery Record feature excerpts from newspapers and speeches; reports on the slave trade and slave auctions; contributions by abolitionists such as Timothy Weld, John Rankin, and Elizur Wright; excerpts from Seabrook's proslavery Essay on the Management of Slavery; and eyewitness accounts of the torture and murder of slaves. Of particular note are the wood-cut engravings found throughout the issues.","Excerpted from a sales ad for issues of The Anti-Slavery Record by Bauman Rare Books.  Accessed December 2, 2020.","Note: Electronic versions of all issues of The Anti-Slavery Recordare available online from a number of sources including Google Books, the Hathi Trust, and the WVU Libraries' database HeinOnline.","Nineteenth century records regarding African-Americans, including deed of emancipation (1829), two brief autograph letters by abolitionists Charles Sumner and Wendell Phillips (1850, 1882), eight copies of \"The Anti-Slavery Record\", a significant abolitionist publication (1835), and twenty popular song broadsides featuring minstrel song themes (ca. 1830s-1860s).","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Shafer, Aileen","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans, 1829/1884"],"collection_ssim":["Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans, 1829/1884"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 3756","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2135"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 3756","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2135"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_ssm":["Shafer, Aileen"],"creator_ssim":["Shafer, Aileen"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Shafer, Aileen"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creators_ssim":["Shafer, Aileen","West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. 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(1 document case)"],"date_range_isim":[1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle\u003eThe Anti-Slavery Record\u003c/title\u003e, a monthly publication, promoted the complete and immediate abolition of slavery.  It was published for the American Anti-Slavery Society by R.G. Williams.  The newspaper was published for three years, 1835-1837, volume 1, issue 1 January 1835 through volume 3, issue 12, December 1837.  Aileen Shafer's collection includes volume 1, issue 1 through issue 10, 1835.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIssues of \u003ctitle\u003eThe Anti-Slavery Record\u003c/title\u003e feature excerpts from newspapers and speeches; reports on the slave trade and slave auctions; contributions by abolitionists such as Timothy Weld, John Rankin, and Elizur Wright; excerpts from Seabrook's proslavery \u003ctitle\u003eEssay on the Management of Slavery\u003c/title\u003e; and eyewitness accounts of the torture and murder of slaves. Of particular note are the wood-cut engravings found throughout the issues.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExcerpted from a sales ad for issues of \u003ctitle\u003eThe Anti-Slavery Record\u003c/title\u003e by Bauman Rare Books.  Accessed December 2, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote: Electronic versions of all issues of \u003ctitleitle\u003eThe Anti-Slavery Record\u003c/titleitle\u003eare available online from a number of sources including Google Books, the Hathi Trust, and the WVU Libraries' database HeinOnline.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Anti-Slavery Record, a monthly publication, promoted the complete and immediate abolition of slavery.  It was published for the American Anti-Slavery Society by R.G. Williams.  The newspaper was published for three years, 1835-1837, volume 1, issue 1 January 1835 through volume 3, issue 12, December 1837.  Aileen Shafer's collection includes volume 1, issue 1 through issue 10, 1835.","Issues of The Anti-Slavery Record feature excerpts from newspapers and speeches; reports on the slave trade and slave auctions; contributions by abolitionists such as Timothy Weld, John Rankin, and Elizur Wright; excerpts from Seabrook's proslavery Essay on the Management of Slavery; and eyewitness accounts of the torture and murder of slaves. Of particular note are the wood-cut engravings found throughout the issues.","Excerpted from a sales ad for issues of The Anti-Slavery Record by Bauman Rare Books.  Accessed December 2, 2020.","Note: Electronic versions of all issues of The Anti-Slavery Recordare available online from a number of sources including Google Books, the Hathi Trust, and the WVU Libraries' database HeinOnline."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans, A\u0026amp;M 3756, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Aileen Shafer, Collector, Material regarding African-Americans, A\u0026M 3756, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNineteenth century records regarding African-Americans, including deed of emancipation (1829), two brief autograph letters by abolitionists Charles Sumner and Wendell Phillips (1850, 1882), eight copies of \"The Anti-Slavery Record\", a significant abolitionist publication (1835), and twenty popular song broadsides featuring minstrel song themes (ca. 1830s-1860s).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Nineteenth century records regarding African-Americans, including deed of emancipation (1829), two brief autograph letters by abolitionists Charles Sumner and Wendell Phillips (1850, 1882), eight copies of \"The Anti-Slavery Record\", a significant abolitionist publication (1835), and twenty popular song broadsides featuring minstrel song themes (ca. 1830s-1860s)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_ec1635d32b3b2bd05c251b2fb3a718d7\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"persname_ssim":["Shafer, Aileen"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Shafer, Aileen"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":31,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:54:07.247Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2135"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_859","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Booker T. Washington, Commemorative Articles and Other Miscellaneous Items, 1881/1981","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_859#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Washington, Booker T., 1856-1915","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_859#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Commemorative articles about Tuskegee Institute and its founder, the educator, Booker T. Washington. Also copies of a few articles by this renowned turn of the century leader of Afro-Americans and a copy of his autobiography, Up From Slavery. Also includes photographs of Washington and his family and facsimiles of his passport application and death certificate. This material reflects Washington's philosophy of economic self help for African-Americans.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_859#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_859","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_859","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_859","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_859","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_859.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/195311","title_ssm":["Booker T. Washington, Commemorative Articles and Other Miscellaneous Items"],"title_tesim":["Booker T. Washington, Commemorative Articles and Other Miscellaneous Items"],"unitdate_ssm":["1881-1981"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1881-1981"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1881/1981"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Booker T. Washington, Commemorative Articles and Other Miscellaneous Items, 1881/1981"],"text":["Booker T. Washington, Commemorative Articles and Other Miscellaneous Items, 1881/1981","A\u0026M 2705","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/859","African Americans","Education","Judges - letters and papers.","Photography","Political patronage - WV.","Southern Federal Judicial District of WV.","No special access restriction applies.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Commemorative articles about Tuskegee Institute and its founder, the educator, Booker T. Washington. Also copies of a few articles by this renowned turn of the century leader of Afro-Americans and a copy of his autobiography, Up From Slavery. Also includes photographs of Washington and his family and facsimiles of his passport application and death certificate. This material reflects Washington's philosophy of economic self help for African-Americans.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Tuskegee Institute","Washington, Booker T., 1856-1915","Dice, Judge Charles S.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Booker T. Washington, Commemorative Articles and Other Miscellaneous Items, 1881/1981"],"collection_ssim":["Booker T. 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For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Education","Judges - letters and papers.","Photography","Political patronage - WV.","Southern Federal Judicial District of WV."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Education","Judges - letters and papers.","Photography","Political patronage - WV.","Southern Federal Judicial District of WV."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.25 Linear Feet Summary: 3 in. (1 small flat storage box)"],"extent_tesim":["0.25 Linear Feet Summary: 3 in. (1 small flat storage box)"],"date_range_isim":[1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Booker T. Washington, Commemorative Articles and Other Miscellaneous Items, A\u0026amp;M 2705, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Booker T. Washington, Commemorative Articles and Other Miscellaneous Items, A\u0026M 2705, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_294dd40e87615155651f548be83a608c\"\u003eCommemorative articles about Tuskegee Institute and its founder, the educator, Booker T. Washington. Also copies of a few articles by this renowned turn of the century leader of Afro-Americans and a copy of his autobiography, Up From Slavery. Also includes photographs of Washington and his family and facsimiles of his passport application and death certificate. This material reflects Washington's philosophy of economic self help for African-Americans.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Commemorative articles about Tuskegee Institute and its founder, the educator, Booker T. Washington. Also copies of a few articles by this renowned turn of the century leader of Afro-Americans and a copy of his autobiography, Up From Slavery. Also includes photographs of Washington and his family and facsimiles of his passport application and death certificate. This material reflects Washington's philosophy of economic self help for African-Americans."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_02841504dfe095a04d0442d21d8a662f\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Tuskegee Institute"],"names_coll_ssim":["Tuskegee Institute","Dice, Judge Charles S.","Washington, Booker T., 1856-1915"],"persname_ssim":["Washington, Booker T., 1856-1915","Dice, Judge Charles S."],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Tuskegee Institute","Washington, Booker T., 1856-1915","Dice, Judge Charles S."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:59:29.663Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_859","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_859","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_859","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_859","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_859.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/195311","title_ssm":["Booker T. Washington, Commemorative Articles and Other Miscellaneous Items"],"title_tesim":["Booker T. Washington, Commemorative Articles and Other Miscellaneous Items"],"unitdate_ssm":["1881-1981"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1881-1981"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1881/1981"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Booker T. Washington, Commemorative Articles and Other Miscellaneous Items, 1881/1981"],"text":["Booker T. Washington, Commemorative Articles and Other Miscellaneous Items, 1881/1981","A\u0026M 2705","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/859","African Americans","Education","Judges - letters and papers.","Photography","Political patronage - WV.","Southern Federal Judicial District of WV.","No special access restriction applies.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Commemorative articles about Tuskegee Institute and its founder, the educator, Booker T. Washington. Also copies of a few articles by this renowned turn of the century leader of Afro-Americans and a copy of his autobiography, Up From Slavery. Also includes photographs of Washington and his family and facsimiles of his passport application and death certificate. This material reflects Washington's philosophy of economic self help for African-Americans.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Tuskegee Institute","Washington, Booker T., 1856-1915","Dice, Judge Charles S.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Booker T. 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(1 small flat storage box)"],"date_range_isim":[1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Booker T. 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Paper bound by half calf and marbled boards.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9579#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9579","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9579","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9579","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9579","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9579.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Daybook and General Account Ledger","title_ssm":["Daybook and General Account Ledger"],"title_tesim":["Daybook and General Account Ledger"],"unitdate_ssm":["1873-1888"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1873-1888"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1873/1888"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Daybook and General Account Ledger, 1873/1888"],"text":["Daybook and General Account Ledger, 1873/1888","SC 01792","/repositories/2/resources/9579","Augusta County (Va.)--History","African Americans","Daybooks","Ledgers (Accounting)","The collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","The ledger and daybook records the business dealings of a farmer and storeowner with African Americans laborers and craftsmen in Virginia during Reconstruction and the early twentieth century.The ledger includes direct payments between parties, and records the personal property and the owner's related transactions.","This series contains one daybook and general account ledger from Augusta County, VA with details on African American laborers and customers noted as \"colored.\" Functions as a daybook and a store ledger including the current and past accounts of the keeper and their customers as early as 1873. 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Paper bound by half calf and marbled boards.","One Daybook and General Account Ledger from Augusta County, VA with details on African American laborers and customers noted as \"colored.\" Functions as a daybook and a store ledger including the current and past accounts of the keeper and their customers as early as 1873. 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Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Fitzhugh Lee was born in 1835 and was the nephew of Robert E. Lee. He graduated from the United States Military Academy. He served in the Confederate Army as staff officer to Richard S. Ewell and to Joseph E. Johnston and as lieutenant-colonel of 1st Virginia Cavalry. He was senior cavalry commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. Served as governor of Virginia 1886-1890 and as consul-general in Havana. He died in 1905. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: .","Previously identified as Mss 72s L51.","Processed by Cynthia B. Brown in 1983.","Letters written from Lee to Manning Marius Kimmel, a fellow Confederate officer and to other acquaintances concerning former Confederate officers, Reconstruction and Kimmel's experiences fighting as a mercenary with Maximilian in Mexico. Includes letter, 4 November 1875, discussing the participation of Black people in the dedication of the equestrian statue of Stonewall Jackson on Monument Avenue in Richmond and the typescript of the speech, 11 August 1875, made by W. H. Payne when nominating Lee for governor.","1. 12 August 1866. Fitzhugh Lee, Richland Mill, Stafford County Virginia, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Mexico. 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Early's letter to James Lawson Kemper, commenting on its content concerning \"Stonewall\" Jackson's statue dedication relating to the admission of Negroes; emphatically denies Early's accusations of his using the occasion as an \"electioneering carnival\" by allowing the Negroes to participate, and expresses resentment that Early feels he has disgraced \"... the memory of Jackson\" as well as insulting \". . .all Confederates who have any respect for themselves at all\"; tells of his willingness to speak to the Negro leaders, asking them not to attend the procession, so as to keep the peace, but there were overwhelming numbers of applications by them, and he could not. deny them admittance; vehemently defends his actions and decisions, stating that he never believed the Negroes would carry ;\" 15th amendment banners and Lincoln portraits,\" but. that they would \"unite in honor of his name.\"","5. 11 August 1877. Speech of Gen. W.H. Payne, nominating Gen. Fitzhugh Lee for Governor of Virginia. (copy)","6. 2 Dec. 1885. Fitzhugh Lee, Evergreen, near Alexandria, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel. Invitation for a visit, and family news. (photocopy)","7. 21 Sept. 1887. Fitzhugh Lee, Richmond, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Henderson, Kentucky. Will not be able to accept his invitation to visit. (photocopy)","8. 6 Oct. 1887. Fitzhugh Lee, Richmond, Virginia, to Charles R. Deacon, Secretary of the Clover Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 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(photocopy)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3. 16 Nov. 1869. Fitzhugh Lee, Richland Mill, Stafford County, Virginia, to \"Miss Maggie,\" Cryptic letter alluding to an unknown promise and a possible love affair; also reference to a letter to Charles Minnegerode. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4. 4 Nov. 1875. James Lawson Kemper, Governor, Richmond, Virginia, to General Fitzhugh Lee, Richlands Post Office, Stafford County, Virginia. Encloses General Jubal A. Early's letter to James Lawson Kemper, commenting on its content concerning \"Stonewall\" Jackson's statue dedication relating to the admission of Negroes; emphatically denies Early's accusations of his using the occasion as an \"electioneering carnival\" by allowing the Negroes to participate, and expresses resentment that Early feels he has disgraced \"... the memory of Jackson\" as well as insulting \". . .all Confederates who have any respect for themselves at all\"; tells of his willingness to speak to the Negro leaders, asking them not to attend the procession, so as to keep the peace, but there were overwhelming numbers of applications by them, and he could not. deny them admittance; vehemently defends his actions and decisions, stating that he never believed the Negroes would carry ;\" 15th amendment banners and Lincoln portraits,\" but. that they would \"unite in honor of his name.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5. 11 August 1877. Speech of Gen. W.H. Payne, nominating Gen. Fitzhugh Lee for Governor of Virginia. (copy)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e6. 2 Dec. 1885. Fitzhugh Lee, Evergreen, near Alexandria, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel. Invitation for a visit, and family news. (photocopy)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e7. 21 Sept. 1887. Fitzhugh Lee, Richmond, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Henderson, Kentucky. Will not be able to accept his invitation to visit. (photocopy) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e8. 6 Oct. 1887. Fitzhugh Lee, Richmond, Virginia, to Charles R. Deacon, Secretary of the Clover Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Acknowledges receipt of the Baltimore Sunday News.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Letters written from Lee to Manning Marius Kimmel, a fellow Confederate officer and to other acquaintances concerning former Confederate officers, Reconstruction and Kimmel's experiences fighting as a mercenary with Maximilian in Mexico. Includes letter, 4 November 1875, discussing the participation of Black people in the dedication of the equestrian statue of Stonewall Jackson on Monument Avenue in Richmond and the typescript of the speech, 11 August 1875, made by W. H. Payne when nominating Lee for governor.","1. 12 August 1866. Fitzhugh Lee, Richland Mill, Stafford County Virginia, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Mexico. Discusses farming, politics, news of former Confederate officers. (photocopy)","2. 1 Oct. 1867. Fitzhugh Lee, Garrisonville Post Office, Stafford County, Virginia, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Concerns Colonel Kimmel's fighting in Mexico, farming, and lady friends. (photocopy)","3. 16 Nov. 1869. Fitzhugh Lee, Richland Mill, Stafford County, Virginia, to \"Miss Maggie,\" Cryptic letter alluding to an unknown promise and a possible love affair; also reference to a letter to Charles Minnegerode.","4. 4 Nov. 1875. James Lawson Kemper, Governor, Richmond, Virginia, to General Fitzhugh Lee, Richlands Post Office, Stafford County, Virginia. Encloses General Jubal A. Early's letter to James Lawson Kemper, commenting on its content concerning \"Stonewall\" Jackson's statue dedication relating to the admission of Negroes; emphatically denies Early's accusations of his using the occasion as an \"electioneering carnival\" by allowing the Negroes to participate, and expresses resentment that Early feels he has disgraced \"... the memory of Jackson\" as well as insulting \". . .all Confederates who have any respect for themselves at all\"; tells of his willingness to speak to the Negro leaders, asking them not to attend the procession, so as to keep the peace, but there were overwhelming numbers of applications by them, and he could not. deny them admittance; vehemently defends his actions and decisions, stating that he never believed the Negroes would carry ;\" 15th amendment banners and Lincoln portraits,\" but. that they would \"unite in honor of his name.\"","5. 11 August 1877. Speech of Gen. W.H. Payne, nominating Gen. Fitzhugh Lee for Governor of Virginia. (copy)","6. 2 Dec. 1885. Fitzhugh Lee, Evergreen, near Alexandria, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel. Invitation for a visit, and family news. (photocopy)","7. 21 Sept. 1887. Fitzhugh Lee, Richmond, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Henderson, Kentucky. Will not be able to accept his invitation to visit. (photocopy)","8. 6 Oct. 1887. Fitzhugh Lee, Richmond, Virginia, to Charles R. Deacon, Secretary of the Clover Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Acknowledges receipt of the Baltimore Sunday News."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Kimmel, Manning Marius","Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 1832-1867"],"names_coll_ssim":["Kimmel, Manning Marius","Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 1832-1867"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Kimmel, Manning Marius","Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 1832-1867"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:41:50.510Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1714","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1714","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1714","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1714","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1714.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Lee, Fitzhugh papers","title_ssm":["Fitzhugh Lee Papers"],"title_tesim":["Fitzhugh Lee Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1866-1887"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1866-1887"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1866/1887"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Fitzhugh Lee Papers, 1866/1887"],"text":["Fitzhugh Lee Papers, 1866/1887","SC 01268","/repositories/2/resources/1714","Virginia--Governors","African Americans","Jackson Statue (Richmond, Va.)","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)--Virginia","United States-- History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Veterans","Correspondence","Speeches, addresses, etc.","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Fitzhugh Lee was born in 1835 and was the nephew of Robert E. Lee. He graduated from the United States Military Academy. He served in the Confederate Army as staff officer to Richard S. Ewell and to Joseph E. Johnston and as lieutenant-colonel of 1st Virginia Cavalry. He was senior cavalry commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. Served as governor of Virginia 1886-1890 and as consul-general in Havana. He died in 1905. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: .","Previously identified as Mss 72s L51.","Processed by Cynthia B. Brown in 1983.","Letters written from Lee to Manning Marius Kimmel, a fellow Confederate officer and to other acquaintances concerning former Confederate officers, Reconstruction and Kimmel's experiences fighting as a mercenary with Maximilian in Mexico. Includes letter, 4 November 1875, discussing the participation of Black people in the dedication of the equestrian statue of Stonewall Jackson on Monument Avenue in Richmond and the typescript of the speech, 11 August 1875, made by W. H. Payne when nominating Lee for governor.","1. 12 August 1866. Fitzhugh Lee, Richland Mill, Stafford County Virginia, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Mexico. Discusses farming, politics, news of former Confederate officers. (photocopy)","2. 1 Oct. 1867. Fitzhugh Lee, Garrisonville Post Office, Stafford County, Virginia, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Concerns Colonel Kimmel's fighting in Mexico, farming, and lady friends. (photocopy)","3. 16 Nov. 1869. Fitzhugh Lee, Richland Mill, Stafford County, Virginia, to \"Miss Maggie,\" Cryptic letter alluding to an unknown promise and a possible love affair; also reference to a letter to Charles Minnegerode.","4. 4 Nov. 1875. James Lawson Kemper, Governor, Richmond, Virginia, to General Fitzhugh Lee, Richlands Post Office, Stafford County, Virginia. Encloses General Jubal A. Early's letter to James Lawson Kemper, commenting on its content concerning \"Stonewall\" Jackson's statue dedication relating to the admission of Negroes; emphatically denies Early's accusations of his using the occasion as an \"electioneering carnival\" by allowing the Negroes to participate, and expresses resentment that Early feels he has disgraced \"... the memory of Jackson\" as well as insulting \". . .all Confederates who have any respect for themselves at all\"; tells of his willingness to speak to the Negro leaders, asking them not to attend the procession, so as to keep the peace, but there were overwhelming numbers of applications by them, and he could not. deny them admittance; vehemently defends his actions and decisions, stating that he never believed the Negroes would carry ;\" 15th amendment banners and Lincoln portraits,\" but. that they would \"unite in honor of his name.\"","5. 11 August 1877. Speech of Gen. W.H. Payne, nominating Gen. Fitzhugh Lee for Governor of Virginia. (copy)","6. 2 Dec. 1885. Fitzhugh Lee, Evergreen, near Alexandria, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel. Invitation for a visit, and family news. (photocopy)","7. 21 Sept. 1887. Fitzhugh Lee, Richmond, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Henderson, Kentucky. Will not be able to accept his invitation to visit. (photocopy)","8. 6 Oct. 1887. Fitzhugh Lee, Richmond, Virginia, to Charles R. Deacon, Secretary of the Clover Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Acknowledges receipt of the Baltimore Sunday News.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Kimmel, Manning Marius","Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 1832-1867","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Fitzhugh Lee Papers, 1866/1887"],"collection_ssim":["Fitzhugh Lee Papers, 1866/1887"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 01268","/repositories/2/resources/1714"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 01268","/repositories/2/resources/1714"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia--Governors"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia--Governors"],"places_ssim":["Virginia--Governors"],"creator_ssm":["Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905"],"creator_ssim":["Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Kimmel, Manning Marius","Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 1832-1867"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Kimmel, Manning Marius","Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 1832-1867","Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gifts of Gen. E. Sclater Montague (1972), Bartlett R. Burgwyn in honor of Dr. Davis Y. Paschall (1981), and Ronald van Klaussen (1982). Acc. 1983.33 Purchase from Joseph Rubinfine was received on 6/30/1983."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Jackson Statue (Richmond, Va.)","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)--Virginia","United States-- History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Veterans","Correspondence","Speeches, addresses, etc."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Jackson Statue (Richmond, Va.)","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)--Virginia","United States-- History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Veterans","Correspondence","Speeches, addresses, etc."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"extent_tesim":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Speeches, addresses, etc."],"date_range_isim":[1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFitzhugh Lee was born in 1835 and was the nephew of Robert E. Lee. He graduated from the United States Military Academy. He served in the Confederate Army as staff officer to Richard S. Ewell and to Joseph E. Johnston and as lieutenant-colonel of 1st Virginia Cavalry. He was senior cavalry commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. Served as governor of Virginia 1886-1890 and as consul-general in Havana. He died in 1905. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Fitzhugh_Lee\" title=\"Fitzhugh Lee\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Fitzhugh Lee was born in 1835 and was the nephew of Robert E. Lee. He graduated from the United States Military Academy. He served in the Confederate Army as staff officer to Richard S. Ewell and to Joseph E. Johnston and as lieutenant-colonel of 1st Virginia Cavalry. He was senior cavalry commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. Served as governor of Virginia 1886-1890 and as consul-general in Havana. He died in 1905. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: ."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePreviously identified as Mss 72s L51.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Previously identified as Mss 72s L51."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFitzhugh Lee Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Fitzhugh Lee Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Cynthia B. Brown in 1983.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Cynthia B. Brown in 1983."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetters written from Lee to Manning Marius Kimmel, a fellow Confederate officer and to other acquaintances concerning former Confederate officers, Reconstruction and Kimmel's experiences fighting as a mercenary with Maximilian in Mexico. Includes letter, 4 November 1875, discussing the participation of Black people in the dedication of the equestrian statue of Stonewall Jackson on Monument Avenue in Richmond and the typescript of the speech, 11 August 1875, made by W. H. Payne when nominating Lee for governor.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003e1. 12 August 1866. Fitzhugh Lee, Richland Mill, Stafford County Virginia, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Mexico. Discusses farming, politics, news of former Confederate officers. (photocopy)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2. 1 Oct. 1867. Fitzhugh Lee, Garrisonville Post Office, Stafford County, Virginia, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Concerns Colonel Kimmel's fighting in Mexico, farming, and lady friends. (photocopy)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3. 16 Nov. 1869. Fitzhugh Lee, Richland Mill, Stafford County, Virginia, to \"Miss Maggie,\" Cryptic letter alluding to an unknown promise and a possible love affair; also reference to a letter to Charles Minnegerode. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4. 4 Nov. 1875. James Lawson Kemper, Governor, Richmond, Virginia, to General Fitzhugh Lee, Richlands Post Office, Stafford County, Virginia. Encloses General Jubal A. Early's letter to James Lawson Kemper, commenting on its content concerning \"Stonewall\" Jackson's statue dedication relating to the admission of Negroes; emphatically denies Early's accusations of his using the occasion as an \"electioneering carnival\" by allowing the Negroes to participate, and expresses resentment that Early feels he has disgraced \"... the memory of Jackson\" as well as insulting \". . .all Confederates who have any respect for themselves at all\"; tells of his willingness to speak to the Negro leaders, asking them not to attend the procession, so as to keep the peace, but there were overwhelming numbers of applications by them, and he could not. deny them admittance; vehemently defends his actions and decisions, stating that he never believed the Negroes would carry ;\" 15th amendment banners and Lincoln portraits,\" but. that they would \"unite in honor of his name.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5. 11 August 1877. Speech of Gen. W.H. Payne, nominating Gen. Fitzhugh Lee for Governor of Virginia. (copy)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e6. 2 Dec. 1885. Fitzhugh Lee, Evergreen, near Alexandria, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel. Invitation for a visit, and family news. (photocopy)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e7. 21 Sept. 1887. Fitzhugh Lee, Richmond, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Henderson, Kentucky. Will not be able to accept his invitation to visit. (photocopy) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e8. 6 Oct. 1887. Fitzhugh Lee, Richmond, Virginia, to Charles R. Deacon, Secretary of the Clover Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Acknowledges receipt of the Baltimore Sunday News.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Letters written from Lee to Manning Marius Kimmel, a fellow Confederate officer and to other acquaintances concerning former Confederate officers, Reconstruction and Kimmel's experiences fighting as a mercenary with Maximilian in Mexico. Includes letter, 4 November 1875, discussing the participation of Black people in the dedication of the equestrian statue of Stonewall Jackson on Monument Avenue in Richmond and the typescript of the speech, 11 August 1875, made by W. H. Payne when nominating Lee for governor.","1. 12 August 1866. Fitzhugh Lee, Richland Mill, Stafford County Virginia, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Mexico. Discusses farming, politics, news of former Confederate officers. (photocopy)","2. 1 Oct. 1867. Fitzhugh Lee, Garrisonville Post Office, Stafford County, Virginia, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Concerns Colonel Kimmel's fighting in Mexico, farming, and lady friends. (photocopy)","3. 16 Nov. 1869. Fitzhugh Lee, Richland Mill, Stafford County, Virginia, to \"Miss Maggie,\" Cryptic letter alluding to an unknown promise and a possible love affair; also reference to a letter to Charles Minnegerode.","4. 4 Nov. 1875. James Lawson Kemper, Governor, Richmond, Virginia, to General Fitzhugh Lee, Richlands Post Office, Stafford County, Virginia. Encloses General Jubal A. Early's letter to James Lawson Kemper, commenting on its content concerning \"Stonewall\" Jackson's statue dedication relating to the admission of Negroes; emphatically denies Early's accusations of his using the occasion as an \"electioneering carnival\" by allowing the Negroes to participate, and expresses resentment that Early feels he has disgraced \"... the memory of Jackson\" as well as insulting \". . .all Confederates who have any respect for themselves at all\"; tells of his willingness to speak to the Negro leaders, asking them not to attend the procession, so as to keep the peace, but there were overwhelming numbers of applications by them, and he could not. deny them admittance; vehemently defends his actions and decisions, stating that he never believed the Negroes would carry ;\" 15th amendment banners and Lincoln portraits,\" but. that they would \"unite in honor of his name.\"","5. 11 August 1877. Speech of Gen. W.H. Payne, nominating Gen. Fitzhugh Lee for Governor of Virginia. (copy)","6. 2 Dec. 1885. Fitzhugh Lee, Evergreen, near Alexandria, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel. Invitation for a visit, and family news. (photocopy)","7. 21 Sept. 1887. Fitzhugh Lee, Richmond, to Colonel M. M. Kimmel, Henderson, Kentucky. Will not be able to accept his invitation to visit. (photocopy)","8. 6 Oct. 1887. Fitzhugh Lee, Richmond, Virginia, to Charles R. Deacon, Secretary of the Clover Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Acknowledges receipt of the Baltimore Sunday News."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Kimmel, Manning Marius","Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 1832-1867"],"names_coll_ssim":["Kimmel, Manning Marius","Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 1832-1867"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Kimmel, Manning Marius","Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 1832-1867"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:41:50.510Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1714"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2231","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Property Tax Books, 1865/1949","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2231#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection is composed of 69 Property Tax Books and 3 Land Tax Books for James City County, Virginia, 1866-1948, and 42 Property Tax Books and 2 Land Tax Books for Williamsburg, Virginia, 1865-1927.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2231#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2231","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2231","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2231","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2231","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2231.xml","title_filing_ssi":"James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Personal Property Tax Books","title_ssm":["James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Property Tax Books"],"title_tesim":["James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Property Tax Books"],"unitdate_ssm":["1865-1949"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1865-1949"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1865/1949"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Property Tax Books, 1865/1949"],"text":["James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Property Tax Books, 1865/1949","Mss. 68 J23","/repositories/2/resources/2231","Jamestown (Va.)--History--19th century","Jamestown (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","James City County (Va.)--History--20th century","African Americans","African Americans--Virginia--James City County","African Americans--Virginia--James City County--History","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Property tax","Real property tax","James City County (Va.)--History--19th century","Account books","115 volumes","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Divided into James City County and Williamsburg, then chronological order by year.","Shelved in oversize.","Records are also available via microfilm at the Williamsburg-James City County Court House.","This collection is composed of 69 Property Tax Books and 3 Land Tax Books for James City County, Virginia, 1866-1948, and 42 Property Tax Books and 2 Land Tax Books for Williamsburg, Virginia, 1865-1927.","Most years contain two sections within one book:  one section for \"White\" property owners and one section for \"Colored\" property owners.  Many of the James City County records have separate books or are divided into Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House districts.  For the years 1871 to 1875, records are not available for the county as a whole, but rather by the townships listed. Some years have more than one copy, usually the original book, and the corrected version.","Many of the books have crumbling covers and edges, but remain intact.  Most are folded with one or two folds and have been left that way to preserve the crumbling paper.","Missing years: James City County:  1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930 and 1937; Williamsburg:  1892 to 1901, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918 and 1920.","Personal Property Tax Books for James City County, Virginia. 3 Land Tax books: 1866, 1882 and 1886. Missing years are: 1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930 and 1937. 72 books.","6 Books, 1866 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.","9 books, 1871 - 3 books, one each for Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House. 1872 - 1 book, Stone House. 1873 - 3 books, one each for Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House. 1874 - 2 books, one each for Jamestown and Stone House.","7 books. 1875 - 2 books, one each for Jamestown and Stone House.","4 books. 1882 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.","4 books. 1886 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.","4 books. 1912 – 3 books, two are Property Taxes and one is blank.","4 books.1914 – 2 books, both Property Taxes19161917","3 books.","5 books.19281929193119321933","5 books.","5 books.","4 books.","5 books.","Personal Property Tax Books for the City of Williamsburg, Virginia. Two Land Tax books are included for the years 1865 and 1867. Years missing are: 1892 to 1901, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918 and 1920. 43 books.","1865 – 3 books, two are for Property Taxes and one is for Land Taxes. 1866 – 2 books, both for Property Taxes 1867 – 2 books, one for property taxes and one for Town Lots 1868 – 2 books, both for Property Taxes","2 books.","3 books","2 copies","1915 – 2 copies","1925 – 2 books","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Property Tax Books, 1865/1949"],"collection_ssim":["James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Property Tax Books, 1865/1949"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 68 J23","/repositories/2/resources/2231"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 68 J23","/repositories/2/resources/2231"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Jamestown (Va.)--History--19th century","Jamestown (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","James City County (Va.)--History--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Jamestown (Va.)--History--19th century","Jamestown (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","James City County (Va.)--History--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Jamestown (Va.)--History--19th century","Jamestown (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","James City County (Va.)--History--20th century"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","African Americans--Virginia--James City County","African Americans--Virginia--James City County--History","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Property tax","Real property tax","James City County (Va.)--History--19th century","Account books"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","African Americans--Virginia--James City County","African Americans--Virginia--James City County--History","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Property tax","Real property tax","James City County (Va.)--History--19th century","Account books"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["115 volumes"],"extent_ssm":["11.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["11.00 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Account books"],"date_range_isim":[1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDivided into James City County and Williamsburg, then chronological order by year.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eShelved in oversize.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Divided into James City County and Williamsburg, then chronological order by year.","Shelved in oversize."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames City County and Williamsburg City Personal Property Books, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["James City County and Williamsburg City Personal Property Books, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords are also available via microfilm at the Williamsburg-James City County Court House.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Records are also available via microfilm at the Williamsburg-James City County Court House."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is composed of 69 Property Tax Books and 3 Land Tax Books for James City County, Virginia, 1866-1948, and 42 Property Tax Books and 2 Land Tax Books for Williamsburg, Virginia, 1865-1927.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMost years contain two sections within one book:  one section for \"White\" property owners and one section for \"Colored\" property owners.  Many of the James City County records have separate books or are divided into Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House districts.  For the years 1871 to 1875, records are not available for the county as a whole, but rather by the townships listed. Some years have more than one copy, usually the original book, and the corrected version.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMany of the books have crumbling covers and edges, but remain intact.  Most are folded with one or two folds and have been left that way to preserve the crumbling paper.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMissing years: James City County:  1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930 and 1937; Williamsburg:  1892 to 1901, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918 and 1920.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003ePersonal Property Tax Books for James City County, Virginia. 3 Land Tax books: 1866, 1882 and 1886. Missing years are: 1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930 and 1937. 72 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e6 Books, 1866 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e9 books, 1871 - 3 books, one each for Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House. 1872 - 1 book, Stone House. 1873 - 3 books, one each for Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House. 1874 - 2 books, one each for Jamestown and Stone House.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e7 books. 1875 - 2 books, one each for Jamestown and Stone House.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 books. 1882 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 books. 1886 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 books. 1912 – 3 books, two are Property Taxes and one is blank.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 books.1914 – 2 books, both Property Taxes19161917\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 books.19281929193119321933\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePersonal Property Tax Books for the City of Williamsburg, Virginia. Two Land Tax books are included for the years 1865 and 1867. Years missing are: 1892 to 1901, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918 and 1920. 43 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1865 – 3 books, two are for Property Taxes and one is for Land Taxes. 1866 – 2 books, both for Property Taxes 1867 – 2 books, one for property taxes and one for Town Lots 1868 – 2 books, both for Property Taxes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 books\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 copies\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1915 – 2 copies\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1925 – 2 books\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is composed of 69 Property Tax Books and 3 Land Tax Books for James City County, Virginia, 1866-1948, and 42 Property Tax Books and 2 Land Tax Books for Williamsburg, Virginia, 1865-1927.","Most years contain two sections within one book:  one section for \"White\" property owners and one section for \"Colored\" property owners.  Many of the James City County records have separate books or are divided into Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House districts.  For the years 1871 to 1875, records are not available for the county as a whole, but rather by the townships listed. Some years have more than one copy, usually the original book, and the corrected version.","Many of the books have crumbling covers and edges, but remain intact.  Most are folded with one or two folds and have been left that way to preserve the crumbling paper.","Missing years: James City County:  1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930 and 1937; Williamsburg:  1892 to 1901, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918 and 1920.","Personal Property Tax Books for James City County, Virginia. 3 Land Tax books: 1866, 1882 and 1886. Missing years are: 1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930 and 1937. 72 books.","6 Books, 1866 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.","9 books, 1871 - 3 books, one each for Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House. 1872 - 1 book, Stone House. 1873 - 3 books, one each for Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House. 1874 - 2 books, one each for Jamestown and Stone House.","7 books. 1875 - 2 books, one each for Jamestown and Stone House.","4 books. 1882 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.","4 books. 1886 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.","4 books. 1912 – 3 books, two are Property Taxes and one is blank.","4 books.1914 – 2 books, both Property Taxes19161917","3 books.","5 books.19281929193119321933","5 books.","5 books.","4 books.","5 books.","Personal Property Tax Books for the City of Williamsburg, Virginia. Two Land Tax books are included for the years 1865 and 1867. Years missing are: 1892 to 1901, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918 and 1920. 43 books.","1865 – 3 books, two are for Property Taxes and one is for Land Taxes. 1866 – 2 books, both for Property Taxes 1867 – 2 books, one for property taxes and one for Town Lots 1868 – 2 books, both for Property Taxes","2 books.","3 books","2 copies","1915 – 2 copies","1925 – 2 books"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":32,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:42:20.276Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2231","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2231","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2231","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2231","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2231.xml","title_filing_ssi":"James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Personal Property Tax Books","title_ssm":["James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Property Tax Books"],"title_tesim":["James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Property Tax Books"],"unitdate_ssm":["1865-1949"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1865-1949"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1865/1949"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Property Tax Books, 1865/1949"],"text":["James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Property Tax Books, 1865/1949","Mss. 68 J23","/repositories/2/resources/2231","Jamestown (Va.)--History--19th century","Jamestown (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","James City County (Va.)--History--20th century","African Americans","African Americans--Virginia--James City County","African Americans--Virginia--James City County--History","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Property tax","Real property tax","James City County (Va.)--History--19th century","Account books","115 volumes","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Divided into James City County and Williamsburg, then chronological order by year.","Shelved in oversize.","Records are also available via microfilm at the Williamsburg-James City County Court House.","This collection is composed of 69 Property Tax Books and 3 Land Tax Books for James City County, Virginia, 1866-1948, and 42 Property Tax Books and 2 Land Tax Books for Williamsburg, Virginia, 1865-1927.","Most years contain two sections within one book:  one section for \"White\" property owners and one section for \"Colored\" property owners.  Many of the James City County records have separate books or are divided into Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House districts.  For the years 1871 to 1875, records are not available for the county as a whole, but rather by the townships listed. Some years have more than one copy, usually the original book, and the corrected version.","Many of the books have crumbling covers and edges, but remain intact.  Most are folded with one or two folds and have been left that way to preserve the crumbling paper.","Missing years: James City County:  1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930 and 1937; Williamsburg:  1892 to 1901, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918 and 1920.","Personal Property Tax Books for James City County, Virginia. 3 Land Tax books: 1866, 1882 and 1886. Missing years are: 1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930 and 1937. 72 books.","6 Books, 1866 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.","9 books, 1871 - 3 books, one each for Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House. 1872 - 1 book, Stone House. 1873 - 3 books, one each for Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House. 1874 - 2 books, one each for Jamestown and Stone House.","7 books. 1875 - 2 books, one each for Jamestown and Stone House.","4 books. 1882 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.","4 books. 1886 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.","4 books. 1912 – 3 books, two are Property Taxes and one is blank.","4 books.1914 – 2 books, both Property Taxes19161917","3 books.","5 books.19281929193119321933","5 books.","5 books.","4 books.","5 books.","Personal Property Tax Books for the City of Williamsburg, Virginia. Two Land Tax books are included for the years 1865 and 1867. Years missing are: 1892 to 1901, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918 and 1920. 43 books.","1865 – 3 books, two are for Property Taxes and one is for Land Taxes. 1866 – 2 books, both for Property Taxes 1867 – 2 books, one for property taxes and one for Town Lots 1868 – 2 books, both for Property Taxes","2 books.","3 books","2 copies","1915 – 2 copies","1925 – 2 books","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Property Tax Books, 1865/1949"],"collection_ssim":["James City County and City of Williamsburg Personal Property Tax Books, 1865/1949"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 68 J23","/repositories/2/resources/2231"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 68 J23","/repositories/2/resources/2231"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Jamestown (Va.)--History--19th century","Jamestown (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","James City County (Va.)--History--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Jamestown (Va.)--History--19th century","Jamestown (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","James City County (Va.)--History--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Jamestown (Va.)--History--19th century","Jamestown (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","James City County (Va.)--History--20th century"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","African Americans--Virginia--James City County","African Americans--Virginia--James City County--History","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Property tax","Real property tax","James City County (Va.)--History--19th century","Account books"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","African Americans--Virginia--James City County","African Americans--Virginia--James City County--History","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Property tax","Real property tax","James City County (Va.)--History--19th century","Account books"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["115 volumes"],"extent_ssm":["11.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["11.00 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Account books"],"date_range_isim":[1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDivided into James City County and Williamsburg, then chronological order by year.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eShelved in oversize.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Divided into James City County and Williamsburg, then chronological order by year.","Shelved in oversize."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames City County and Williamsburg City Personal Property Books, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["James City County and Williamsburg City Personal Property Books, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords are also available via microfilm at the Williamsburg-James City County Court House.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Records are also available via microfilm at the Williamsburg-James City County Court House."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is composed of 69 Property Tax Books and 3 Land Tax Books for James City County, Virginia, 1866-1948, and 42 Property Tax Books and 2 Land Tax Books for Williamsburg, Virginia, 1865-1927.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMost years contain two sections within one book:  one section for \"White\" property owners and one section for \"Colored\" property owners.  Many of the James City County records have separate books or are divided into Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House districts.  For the years 1871 to 1875, records are not available for the county as a whole, but rather by the townships listed. Some years have more than one copy, usually the original book, and the corrected version.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMany of the books have crumbling covers and edges, but remain intact.  Most are folded with one or two folds and have been left that way to preserve the crumbling paper.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMissing years: James City County:  1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930 and 1937; Williamsburg:  1892 to 1901, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918 and 1920.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003ePersonal Property Tax Books for James City County, Virginia. 3 Land Tax books: 1866, 1882 and 1886. Missing years are: 1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930 and 1937. 72 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e6 Books, 1866 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e9 books, 1871 - 3 books, one each for Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House. 1872 - 1 book, Stone House. 1873 - 3 books, one each for Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House. 1874 - 2 books, one each for Jamestown and Stone House.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e7 books. 1875 - 2 books, one each for Jamestown and Stone House.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 books. 1882 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 books. 1886 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 books. 1912 – 3 books, two are Property Taxes and one is blank.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 books.1914 – 2 books, both Property Taxes19161917\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 books.19281929193119321933\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePersonal Property Tax Books for the City of Williamsburg, Virginia. Two Land Tax books are included for the years 1865 and 1867. Years missing are: 1892 to 1901, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918 and 1920. 43 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1865 – 3 books, two are for Property Taxes and one is for Land Taxes. 1866 – 2 books, both for Property Taxes 1867 – 2 books, one for property taxes and one for Town Lots 1868 – 2 books, both for Property Taxes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 books\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 copies\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1915 – 2 copies\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1925 – 2 books\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is composed of 69 Property Tax Books and 3 Land Tax Books for James City County, Virginia, 1866-1948, and 42 Property Tax Books and 2 Land Tax Books for Williamsburg, Virginia, 1865-1927.","Most years contain two sections within one book:  one section for \"White\" property owners and one section for \"Colored\" property owners.  Many of the James City County records have separate books or are divided into Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House districts.  For the years 1871 to 1875, records are not available for the county as a whole, but rather by the townships listed. Some years have more than one copy, usually the original book, and the corrected version.","Many of the books have crumbling covers and edges, but remain intact.  Most are folded with one or two folds and have been left that way to preserve the crumbling paper.","Missing years: James City County:  1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930 and 1937; Williamsburg:  1892 to 1901, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918 and 1920.","Personal Property Tax Books for James City County, Virginia. 3 Land Tax books: 1866, 1882 and 1886. Missing years are: 1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930 and 1937. 72 books.","6 Books, 1866 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.","9 books, 1871 - 3 books, one each for Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House. 1872 - 1 book, Stone House. 1873 - 3 books, one each for Powhatan, Jamestown and Stone House. 1874 - 2 books, one each for Jamestown and Stone House.","7 books. 1875 - 2 books, one each for Jamestown and Stone House.","4 books. 1882 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.","4 books. 1886 - 2 books, one each for Property Taxes and Land Taxes.","4 books. 1912 – 3 books, two are Property Taxes and one is blank.","4 books.1914 – 2 books, both Property Taxes19161917","3 books.","5 books.19281929193119321933","5 books.","5 books.","4 books.","5 books.","Personal Property Tax Books for the City of Williamsburg, Virginia. Two Land Tax books are included for the years 1865 and 1867. Years missing are: 1892 to 1901, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918 and 1920. 43 books.","1865 – 3 books, two are for Property Taxes and one is for Land Taxes. 1866 – 2 books, both for Property Taxes 1867 – 2 books, one for property taxes and one for Town Lots 1868 – 2 books, both for Property Taxes","2 books.","3 books","2 copies","1915 – 2 copies","1925 – 2 books"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":32,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:42:20.276Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2231"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9567","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"John Newton Bell Papers, 1841/1882","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9567#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe John Newton Bell papers includes personal and professional correspondence from relatives, business associates and religious figures throughout Virginia and the greater Appalachia. Letters document subject areas including the Civil War, the hospitalization of women in mental health facilities, agricultural issues, and religious matters related to the Presbyterian Church.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9567#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9567","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9567","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9567","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9567","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9567.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Bell, John Newton Papers","title_ssm":["John Newton Bell Papers"],"title_tesim":["John Newton Bell Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1841-1882"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1841-1882"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1841/1882"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John Newton Bell Papers, 1841/1882"],"text":["John Newton Bell Papers, 1841/1882","MS 00345","/repositories/2/resources/9567","Winchester (Va.)--History--19th century","Presbyterian Church--Virginia","Merchants","American Civil War, 1861-1865","African Americans","Mental illness--Treatment--History","The collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","The John Newton Bell Collection is organized in one series: Series I. Correspondence 1841-1882.","John Newton Bell (1810-1890) was a merchant, elder and treasurer in the Presbyterian church of Winchester, served as superintendent of the Kent Street Sunday school and conducted a Sunday school to African Americans. Bell had two sons who fought for the confederacy during the Civil War. One son, Robert Sherrard Bell was killed in action at Brandy station on November 7, 1863. John Newton Bell was taken as prisoner by the Union army and held at Fort McHenry. At the height of his career, John Newton Bell ran one of the largest mercantile businesses in Winchester, Virginia.","The collection received container level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions and acquisitions to the collection.","The John Newton Bell papers includes personal and professional correspondence from relatives, business associates and religious figures throughout Virginia and the greater Appalachia. Letters document subject areas including the Civil War, the hospitalization of women in mental health facilities, agricultural issues, and religious matters related to the Presbyterian Church.","This series is arranged in chronological order.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["John Newton Bell Papers, 1841/1882"],"collection_ssim":["John Newton Bell Papers, 1841/1882"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00345","/repositories/2/resources/9567"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00345","/repositories/2/resources/9567"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Winchester (Va.)--History--19th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Winchester (Va.)--History--19th century"],"places_ssim":["Winchester (Va.)--History--19th century"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased with the assistance of the Nelle Richardson Tonkin Fund."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Presbyterian Church--Virginia","Merchants","American Civil War, 1861-1865","African Americans","Mental illness--Treatment--History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Presbyterian Church--Virginia","Merchants","American Civil War, 1861-1865","African Americans","Mental illness--Treatment--History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".417 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":[".417 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John Newton Bell Collection is organized in one series: Series I. Correspondence 1841-1882.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The John Newton Bell Collection is organized in one series: Series I. Correspondence 1841-1882."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Newton Bell (1810-1890) was a merchant, elder and treasurer in the Presbyterian church of Winchester, served as superintendent of the Kent Street Sunday school and conducted a Sunday school to African Americans. Bell had two sons who fought for the confederacy during the Civil War. One son, Robert Sherrard Bell was killed in action at Brandy station on November 7, 1863. John Newton Bell was taken as prisoner by the Union army and held at Fort McHenry. At the height of his career, John Newton Bell ran one of the largest mercantile businesses in Winchester, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Newton Bell (1810-1890) was a merchant, elder and treasurer in the Presbyterian church of Winchester, served as superintendent of the Kent Street Sunday school and conducted a Sunday school to African Americans. Bell had two sons who fought for the confederacy during the Civil War. One son, Robert Sherrard Bell was killed in action at Brandy station on November 7, 1863. John Newton Bell was taken as prisoner by the Union army and held at Fort McHenry. At the height of his career, John Newton Bell ran one of the largest mercantile businesses in Winchester, Virginia."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Newton Bell papers, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["John Newton Bell papers, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection received container level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions and acquisitions to the collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The collection received container level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions and acquisitions to the collection."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John Newton Bell papers includes personal and professional correspondence from relatives, business associates and religious figures throughout Virginia and the greater Appalachia. Letters document subject areas including the Civil War, the hospitalization of women in mental health facilities, agricultural issues, and religious matters related to the Presbyterian Church.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis series is arranged in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The John Newton Bell papers includes personal and professional correspondence from relatives, business associates and religious figures throughout Virginia and the greater Appalachia. Letters document subject areas including the Civil War, the hospitalization of women in mental health facilities, agricultural issues, and religious matters related to the Presbyterian Church.","This series is arranged in chronological order."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:49:58.131Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9567","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9567","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9567","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9567","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9567.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Bell, John Newton Papers","title_ssm":["John Newton Bell Papers"],"title_tesim":["John Newton Bell Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1841-1882"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1841-1882"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1841/1882"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John Newton Bell Papers, 1841/1882"],"text":["John Newton Bell Papers, 1841/1882","MS 00345","/repositories/2/resources/9567","Winchester (Va.)--History--19th century","Presbyterian Church--Virginia","Merchants","American Civil War, 1861-1865","African Americans","Mental illness--Treatment--History","The collection is open to all researchers. 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Correspondence 1841-1882.","John Newton Bell (1810-1890) was a merchant, elder and treasurer in the Presbyterian church of Winchester, served as superintendent of the Kent Street Sunday school and conducted a Sunday school to African Americans. Bell had two sons who fought for the confederacy during the Civil War. One son, Robert Sherrard Bell was killed in action at Brandy station on November 7, 1863. John Newton Bell was taken as prisoner by the Union army and held at Fort McHenry. At the height of his career, John Newton Bell ran one of the largest mercantile businesses in Winchester, Virginia.","The collection received container level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions and acquisitions to the collection.","The John Newton Bell papers includes personal and professional correspondence from relatives, business associates and religious figures throughout Virginia and the greater Appalachia. Letters document subject areas including the Civil War, the hospitalization of women in mental health facilities, agricultural issues, and religious matters related to the Presbyterian Church.","This series is arranged in chronological order.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["John Newton Bell Papers, 1841/1882"],"collection_ssim":["John Newton Bell Papers, 1841/1882"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00345","/repositories/2/resources/9567"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00345","/repositories/2/resources/9567"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Winchester (Va.)--History--19th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Winchester (Va.)--History--19th century"],"places_ssim":["Winchester (Va.)--History--19th century"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased with the assistance of the Nelle Richardson Tonkin Fund."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Presbyterian Church--Virginia","Merchants","American Civil War, 1861-1865","African Americans","Mental illness--Treatment--History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Presbyterian Church--Virginia","Merchants","American Civil War, 1861-1865","African Americans","Mental illness--Treatment--History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".417 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":[".417 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to all researchers. 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Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John Newton Bell Collection is organized in one series: Series I. Correspondence 1841-1882.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The John Newton Bell Collection is organized in one series: Series I. Correspondence 1841-1882."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Newton Bell (1810-1890) was a merchant, elder and treasurer in the Presbyterian church of Winchester, served as superintendent of the Kent Street Sunday school and conducted a Sunday school to African Americans. Bell had two sons who fought for the confederacy during the Civil War. One son, Robert Sherrard Bell was killed in action at Brandy station on November 7, 1863. John Newton Bell was taken as prisoner by the Union army and held at Fort McHenry. At the height of his career, John Newton Bell ran one of the largest mercantile businesses in Winchester, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Newton Bell (1810-1890) was a merchant, elder and treasurer in the Presbyterian church of Winchester, served as superintendent of the Kent Street Sunday school and conducted a Sunday school to African Americans. Bell had two sons who fought for the confederacy during the Civil War. One son, Robert Sherrard Bell was killed in action at Brandy station on November 7, 1863. John Newton Bell was taken as prisoner by the Union army and held at Fort McHenry. At the height of his career, John Newton Bell ran one of the largest mercantile businesses in Winchester, Virginia."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Newton Bell papers, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["John Newton Bell papers, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection received container level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions and acquisitions to the collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The collection received container level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions and acquisitions to the collection."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John Newton Bell papers includes personal and professional correspondence from relatives, business associates and religious figures throughout Virginia and the greater Appalachia. Letters document subject areas including the Civil War, the hospitalization of women in mental health facilities, agricultural issues, and religious matters related to the Presbyterian Church.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis series is arranged in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The John Newton Bell papers includes personal and professional correspondence from relatives, business associates and religious figures throughout Virginia and the greater Appalachia. Letters document subject areas including the Civil War, the hospitalization of women in mental health facilities, agricultural issues, and religious matters related to the Presbyterian Church.","This series is arranged in chronological order."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:49:58.131Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9567"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2421.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/196487","title_ssm":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers"],"title_tesim":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1861-1913","1863-1864"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1861-1913"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1863-1864"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"text":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864","A\u0026M 0092","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2421","Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States. Army -- African American troops","African American soldiers -- History -- 19th century","African American soldiers","African Americans","Civil War -- Soldiers, Black","Civil War --  MA 54th. Vol. Inf.","Civil War - Massachusetts 54th Volunteers.","Fortification","Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864","Secessionville, Battle of, Secessionville, S.C., 1862","No special access restriction applies.","John W. M. Appleton was born in Massachusetts in 1833. In the early years of the Civil War he served in the Boston Cadet Corps on guard and escort duty and then on garrison duty at the Boston Harbor. In early 1863, Appleton was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed one of the first officers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers. Appleton survived the unit's unsuccessful assault at Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863, but sustained wounds that kept him out of service for several months. In late November 1863, Appleton was appointed acting assistant inspector for the brigade, and in December he was promoted to major. Appleton suffered from severe sunstroke while on duty at James Island, South Carolina, in July 1864. Complications from his illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered sufficiently to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He served with the unit at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, until the close of the war and mustered out of service in August 1865.","Major Appleton, his wife, Mary, and his young daughter, Mabel, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, when the Civil War ended. Appleton managed an artificial gas plant and later operated a woolen and grist mill. He also remained active in the military through the West Virginia Militia and National Guard and as adjutant general of West Virginia from 1897 to 1901. From 1886 to 1913, Appleton managed the Salt Sulphur Springs Resort in Monroe County. John W. M. Appleton died on his farm in Monroe County, West Virginia, in 1913.","John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Complications from an illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered enough to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Major Appleton and his family moved to West Virginia when the war ended, where he was active in a variety of business pursuits and remained active in the military, attaining the position of adjutant general of West Virginia.","Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records (series 2, 3, and 4), and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this African American regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters.","Significant topics documented by series 2, 3, and 4 include:","the geography and military installations around Charleston, South Carolina;\nthe assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in and around Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863;\nthe fatigue work, picket duty, and daily life of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry; and\nthe Battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864.","Also included in the collection are family materials and business papers (series 1 and 5). The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills.","Series 1. Family Materials, box 1 and box 4, unfoldered.","Family materials include genealogical charts and two books: Memoir of Hon. William Appleton Prepared Agreeably to a Resolution of the Massachusetts Historical Society, by Rev. Chandler Robbins (Boston: Printed by J. Wilson and Son, 1863), and Memorial of Samuel Appleton of Ipswich, Massachusetts: With Genealogical Notices of Some of His Descendants, by Isaac Appleton Jewett (Boston: [publisher not identified], 1850), with signature of John W.M. Appleton inscribed. Also includes an oversize family tree (box 4, loose).","Series 2. Correspondence, box 2.","Appleton's personal correspondence includes a ledger of approximately 106 Civil War era letters, primarily written to his wife, dated April 1863 - March 1864. The letters are similar to the memoir, although they do contain some different material. Along with the letter book are seven loose letters, mostly from March 1863, one letter from February 1864, and a program for a Marine Corps band concert directed by John Phillip Sousa.","Major topics of the letters include:","Fort Wagner Assault -- Highlights include a letter written on July 18, 1863, the day of the assault, while Appleton and the 54th Massachusetts waited to attack Fort Wagner. Writing to his wife, Appleton describes the shelling and bombardment before the attack and troop positions for the attack. He also writes his goodbyes to his family. An addition at the bottom of the letter, written shortly after the assault ended, describes early details about the dead and wounded. Appleton was injured in the attack, and in his letter dated July 23, 1863, he assures his family that he is alright, although wounded. These letters are not included in the memoir.","Fortifications and Military Actions -- Includes sketches and descriptions of fortifications and military actions on Folly's Island, Morris Island, and James Island, South Carolina. Also includes sketches, description of fight, and map of the battle at the Battle of Secessionville, SC. Siege of Charleston (fall 1863 and winter 1863/1864) descriptions include information about attacks and garrison duty throughout siege, bombardments of fortifications, and a sketch of Charleston Harbor and Fort Sumter from boat. Additionally, Appleton details the 1863 raids along the Georgia and South Carolina sea cost, and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864, including sketches and descriptions of engagements and camps.","Additional Topics Include -- Racial issues, soldier life, camp life, troop morale, Appleton's promotion to Major, and expeditions and raids against southern towns and plantations. Racial issues include United States Colored Troops (USCT), black soldiers, and contraband slaves. Descriptions of officers' camp life include descriptions of tents, cabins, religious activities, drilling, food, holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), firing squad, and funerals. Appleton's promotion to Major is documented by a letter of recommendation, among other material.","Series 3. Memoir, boxes 3a-3b.","Box 3a contains John W.M. Appleton's memoir ledger, which begins with a few letters, then transitions to a memoir which is written in the style of a journal. The memoir describes his service from 1863 to 1865 based on his wartime letters, but he frequently expanded on his descriptions of military activities and events, particularly for operations at Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, and near Jacksonville, Florida, during the Battle of Olustee. The memoir also contains excerpts from many of his wartime letters. Additional topics include fatigue work, picket duty, artillery bombardments, desertion, executions, his daily activities and camp life, staff officers and the men in his company, issues related to being a black regiment, including payroll inequality, serving with USCT units in Florida, the reaction to black troops, and his sunstroke and convalescence in a Hilton Head hospital in July 1864.","The memoir includes loose items and items glued to the pages, including photographs of officers and soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry and of the Appleton family. There are also newspaper clippings, letters, and other correspondence and materials related to the Civil War. Notable among these insertions are two issues of the soldier newspaper The Swamp Angel. A microfilm copy of the memoirs is available. See index below for a listing by page number of these loose and attached items found within the memoir ledger. It includes the names of those shown in photographs. The index also identifies, with the designation \"no page no.\", four loose items whose original location has been lost.","Box 3b contains a framed black and white photograph of Sergeant Major John Wilson, a member of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. This photograph was originally a loose item in the memoir in box 3a.","Series 4. Military Records, box 4.","Appleton's military records include a bound book of military service records, as well as photographs, commissions, and other materials.","The bound book of military service records of John W.M. Appleton includes his discharge papers; a photograph of Appleton in uniform, which is glued to the discharge papers; commissions for his service with the 54th Massachusetts, including Second Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; commission as Major of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery; muster out rolls; and appointment as West Virginia Adjutant General. Also contains newspaper clippings about the 54th Massachusetts and Civil War. Loose items from the bound book include officer commission paperwork; a Shaw Memorial postcard; an obituary clippings for Appleton; and newspaper clippings about 54th Massachusetts and USCTs, Fort Wagner, Florida battles, Charleston siege, and the death of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.","Photographs include a card mounted photo of Fort Warren, Boston, Massachusetts, ca. 1863, and a photo of Major John W.M. Appleton in 1864.","Also includes two oversize commissions, for quartermaster general and adjutant general.","Series 5. Business Papers, box 5a-5b.","Business papers contain a ledger from Oriental Powder Mills(box 5a). Appleton was an agent of the Oriental Powder Mill, located in Boston, MA, and Charleston, WV. The ledger includes correspondence and records concerning the mill and business transactions, mostly concerning the buying and selling of powder, during the 1870s. This series also includes another ledger containing Trustees Report on Estates of Dr. John Appleton (alternately known as Record Book of Dr. John Appleton of Cambridge, MA kept by his son, John W.M. Appleton, 1875-1912) (box 5b).","Index to loose and attached items in the memoir (Series 3, box 3a):\nPage 0; carte de visite photo, Private John Appleton, 1862\nPage 3; 3 carte de visite photos, Mrs. Appleton, Captain J.M. Appleton, N.P. Hallowell\nPage 7; 3 letters \nPage 9; 2 carte de visite photos, Colonel Robert G. Shaw, Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone\nPage 30; clipping\nPage 43; clipping (loose), illustration of defenses of Charleston\nPage 49; carte de visite photo, Captain Russell \nPage 51; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Sam Willard (Mann), Captain Simpkins\nPage 53; tintype photo of USCT soldier (contains information on back, but difficult to read due to attachment to memoir book)\nPage 55; clipping; 2 carte de visite photos, Adjutant G.W. James, structure\nPage 57; clipping; carte de visite photo, Colonel Robert G. Shaw\nPage 59; 2 clippings (fragile)\nPage 61; sketch; carte de visite photo, Captain George Pope\nPage 63; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Edward N. Jones, Lieutenant Edward B. Emerson\nPage 65; clipping\nPage 69; photo of hospital; carte de visite photo, Captain Luis Emilio\nPage 72; carte de visite photo, William Hallowell; map\nPage 73; 3 carte de visite photos, Sergeant Carney with flag, Drummer Henry Munroe, Drummer Miles Moore\nPage 74-79; clippings\nPage 81; clipping about Colonel Robert G. Shaw (loose)\nPage 83; carte de visite photo, Appleton Sturgis\nPage 87; 3 clippings (loose)\nPage 89; clipping\nPage 91; clipping; typescript listing of food rations\nPage 95; clipping\nPage 103; clipping\nPage 104; stereoview photo, Ruins of Cathedral Broad Street\nPage 105; 2 carte de visite photos, John Ritchie, C.A. Brigham\nPage 111; carte de visite photo, [William] Willie Homans; clipping of tent\nPage 113; carte de visite photo, Charles G. Chipman\nPage 127; clipping of song lyrics about colored troops\nPage 135; sketch of bomb proof\nPage 143; carte de visite photo, Willard Howard\nPage 144; carte de visite photo, Giles M. Pease\nPage 147; sketch of 54th Massachusetts regimental flag; carte de visite photo, E.N. Hallowell\nPage 149; typescript (loose)\nPage 159; Civil War era note; tintype photo, possibly of R.H.L. Jewett\nPage 161; photo of Jacksonville, Florida during Civil War\nPage 179; carte de visite photo of unidentified officer\nPage 181; carte de visite photo, Henry W. Litchfield\nPage 183; photo of signal tower in Jacksonville, Florida\nPage 187; typescript of Olustee, Florida battle casualties (loose)\nPage 219; sketch of 54th Massachusetts camp at Morris Island, 1864\nPage 223; typescript of General Order; carte de visite photo, Robert Newell\nPage 225; carte de visite photo, Fort Sumter; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 19, 1864 issue); manuscript note (loose)\nPage 227; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Tucker; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 228; carte de visite photo, Captain Homans; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 231; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 26, 1864 issue)\nPage 232; stereoview photo, interior of Fort Sumter\nPage 235; carte de visite photo, W.W. Bridge\nPage 237; photo of cannon and crew\nPage 239; clipping about Charles L. Chandler death\nPage 243; carte de visite photo, Tom Appleton\nPage 253; 3 carte de visite photos, Major John Appleton (2 of the photos are loose)\nPage 257; carte de visite photo, Lieutenant Fred Webster\nPage 261; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Briggs [Brigges] (loose)\nPage 265; 2 carte de visite photos, Lieutenant Rogers, Charles Hallett; photo of Port Royal House in Hilton Head, SC\nPage 267; clipping\nPage 269; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 274-280; clippings\nPage 281; typescript of letter written by Mary R. Appleton about USCT\nPage 282; clipping\nPage 284; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 285; General Order No. 50 for raising flag over Fort Sumter in 1865\nPage 286-end; clippings about 54th Massachusetts soldiers, casualties and death during the Civil War\nNo Page No.; letter from George Pope (Oct. 17, 1896)\nNo Page No.; clippings about the Battle of Olustee (1912)\nNo Page No.; clipping - \"The Civil War Fifty Years Ago\" (1913)\nNo Page No.; Report of Frank Fletcher, showing condition of company after Wagner","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops","Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick.","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"collection_ssim":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0092","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2421"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0092","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2421"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"geogname_ssim":["Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"places_ssim":["Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"creator_ssm":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913"],"creator_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops"],"creators_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick.","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["United States. Army -- African American troops","African American soldiers -- History -- 19th century","African American soldiers","African Americans","Civil War -- Soldiers, Black","Civil War --  MA 54th. Vol. Inf.","Civil War - Massachusetts 54th Volunteers.","Fortification","Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864","Secessionville, Battle of, Secessionville, S.C., 1862"],"access_subjects_ssm":["United States. Army -- African American troops","African American soldiers -- History -- 19th century","African American soldiers","African Americans","Civil War -- Soldiers, Black","Civil War --  MA 54th. Vol. Inf.","Civil War - Massachusetts 54th Volunteers.","Fortification","Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864","Secessionville, Battle of, Secessionville, S.C., 1862"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.98 Linear Feet Summary: 1 ft. 11 3/4 in. (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.); (4 flat storage boxes, 3 in.); (1 flat storage box, 4 in.); (1 flat storage box, 3 1/2 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["1.98 Linear Feet Summary: 1 ft. 11 3/4 in. (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.); (4 flat storage boxes, 3 in.); (1 flat storage box, 4 in.); (1 flat storage box, 3 1/2 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn W. M. Appleton was born in Massachusetts in 1833. In the early years of the Civil War he served in the Boston Cadet Corps on guard and escort duty and then on garrison duty at the Boston Harbor. In early 1863, Appleton was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed one of the first officers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers. Appleton survived the unit's unsuccessful assault at Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863, but sustained wounds that kept him out of service for several months. In late November 1863, Appleton was appointed acting assistant inspector for the brigade, and in December he was promoted to major. Appleton suffered from severe sunstroke while on duty at James Island, South Carolina, in July 1864. Complications from his illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered sufficiently to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He served with the unit at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, until the close of the war and mustered out of service in August 1865. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMajor Appleton, his wife, Mary, and his young daughter, Mabel, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, when the Civil War ended. Appleton managed an artificial gas plant and later operated a woolen and grist mill. He also remained active in the military through the West Virginia Militia and National Guard and as adjutant general of West Virginia from 1897 to 1901. From 1886 to 1913, Appleton managed the Salt Sulphur Springs Resort in Monroe County. John W. M. Appleton died on his farm in Monroe County, West Virginia, in 1913.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John W. M. Appleton was born in Massachusetts in 1833. In the early years of the Civil War he served in the Boston Cadet Corps on guard and escort duty and then on garrison duty at the Boston Harbor. In early 1863, Appleton was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed one of the first officers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers. Appleton survived the unit's unsuccessful assault at Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863, but sustained wounds that kept him out of service for several months. In late November 1863, Appleton was appointed acting assistant inspector for the brigade, and in December he was promoted to major. Appleton suffered from severe sunstroke while on duty at James Island, South Carolina, in July 1864. Complications from his illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered sufficiently to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He served with the unit at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, until the close of the war and mustered out of service in August 1865.","Major Appleton, his wife, Mary, and his young daughter, Mabel, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, when the Civil War ended. Appleton managed an artificial gas plant and later operated a woolen and grist mill. He also remained active in the military through the West Virginia Militia and National Guard and as adjutant general of West Virginia from 1897 to 1901. From 1886 to 1913, Appleton managed the Salt Sulphur Springs Resort in Monroe County. John W. M. Appleton died on his farm in Monroe County, West Virginia, in 1913."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, A\u0026amp;M 0092, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, A\u0026M 0092, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Complications from an illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered enough to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Major Appleton and his family moved to West Virginia when the war ended, where he was active in a variety of business pursuits and remained active in the military, attaining the position of adjutant general of West Virginia.","Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records (series 2, 3, and 4), and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this African American regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters.","Significant topics documented by series 2, 3, and 4 include:","the geography and military installations around Charleston, South Carolina;\nthe assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in and around Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863;\nthe fatigue work, picket duty, and daily life of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry; and\nthe Battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864.","Also included in the collection are family materials and business papers (series 1 and 5). The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills.","Series 1. Family Materials, box 1 and box 4, unfoldered.","Family materials include genealogical charts and two books: Memoir of Hon. William Appleton Prepared Agreeably to a Resolution of the Massachusetts Historical Society, by Rev. Chandler Robbins (Boston: Printed by J. Wilson and Son, 1863), and Memorial of Samuel Appleton of Ipswich, Massachusetts: With Genealogical Notices of Some of His Descendants, by Isaac Appleton Jewett (Boston: [publisher not identified], 1850), with signature of John W.M. Appleton inscribed. Also includes an oversize family tree (box 4, loose).","Series 2. Correspondence, box 2.","Appleton's personal correspondence includes a ledger of approximately 106 Civil War era letters, primarily written to his wife, dated April 1863 - March 1864. The letters are similar to the memoir, although they do contain some different material. Along with the letter book are seven loose letters, mostly from March 1863, one letter from February 1864, and a program for a Marine Corps band concert directed by John Phillip Sousa.","Major topics of the letters include:","Fort Wagner Assault -- Highlights include a letter written on July 18, 1863, the day of the assault, while Appleton and the 54th Massachusetts waited to attack Fort Wagner. Writing to his wife, Appleton describes the shelling and bombardment before the attack and troop positions for the attack. He also writes his goodbyes to his family. An addition at the bottom of the letter, written shortly after the assault ended, describes early details about the dead and wounded. Appleton was injured in the attack, and in his letter dated July 23, 1863, he assures his family that he is alright, although wounded. These letters are not included in the memoir.","Fortifications and Military Actions -- Includes sketches and descriptions of fortifications and military actions on Folly's Island, Morris Island, and James Island, South Carolina. Also includes sketches, description of fight, and map of the battle at the Battle of Secessionville, SC. Siege of Charleston (fall 1863 and winter 1863/1864) descriptions include information about attacks and garrison duty throughout siege, bombardments of fortifications, and a sketch of Charleston Harbor and Fort Sumter from boat. Additionally, Appleton details the 1863 raids along the Georgia and South Carolina sea cost, and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864, including sketches and descriptions of engagements and camps.","Additional Topics Include -- Racial issues, soldier life, camp life, troop morale, Appleton's promotion to Major, and expeditions and raids against southern towns and plantations. Racial issues include United States Colored Troops (USCT), black soldiers, and contraband slaves. Descriptions of officers' camp life include descriptions of tents, cabins, religious activities, drilling, food, holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), firing squad, and funerals. Appleton's promotion to Major is documented by a letter of recommendation, among other material.","Series 3. Memoir, boxes 3a-3b.","Box 3a contains John W.M. Appleton's memoir ledger, which begins with a few letters, then transitions to a memoir which is written in the style of a journal. The memoir describes his service from 1863 to 1865 based on his wartime letters, but he frequently expanded on his descriptions of military activities and events, particularly for operations at Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, and near Jacksonville, Florida, during the Battle of Olustee. The memoir also contains excerpts from many of his wartime letters. Additional topics include fatigue work, picket duty, artillery bombardments, desertion, executions, his daily activities and camp life, staff officers and the men in his company, issues related to being a black regiment, including payroll inequality, serving with USCT units in Florida, the reaction to black troops, and his sunstroke and convalescence in a Hilton Head hospital in July 1864.","The memoir includes loose items and items glued to the pages, including photographs of officers and soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry and of the Appleton family. There are also newspaper clippings, letters, and other correspondence and materials related to the Civil War. Notable among these insertions are two issues of the soldier newspaper The Swamp Angel. A microfilm copy of the memoirs is available. See index below for a listing by page number of these loose and attached items found within the memoir ledger. It includes the names of those shown in photographs. The index also identifies, with the designation \"no page no.\", four loose items whose original location has been lost.","Box 3b contains a framed black and white photograph of Sergeant Major John Wilson, a member of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. This photograph was originally a loose item in the memoir in box 3a.","Series 4. Military Records, box 4.","Appleton's military records include a bound book of military service records, as well as photographs, commissions, and other materials.","The bound book of military service records of John W.M. Appleton includes his discharge papers; a photograph of Appleton in uniform, which is glued to the discharge papers; commissions for his service with the 54th Massachusetts, including Second Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; commission as Major of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery; muster out rolls; and appointment as West Virginia Adjutant General. Also contains newspaper clippings about the 54th Massachusetts and Civil War. Loose items from the bound book include officer commission paperwork; a Shaw Memorial postcard; an obituary clippings for Appleton; and newspaper clippings about 54th Massachusetts and USCTs, Fort Wagner, Florida battles, Charleston siege, and the death of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.","Photographs include a card mounted photo of Fort Warren, Boston, Massachusetts, ca. 1863, and a photo of Major John W.M. Appleton in 1864.","Also includes two oversize commissions, for quartermaster general and adjutant general.","Series 5. Business Papers, box 5a-5b.","Business papers contain a ledger from Oriental Powder Mills(box 5a). Appleton was an agent of the Oriental Powder Mill, located in Boston, MA, and Charleston, WV. The ledger includes correspondence and records concerning the mill and business transactions, mostly concerning the buying and selling of powder, during the 1870s. This series also includes another ledger containing Trustees Report on Estates of Dr. John Appleton (alternately known as Record Book of Dr. John Appleton of Cambridge, MA kept by his son, John W.M. Appleton, 1875-1912) (box 5b).","Index to loose and attached items in the memoir (Series 3, box 3a):\nPage 0; carte de visite photo, Private John Appleton, 1862\nPage 3; 3 carte de visite photos, Mrs. Appleton, Captain J.M. Appleton, N.P. Hallowell\nPage 7; 3 letters \nPage 9; 2 carte de visite photos, Colonel Robert G. Shaw, Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone\nPage 30; clipping\nPage 43; clipping (loose), illustration of defenses of Charleston\nPage 49; carte de visite photo, Captain Russell \nPage 51; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Sam Willard (Mann), Captain Simpkins\nPage 53; tintype photo of USCT soldier (contains information on back, but difficult to read due to attachment to memoir book)\nPage 55; clipping; 2 carte de visite photos, Adjutant G.W. James, structure\nPage 57; clipping; carte de visite photo, Colonel Robert G. Shaw\nPage 59; 2 clippings (fragile)\nPage 61; sketch; carte de visite photo, Captain George Pope\nPage 63; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Edward N. Jones, Lieutenant Edward B. Emerson\nPage 65; clipping\nPage 69; photo of hospital; carte de visite photo, Captain Luis Emilio\nPage 72; carte de visite photo, William Hallowell; map\nPage 73; 3 carte de visite photos, Sergeant Carney with flag, Drummer Henry Munroe, Drummer Miles Moore\nPage 74-79; clippings\nPage 81; clipping about Colonel Robert G. Shaw (loose)\nPage 83; carte de visite photo, Appleton Sturgis\nPage 87; 3 clippings (loose)\nPage 89; clipping\nPage 91; clipping; typescript listing of food rations\nPage 95; clipping\nPage 103; clipping\nPage 104; stereoview photo, Ruins of Cathedral Broad Street\nPage 105; 2 carte de visite photos, John Ritchie, C.A. Brigham\nPage 111; carte de visite photo, [William] Willie Homans; clipping of tent\nPage 113; carte de visite photo, Charles G. Chipman\nPage 127; clipping of song lyrics about colored troops\nPage 135; sketch of bomb proof\nPage 143; carte de visite photo, Willard Howard\nPage 144; carte de visite photo, Giles M. Pease\nPage 147; sketch of 54th Massachusetts regimental flag; carte de visite photo, E.N. Hallowell\nPage 149; typescript (loose)\nPage 159; Civil War era note; tintype photo, possibly of R.H.L. Jewett\nPage 161; photo of Jacksonville, Florida during Civil War\nPage 179; carte de visite photo of unidentified officer\nPage 181; carte de visite photo, Henry W. Litchfield\nPage 183; photo of signal tower in Jacksonville, Florida\nPage 187; typescript of Olustee, Florida battle casualties (loose)\nPage 219; sketch of 54th Massachusetts camp at Morris Island, 1864\nPage 223; typescript of General Order; carte de visite photo, Robert Newell\nPage 225; carte de visite photo, Fort Sumter; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 19, 1864 issue); manuscript note (loose)\nPage 227; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Tucker; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 228; carte de visite photo, Captain Homans; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 231; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 26, 1864 issue)\nPage 232; stereoview photo, interior of Fort Sumter\nPage 235; carte de visite photo, W.W. Bridge\nPage 237; photo of cannon and crew\nPage 239; clipping about Charles L. Chandler death\nPage 243; carte de visite photo, Tom Appleton\nPage 253; 3 carte de visite photos, Major John Appleton (2 of the photos are loose)\nPage 257; carte de visite photo, Lieutenant Fred Webster\nPage 261; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Briggs [Brigges] (loose)\nPage 265; 2 carte de visite photos, Lieutenant Rogers, Charles Hallett; photo of Port Royal House in Hilton Head, SC\nPage 267; clipping\nPage 269; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 274-280; clippings\nPage 281; typescript of letter written by Mary R. Appleton about USCT\nPage 282; clipping\nPage 284; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 285; General Order No. 50 for raising flag over Fort Sumter in 1865\nPage 286-end; clippings about 54th Massachusetts soldiers, casualties and death during the Civil War\nNo Page No.; letter from George Pope (Oct. 17, 1896)\nNo Page No.; clippings about the Battle of Olustee (1912)\nNo Page No.; clipping - \"The Civil War Fifty Years Ago\" (1913)\nNo Page No.; Report of Frank Fletcher, showing condition of company after Wagner"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9b4e106fac41cdd8069e0f3293b98f09\"\u003eJohn W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_ec37607c159bd234584aeb24f2e6a0e2\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops"],"names_coll_ssim":["Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"persname_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops","Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:54:54.254Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Complications from an illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered enough to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Major Appleton and his family moved to West Virginia when the war ended, where he was active in a variety of business pursuits and remained active in the military, attaining the position of adjutant general of West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAppleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records (series 2, 3, and 4), and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this African American regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSignificant topics documented by series 2, 3, and 4 include:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ethe geography and military installations around Charleston, South Carolina;\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nthe assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in and around Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863;\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nthe fatigue work, picket duty, and daily life of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry; and\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nthe Battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso included in the collection are family materials and business papers (series 1 and 5). The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 1. Family Materials, box 1 and box 4, unfoldered.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFamily materials include genealogical charts and two books: Memoir of Hon. William Appleton Prepared Agreeably to a Resolution of the Massachusetts Historical Society, by Rev. Chandler Robbins (Boston: Printed by J. Wilson and Son, 1863), and Memorial of Samuel Appleton of Ipswich, Massachusetts: With Genealogical Notices of Some of His Descendants, by Isaac Appleton Jewett (Boston: [publisher not identified], 1850), with signature of John W.M. Appleton inscribed. Also includes an oversize family tree (box 4, loose).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 2. Correspondence, box 2.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAppleton's personal correspondence includes a ledger of approximately 106 Civil War era letters, primarily written to his wife, dated April 1863 - March 1864. The letters are similar to the memoir, although they do contain some different material. Along with the letter book are seven loose letters, mostly from March 1863, one letter from February 1864, and a program for a Marine Corps band concert directed by John Phillip Sousa. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMajor topics of the letters include:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eFort Wagner Assault\u003c/emph\u003e -- Highlights include a letter written on July 18, 1863, the day of the assault, while Appleton and the 54th Massachusetts waited to attack Fort Wagner. Writing to his wife, Appleton describes the shelling and bombardment before the attack and troop positions for the attack. He also writes his goodbyes to his family. An addition at the bottom of the letter, written shortly after the assault ended, describes early details about the dead and wounded. Appleton was injured in the attack, and in his letter dated July 23, 1863, he assures his family that he is alright, although wounded. These letters are not included in the memoir. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eFortifications and Military Actions\u003c/emph\u003e -- Includes sketches and descriptions of fortifications and military actions on Folly's Island, Morris Island, and James Island, South Carolina. Also includes sketches, description of fight, and map of the battle at the Battle of Secessionville, SC. Siege of Charleston (fall 1863 and winter 1863/1864) descriptions include information about attacks and garrison duty throughout siege, bombardments of fortifications, and a sketch of Charleston Harbor and Fort Sumter from boat. Additionally, Appleton details the 1863 raids along the Georgia and South Carolina sea cost, and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864, including sketches and descriptions of engagements and camps.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAdditional Topics Include\u003c/emph\u003e -- Racial issues, soldier life, camp life, troop morale, Appleton's promotion to Major, and expeditions and raids against southern towns and plantations. Racial issues include United States Colored Troops (USCT), black soldiers, and contraband slaves. Descriptions of officers' camp life include descriptions of tents, cabins, religious activities, drilling, food, holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), firing squad, and funerals. Appleton's promotion to Major is documented by a letter of recommendation, among other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 3. Memoir, boxes 3a-3b.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBox 3a contains John W.M. Appleton's memoir ledger, which begins with a few letters, then transitions to a memoir which is written in the style of a journal. The memoir describes his service from 1863 to 1865 based on his wartime letters, but he frequently expanded on his descriptions of military activities and events, particularly for operations at Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, and near Jacksonville, Florida, during the Battle of Olustee. The memoir also contains excerpts from many of his wartime letters. Additional topics include fatigue work, picket duty, artillery bombardments, desertion, executions, his daily activities and camp life, staff officers and the men in his company, issues related to being a black regiment, including payroll inequality, serving with USCT units in Florida, the reaction to black troops, and his sunstroke and convalescence in a Hilton Head hospital in July 1864. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe memoir includes loose items and items glued to the pages, including photographs of officers and soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry and of the Appleton family. There are also newspaper clippings, letters, and other correspondence and materials related to the Civil War. Notable among these insertions are two issues of the soldier newspaper The Swamp Angel. A microfilm copy of the memoirs is available. See index below for a listing by page number of these loose and attached items found within the memoir ledger. It includes the names of those shown in photographs. The index also identifies, with the designation \"no page no.\", four loose items whose original location has been lost.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBox 3b contains a framed black and white photograph of Sergeant Major John Wilson, a member of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. This photograph was originally a loose item in the memoir in box 3a. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 4. Military Records, box 4.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAppleton's military records include a bound book of military service records, as well as photographs, commissions, and other materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe bound book of military service records of John W.M. Appleton includes his discharge papers; a photograph of Appleton in uniform, which is glued to the discharge papers; commissions for his service with the 54th Massachusetts, including Second Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; commission as Major of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery; muster out rolls; and appointment as West Virginia Adjutant General. Also contains newspaper clippings about the 54th Massachusetts and Civil War. Loose items from the bound book include officer commission paperwork; a Shaw Memorial postcard; an obituary clippings for Appleton; and newspaper clippings about 54th Massachusetts and USCTs, Fort Wagner, Florida battles, Charleston siege, and the death of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs include a card mounted photo of Fort Warren, Boston, Massachusetts, ca. 1863, and a photo of Major John W.M. Appleton in 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso includes two oversize commissions, for quartermaster general and adjutant general.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 5. Business Papers, box 5a-5b.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBusiness papers contain a ledger from Oriental Powder Mills(box 5a). Appleton was an agent of the Oriental Powder Mill, located in Boston, MA, and Charleston, WV. The ledger includes correspondence and records concerning the mill and business transactions, mostly concerning the buying and selling of powder, during the 1870s. This series also includes another ledger containing Trustees Report on Estates of Dr. John Appleton (alternately known as Record Book of Dr. John Appleton of Cambridge, MA kept by his son, John W.M. Appleton, 1875-1912) (box 5b).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eIndex to loose and attached items in the memoir (Series 3, box 3a):\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 0; carte de visite photo, Private John Appleton, 1862\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 3; 3 carte de visite photos, Mrs. Appleton, Captain J.M. Appleton, N.P. Hallowell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 7; 3 letters \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 9; 2 carte de visite photos, Colonel Robert G. Shaw, Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 30; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 43; clipping (loose), illustration of defenses of Charleston\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 49; carte de visite photo, Captain Russell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e \nPage 51; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Sam Willard (Mann), Captain Simpkins\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 53; tintype photo of USCT soldier (contains information on back, but difficult to read due to attachment to memoir book)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 55; clipping; 2 carte de visite photos, Adjutant G.W. James, structure\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 57; clipping; carte de visite photo, Colonel Robert G. Shaw\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 59; 2 clippings (fragile)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 61; sketch; carte de visite photo, Captain George Pope\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 63; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Edward N. Jones, Lieutenant Edward B. Emerson\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 65; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 69; photo of hospital; carte de visite photo, Captain Luis Emilio\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 72; carte de visite photo, William Hallowell; map\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 73; 3 carte de visite photos, Sergeant Carney with flag, Drummer Henry Munroe, Drummer Miles Moore\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 74-79; clippings\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 81; clipping about Colonel Robert G. Shaw (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 83; carte de visite photo, Appleton Sturgis\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 87; 3 clippings (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 89; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 91; clipping; typescript listing of food rations\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 95; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 103; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 104; stereoview photo, Ruins of Cathedral Broad Street\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 105; 2 carte de visite photos, John Ritchie, C.A. Brigham\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 111; carte de visite photo, [William] Willie Homans; clipping of tent\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 113; carte de visite photo, Charles G. Chipman\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 127; clipping of song lyrics about colored troops\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 135; sketch of bomb proof\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 143; carte de visite photo, Willard Howard\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 144; carte de visite photo, Giles M. Pease\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 147; sketch of 54th Massachusetts regimental flag; carte de visite photo, E.N. Hallowell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 149; typescript (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 159; Civil War era note; tintype photo, possibly of R.H.L. Jewett\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 161; photo of Jacksonville, Florida during Civil War\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 179; carte de visite photo of unidentified officer\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 181; carte de visite photo, Henry W. Litchfield\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 183; photo of signal tower in Jacksonville, Florida\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 187; typescript of Olustee, Florida battle casualties (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 219; sketch of 54th Massachusetts camp at Morris Island, 1864\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 223; typescript of General Order; carte de visite photo, Robert Newell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 225; carte de visite photo, Fort Sumter; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 19, 1864 issue); manuscript note (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 227; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Tucker; manuscript note (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 228; carte de visite photo, Captain Homans; manuscript note (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 231; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 26, 1864 issue)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 232; stereoview photo, interior of Fort Sumter\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 235; carte de visite photo, W.W. Bridge\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 237; photo of cannon and crew\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 239; clipping about Charles L. Chandler death\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 243; carte de visite photo, Tom Appleton\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 253; 3 carte de visite photos, Major John Appleton (2 of the photos are loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 257; carte de visite photo, Lieutenant Fred Webster\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 261; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Briggs [Brigges] (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 265; 2 carte de visite photos, Lieutenant Rogers, Charles Hallett; photo of Port Royal House in Hilton Head, SC\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 267; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 269; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 274-280; clippings\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 281; typescript of letter written by Mary R. Appleton about USCT\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 282; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 284; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 285; General Order No. 50 for raising flag over Fort Sumter in 1865\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 286-end; clippings about 54th Massachusetts soldiers, casualties and death during the Civil War\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; letter from George Pope (Oct. 17, 1896)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; clippings about the Battle of Olustee (1912)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; clipping - \"The Civil War Fifty Years Ago\" (1913)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; Report of Frank Fletcher, showing condition of company after Wagner\u003c/p\u003e  "],"collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2421.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/196487","title_ssm":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers"],"title_tesim":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1861-1913","1863-1864"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1861-1913"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1863-1864"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"text":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864","A\u0026M 0092","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2421","Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States. Army -- African American troops","African American soldiers -- History -- 19th century","African American soldiers","African Americans","Civil War -- Soldiers, Black","Civil War --  MA 54th. Vol. Inf.","Civil War - Massachusetts 54th Volunteers.","Fortification","Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864","Secessionville, Battle of, Secessionville, S.C., 1862","No special access restriction applies.","John W. M. Appleton was born in Massachusetts in 1833. In the early years of the Civil War he served in the Boston Cadet Corps on guard and escort duty and then on garrison duty at the Boston Harbor. In early 1863, Appleton was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed one of the first officers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers. Appleton survived the unit's unsuccessful assault at Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863, but sustained wounds that kept him out of service for several months. In late November 1863, Appleton was appointed acting assistant inspector for the brigade, and in December he was promoted to major. Appleton suffered from severe sunstroke while on duty at James Island, South Carolina, in July 1864. Complications from his illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered sufficiently to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He served with the unit at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, until the close of the war and mustered out of service in August 1865.","Major Appleton, his wife, Mary, and his young daughter, Mabel, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, when the Civil War ended. Appleton managed an artificial gas plant and later operated a woolen and grist mill. He also remained active in the military through the West Virginia Militia and National Guard and as adjutant general of West Virginia from 1897 to 1901. From 1886 to 1913, Appleton managed the Salt Sulphur Springs Resort in Monroe County. John W. M. Appleton died on his farm in Monroe County, West Virginia, in 1913.","John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Complications from an illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered enough to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Major Appleton and his family moved to West Virginia when the war ended, where he was active in a variety of business pursuits and remained active in the military, attaining the position of adjutant general of West Virginia.","Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records (series 2, 3, and 4), and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this African American regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters.","Significant topics documented by series 2, 3, and 4 include:","the geography and military installations around Charleston, South Carolina;\nthe assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in and around Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863;\nthe fatigue work, picket duty, and daily life of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry; and\nthe Battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864.","Also included in the collection are family materials and business papers (series 1 and 5). The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills.","Series 1. Family Materials, box 1 and box 4, unfoldered.","Family materials include genealogical charts and two books: Memoir of Hon. William Appleton Prepared Agreeably to a Resolution of the Massachusetts Historical Society, by Rev. Chandler Robbins (Boston: Printed by J. Wilson and Son, 1863), and Memorial of Samuel Appleton of Ipswich, Massachusetts: With Genealogical Notices of Some of His Descendants, by Isaac Appleton Jewett (Boston: [publisher not identified], 1850), with signature of John W.M. Appleton inscribed. Also includes an oversize family tree (box 4, loose).","Series 2. Correspondence, box 2.","Appleton's personal correspondence includes a ledger of approximately 106 Civil War era letters, primarily written to his wife, dated April 1863 - March 1864. The letters are similar to the memoir, although they do contain some different material. Along with the letter book are seven loose letters, mostly from March 1863, one letter from February 1864, and a program for a Marine Corps band concert directed by John Phillip Sousa.","Major topics of the letters include:","Fort Wagner Assault -- Highlights include a letter written on July 18, 1863, the day of the assault, while Appleton and the 54th Massachusetts waited to attack Fort Wagner. Writing to his wife, Appleton describes the shelling and bombardment before the attack and troop positions for the attack. He also writes his goodbyes to his family. An addition at the bottom of the letter, written shortly after the assault ended, describes early details about the dead and wounded. Appleton was injured in the attack, and in his letter dated July 23, 1863, he assures his family that he is alright, although wounded. These letters are not included in the memoir.","Fortifications and Military Actions -- Includes sketches and descriptions of fortifications and military actions on Folly's Island, Morris Island, and James Island, South Carolina. Also includes sketches, description of fight, and map of the battle at the Battle of Secessionville, SC. Siege of Charleston (fall 1863 and winter 1863/1864) descriptions include information about attacks and garrison duty throughout siege, bombardments of fortifications, and a sketch of Charleston Harbor and Fort Sumter from boat. Additionally, Appleton details the 1863 raids along the Georgia and South Carolina sea cost, and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864, including sketches and descriptions of engagements and camps.","Additional Topics Include -- Racial issues, soldier life, camp life, troop morale, Appleton's promotion to Major, and expeditions and raids against southern towns and plantations. Racial issues include United States Colored Troops (USCT), black soldiers, and contraband slaves. Descriptions of officers' camp life include descriptions of tents, cabins, religious activities, drilling, food, holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), firing squad, and funerals. Appleton's promotion to Major is documented by a letter of recommendation, among other material.","Series 3. Memoir, boxes 3a-3b.","Box 3a contains John W.M. Appleton's memoir ledger, which begins with a few letters, then transitions to a memoir which is written in the style of a journal. The memoir describes his service from 1863 to 1865 based on his wartime letters, but he frequently expanded on his descriptions of military activities and events, particularly for operations at Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, and near Jacksonville, Florida, during the Battle of Olustee. The memoir also contains excerpts from many of his wartime letters. Additional topics include fatigue work, picket duty, artillery bombardments, desertion, executions, his daily activities and camp life, staff officers and the men in his company, issues related to being a black regiment, including payroll inequality, serving with USCT units in Florida, the reaction to black troops, and his sunstroke and convalescence in a Hilton Head hospital in July 1864.","The memoir includes loose items and items glued to the pages, including photographs of officers and soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry and of the Appleton family. There are also newspaper clippings, letters, and other correspondence and materials related to the Civil War. Notable among these insertions are two issues of the soldier newspaper The Swamp Angel. A microfilm copy of the memoirs is available. See index below for a listing by page number of these loose and attached items found within the memoir ledger. It includes the names of those shown in photographs. The index also identifies, with the designation \"no page no.\", four loose items whose original location has been lost.","Box 3b contains a framed black and white photograph of Sergeant Major John Wilson, a member of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. This photograph was originally a loose item in the memoir in box 3a.","Series 4. Military Records, box 4.","Appleton's military records include a bound book of military service records, as well as photographs, commissions, and other materials.","The bound book of military service records of John W.M. Appleton includes his discharge papers; a photograph of Appleton in uniform, which is glued to the discharge papers; commissions for his service with the 54th Massachusetts, including Second Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; commission as Major of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery; muster out rolls; and appointment as West Virginia Adjutant General. Also contains newspaper clippings about the 54th Massachusetts and Civil War. Loose items from the bound book include officer commission paperwork; a Shaw Memorial postcard; an obituary clippings for Appleton; and newspaper clippings about 54th Massachusetts and USCTs, Fort Wagner, Florida battles, Charleston siege, and the death of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.","Photographs include a card mounted photo of Fort Warren, Boston, Massachusetts, ca. 1863, and a photo of Major John W.M. Appleton in 1864.","Also includes two oversize commissions, for quartermaster general and adjutant general.","Series 5. Business Papers, box 5a-5b.","Business papers contain a ledger from Oriental Powder Mills(box 5a). Appleton was an agent of the Oriental Powder Mill, located in Boston, MA, and Charleston, WV. The ledger includes correspondence and records concerning the mill and business transactions, mostly concerning the buying and selling of powder, during the 1870s. This series also includes another ledger containing Trustees Report on Estates of Dr. John Appleton (alternately known as Record Book of Dr. John Appleton of Cambridge, MA kept by his son, John W.M. Appleton, 1875-1912) (box 5b).","Index to loose and attached items in the memoir (Series 3, box 3a):\nPage 0; carte de visite photo, Private John Appleton, 1862\nPage 3; 3 carte de visite photos, Mrs. Appleton, Captain J.M. Appleton, N.P. Hallowell\nPage 7; 3 letters \nPage 9; 2 carte de visite photos, Colonel Robert G. Shaw, Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone\nPage 30; clipping\nPage 43; clipping (loose), illustration of defenses of Charleston\nPage 49; carte de visite photo, Captain Russell \nPage 51; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Sam Willard (Mann), Captain Simpkins\nPage 53; tintype photo of USCT soldier (contains information on back, but difficult to read due to attachment to memoir book)\nPage 55; clipping; 2 carte de visite photos, Adjutant G.W. James, structure\nPage 57; clipping; carte de visite photo, Colonel Robert G. Shaw\nPage 59; 2 clippings (fragile)\nPage 61; sketch; carte de visite photo, Captain George Pope\nPage 63; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Edward N. Jones, Lieutenant Edward B. Emerson\nPage 65; clipping\nPage 69; photo of hospital; carte de visite photo, Captain Luis Emilio\nPage 72; carte de visite photo, William Hallowell; map\nPage 73; 3 carte de visite photos, Sergeant Carney with flag, Drummer Henry Munroe, Drummer Miles Moore\nPage 74-79; clippings\nPage 81; clipping about Colonel Robert G. Shaw (loose)\nPage 83; carte de visite photo, Appleton Sturgis\nPage 87; 3 clippings (loose)\nPage 89; clipping\nPage 91; clipping; typescript listing of food rations\nPage 95; clipping\nPage 103; clipping\nPage 104; stereoview photo, Ruins of Cathedral Broad Street\nPage 105; 2 carte de visite photos, John Ritchie, C.A. Brigham\nPage 111; carte de visite photo, [William] Willie Homans; clipping of tent\nPage 113; carte de visite photo, Charles G. Chipman\nPage 127; clipping of song lyrics about colored troops\nPage 135; sketch of bomb proof\nPage 143; carte de visite photo, Willard Howard\nPage 144; carte de visite photo, Giles M. Pease\nPage 147; sketch of 54th Massachusetts regimental flag; carte de visite photo, E.N. Hallowell\nPage 149; typescript (loose)\nPage 159; Civil War era note; tintype photo, possibly of R.H.L. Jewett\nPage 161; photo of Jacksonville, Florida during Civil War\nPage 179; carte de visite photo of unidentified officer\nPage 181; carte de visite photo, Henry W. Litchfield\nPage 183; photo of signal tower in Jacksonville, Florida\nPage 187; typescript of Olustee, Florida battle casualties (loose)\nPage 219; sketch of 54th Massachusetts camp at Morris Island, 1864\nPage 223; typescript of General Order; carte de visite photo, Robert Newell\nPage 225; carte de visite photo, Fort Sumter; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 19, 1864 issue); manuscript note (loose)\nPage 227; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Tucker; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 228; carte de visite photo, Captain Homans; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 231; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 26, 1864 issue)\nPage 232; stereoview photo, interior of Fort Sumter\nPage 235; carte de visite photo, W.W. Bridge\nPage 237; photo of cannon and crew\nPage 239; clipping about Charles L. Chandler death\nPage 243; carte de visite photo, Tom Appleton\nPage 253; 3 carte de visite photos, Major John Appleton (2 of the photos are loose)\nPage 257; carte de visite photo, Lieutenant Fred Webster\nPage 261; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Briggs [Brigges] (loose)\nPage 265; 2 carte de visite photos, Lieutenant Rogers, Charles Hallett; photo of Port Royal House in Hilton Head, SC\nPage 267; clipping\nPage 269; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 274-280; clippings\nPage 281; typescript of letter written by Mary R. Appleton about USCT\nPage 282; clipping\nPage 284; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 285; General Order No. 50 for raising flag over Fort Sumter in 1865\nPage 286-end; clippings about 54th Massachusetts soldiers, casualties and death during the Civil War\nNo Page No.; letter from George Pope (Oct. 17, 1896)\nNo Page No.; clippings about the Battle of Olustee (1912)\nNo Page No.; clipping - \"The Civil War Fifty Years Ago\" (1913)\nNo Page No.; Report of Frank Fletcher, showing condition of company after Wagner","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops","Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick.","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"collection_ssim":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0092","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2421"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0092","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2421"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"geogname_ssim":["Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"places_ssim":["Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"creator_ssm":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913"],"creator_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops"],"creators_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick.","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["United States. Army -- African American troops","African American soldiers -- History -- 19th century","African American soldiers","African Americans","Civil War -- Soldiers, Black","Civil War --  MA 54th. Vol. Inf.","Civil War - Massachusetts 54th Volunteers.","Fortification","Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864","Secessionville, Battle of, Secessionville, S.C., 1862"],"access_subjects_ssm":["United States. Army -- African American troops","African American soldiers -- History -- 19th century","African American soldiers","African Americans","Civil War -- Soldiers, Black","Civil War --  MA 54th. 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(1 document case, 2 1/2 in.); (4 flat storage boxes, 3 in.); (1 flat storage box, 4 in.); (1 flat storage box, 3 1/2 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn W. M. Appleton was born in Massachusetts in 1833. In the early years of the Civil War he served in the Boston Cadet Corps on guard and escort duty and then on garrison duty at the Boston Harbor. In early 1863, Appleton was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed one of the first officers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers. Appleton survived the unit's unsuccessful assault at Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863, but sustained wounds that kept him out of service for several months. In late November 1863, Appleton was appointed acting assistant inspector for the brigade, and in December he was promoted to major. Appleton suffered from severe sunstroke while on duty at James Island, South Carolina, in July 1864. Complications from his illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered sufficiently to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He served with the unit at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, until the close of the war and mustered out of service in August 1865. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMajor Appleton, his wife, Mary, and his young daughter, Mabel, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, when the Civil War ended. Appleton managed an artificial gas plant and later operated a woolen and grist mill. He also remained active in the military through the West Virginia Militia and National Guard and as adjutant general of West Virginia from 1897 to 1901. From 1886 to 1913, Appleton managed the Salt Sulphur Springs Resort in Monroe County. John W. M. Appleton died on his farm in Monroe County, West Virginia, in 1913.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John W. M. Appleton was born in Massachusetts in 1833. In the early years of the Civil War he served in the Boston Cadet Corps on guard and escort duty and then on garrison duty at the Boston Harbor. In early 1863, Appleton was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed one of the first officers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers. Appleton survived the unit's unsuccessful assault at Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863, but sustained wounds that kept him out of service for several months. In late November 1863, Appleton was appointed acting assistant inspector for the brigade, and in December he was promoted to major. Appleton suffered from severe sunstroke while on duty at James Island, South Carolina, in July 1864. Complications from his illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered sufficiently to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He served with the unit at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, until the close of the war and mustered out of service in August 1865.","Major Appleton, his wife, Mary, and his young daughter, Mabel, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, when the Civil War ended. Appleton managed an artificial gas plant and later operated a woolen and grist mill. He also remained active in the military through the West Virginia Militia and National Guard and as adjutant general of West Virginia from 1897 to 1901. From 1886 to 1913, Appleton managed the Salt Sulphur Springs Resort in Monroe County. John W. M. Appleton died on his farm in Monroe County, West Virginia, in 1913."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, A\u0026amp;M 0092, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, A\u0026M 0092, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Complications from an illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered enough to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Major Appleton and his family moved to West Virginia when the war ended, where he was active in a variety of business pursuits and remained active in the military, attaining the position of adjutant general of West Virginia.","Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records (series 2, 3, and 4), and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this African American regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters.","Significant topics documented by series 2, 3, and 4 include:","the geography and military installations around Charleston, South Carolina;\nthe assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in and around Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863;\nthe fatigue work, picket duty, and daily life of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry; and\nthe Battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864.","Also included in the collection are family materials and business papers (series 1 and 5). The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills.","Series 1. Family Materials, box 1 and box 4, unfoldered.","Family materials include genealogical charts and two books: Memoir of Hon. William Appleton Prepared Agreeably to a Resolution of the Massachusetts Historical Society, by Rev. Chandler Robbins (Boston: Printed by J. Wilson and Son, 1863), and Memorial of Samuel Appleton of Ipswich, Massachusetts: With Genealogical Notices of Some of His Descendants, by Isaac Appleton Jewett (Boston: [publisher not identified], 1850), with signature of John W.M. Appleton inscribed. Also includes an oversize family tree (box 4, loose).","Series 2. Correspondence, box 2.","Appleton's personal correspondence includes a ledger of approximately 106 Civil War era letters, primarily written to his wife, dated April 1863 - March 1864. The letters are similar to the memoir, although they do contain some different material. Along with the letter book are seven loose letters, mostly from March 1863, one letter from February 1864, and a program for a Marine Corps band concert directed by John Phillip Sousa.","Major topics of the letters include:","Fort Wagner Assault -- Highlights include a letter written on July 18, 1863, the day of the assault, while Appleton and the 54th Massachusetts waited to attack Fort Wagner. Writing to his wife, Appleton describes the shelling and bombardment before the attack and troop positions for the attack. He also writes his goodbyes to his family. An addition at the bottom of the letter, written shortly after the assault ended, describes early details about the dead and wounded. Appleton was injured in the attack, and in his letter dated July 23, 1863, he assures his family that he is alright, although wounded. These letters are not included in the memoir.","Fortifications and Military Actions -- Includes sketches and descriptions of fortifications and military actions on Folly's Island, Morris Island, and James Island, South Carolina. Also includes sketches, description of fight, and map of the battle at the Battle of Secessionville, SC. Siege of Charleston (fall 1863 and winter 1863/1864) descriptions include information about attacks and garrison duty throughout siege, bombardments of fortifications, and a sketch of Charleston Harbor and Fort Sumter from boat. Additionally, Appleton details the 1863 raids along the Georgia and South Carolina sea cost, and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864, including sketches and descriptions of engagements and camps.","Additional Topics Include -- Racial issues, soldier life, camp life, troop morale, Appleton's promotion to Major, and expeditions and raids against southern towns and plantations. Racial issues include United States Colored Troops (USCT), black soldiers, and contraband slaves. Descriptions of officers' camp life include descriptions of tents, cabins, religious activities, drilling, food, holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), firing squad, and funerals. Appleton's promotion to Major is documented by a letter of recommendation, among other material.","Series 3. Memoir, boxes 3a-3b.","Box 3a contains John W.M. Appleton's memoir ledger, which begins with a few letters, then transitions to a memoir which is written in the style of a journal. The memoir describes his service from 1863 to 1865 based on his wartime letters, but he frequently expanded on his descriptions of military activities and events, particularly for operations at Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, and near Jacksonville, Florida, during the Battle of Olustee. The memoir also contains excerpts from many of his wartime letters. Additional topics include fatigue work, picket duty, artillery bombardments, desertion, executions, his daily activities and camp life, staff officers and the men in his company, issues related to being a black regiment, including payroll inequality, serving with USCT units in Florida, the reaction to black troops, and his sunstroke and convalescence in a Hilton Head hospital in July 1864.","The memoir includes loose items and items glued to the pages, including photographs of officers and soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry and of the Appleton family. There are also newspaper clippings, letters, and other correspondence and materials related to the Civil War. Notable among these insertions are two issues of the soldier newspaper The Swamp Angel. A microfilm copy of the memoirs is available. See index below for a listing by page number of these loose and attached items found within the memoir ledger. It includes the names of those shown in photographs. The index also identifies, with the designation \"no page no.\", four loose items whose original location has been lost.","Box 3b contains a framed black and white photograph of Sergeant Major John Wilson, a member of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. This photograph was originally a loose item in the memoir in box 3a.","Series 4. Military Records, box 4.","Appleton's military records include a bound book of military service records, as well as photographs, commissions, and other materials.","The bound book of military service records of John W.M. Appleton includes his discharge papers; a photograph of Appleton in uniform, which is glued to the discharge papers; commissions for his service with the 54th Massachusetts, including Second Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; commission as Major of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery; muster out rolls; and appointment as West Virginia Adjutant General. Also contains newspaper clippings about the 54th Massachusetts and Civil War. Loose items from the bound book include officer commission paperwork; a Shaw Memorial postcard; an obituary clippings for Appleton; and newspaper clippings about 54th Massachusetts and USCTs, Fort Wagner, Florida battles, Charleston siege, and the death of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.","Photographs include a card mounted photo of Fort Warren, Boston, Massachusetts, ca. 1863, and a photo of Major John W.M. Appleton in 1864.","Also includes two oversize commissions, for quartermaster general and adjutant general.","Series 5. Business Papers, box 5a-5b.","Business papers contain a ledger from Oriental Powder Mills(box 5a). Appleton was an agent of the Oriental Powder Mill, located in Boston, MA, and Charleston, WV. The ledger includes correspondence and records concerning the mill and business transactions, mostly concerning the buying and selling of powder, during the 1870s. This series also includes another ledger containing Trustees Report on Estates of Dr. John Appleton (alternately known as Record Book of Dr. John Appleton of Cambridge, MA kept by his son, John W.M. Appleton, 1875-1912) (box 5b).","Index to loose and attached items in the memoir (Series 3, box 3a):\nPage 0; carte de visite photo, Private John Appleton, 1862\nPage 3; 3 carte de visite photos, Mrs. Appleton, Captain J.M. Appleton, N.P. Hallowell\nPage 7; 3 letters \nPage 9; 2 carte de visite photos, Colonel Robert G. Shaw, Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone\nPage 30; clipping\nPage 43; clipping (loose), illustration of defenses of Charleston\nPage 49; carte de visite photo, Captain Russell \nPage 51; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Sam Willard (Mann), Captain Simpkins\nPage 53; tintype photo of USCT soldier (contains information on back, but difficult to read due to attachment to memoir book)\nPage 55; clipping; 2 carte de visite photos, Adjutant G.W. James, structure\nPage 57; clipping; carte de visite photo, Colonel Robert G. Shaw\nPage 59; 2 clippings (fragile)\nPage 61; sketch; carte de visite photo, Captain George Pope\nPage 63; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Edward N. Jones, Lieutenant Edward B. Emerson\nPage 65; clipping\nPage 69; photo of hospital; carte de visite photo, Captain Luis Emilio\nPage 72; carte de visite photo, William Hallowell; map\nPage 73; 3 carte de visite photos, Sergeant Carney with flag, Drummer Henry Munroe, Drummer Miles Moore\nPage 74-79; clippings\nPage 81; clipping about Colonel Robert G. Shaw (loose)\nPage 83; carte de visite photo, Appleton Sturgis\nPage 87; 3 clippings (loose)\nPage 89; clipping\nPage 91; clipping; typescript listing of food rations\nPage 95; clipping\nPage 103; clipping\nPage 104; stereoview photo, Ruins of Cathedral Broad Street\nPage 105; 2 carte de visite photos, John Ritchie, C.A. Brigham\nPage 111; carte de visite photo, [William] Willie Homans; clipping of tent\nPage 113; carte de visite photo, Charles G. Chipman\nPage 127; clipping of song lyrics about colored troops\nPage 135; sketch of bomb proof\nPage 143; carte de visite photo, Willard Howard\nPage 144; carte de visite photo, Giles M. Pease\nPage 147; sketch of 54th Massachusetts regimental flag; carte de visite photo, E.N. Hallowell\nPage 149; typescript (loose)\nPage 159; Civil War era note; tintype photo, possibly of R.H.L. Jewett\nPage 161; photo of Jacksonville, Florida during Civil War\nPage 179; carte de visite photo of unidentified officer\nPage 181; carte de visite photo, Henry W. Litchfield\nPage 183; photo of signal tower in Jacksonville, Florida\nPage 187; typescript of Olustee, Florida battle casualties (loose)\nPage 219; sketch of 54th Massachusetts camp at Morris Island, 1864\nPage 223; typescript of General Order; carte de visite photo, Robert Newell\nPage 225; carte de visite photo, Fort Sumter; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 19, 1864 issue); manuscript note (loose)\nPage 227; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Tucker; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 228; carte de visite photo, Captain Homans; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 231; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 26, 1864 issue)\nPage 232; stereoview photo, interior of Fort Sumter\nPage 235; carte de visite photo, W.W. Bridge\nPage 237; photo of cannon and crew\nPage 239; clipping about Charles L. Chandler death\nPage 243; carte de visite photo, Tom Appleton\nPage 253; 3 carte de visite photos, Major John Appleton (2 of the photos are loose)\nPage 257; carte de visite photo, Lieutenant Fred Webster\nPage 261; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Briggs [Brigges] (loose)\nPage 265; 2 carte de visite photos, Lieutenant Rogers, Charles Hallett; photo of Port Royal House in Hilton Head, SC\nPage 267; clipping\nPage 269; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 274-280; clippings\nPage 281; typescript of letter written by Mary R. Appleton about USCT\nPage 282; clipping\nPage 284; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 285; General Order No. 50 for raising flag over Fort Sumter in 1865\nPage 286-end; clippings about 54th Massachusetts soldiers, casualties and death during the Civil War\nNo Page No.; letter from George Pope (Oct. 17, 1896)\nNo Page No.; clippings about the Battle of Olustee (1912)\nNo Page No.; clipping - \"The Civil War Fifty Years Ago\" (1913)\nNo Page No.; Report of Frank Fletcher, showing condition of company after Wagner"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9b4e106fac41cdd8069e0f3293b98f09\"\u003eJohn W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_ec37607c159bd234584aeb24f2e6a0e2\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops"],"names_coll_ssim":["Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"persname_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops","Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:54:54.254Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Complications from an illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered enough to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Major Appleton and his family moved to West Virginia when the war ended, where he was active in a variety of business pursuits and remained active in the military, attaining the position of adjutant general of West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAppleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records (series 2, 3, and 4), and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this African American regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSignificant topics documented by series 2, 3, and 4 include:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ethe geography and military installations around Charleston, South Carolina;\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nthe assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in and around Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863;\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nthe fatigue work, picket duty, and daily life of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry; and\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nthe Battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso included in the collection are family materials and business papers (series 1 and 5). The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 1. Family Materials, box 1 and box 4, unfoldered.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFamily materials include genealogical charts and two books: Memoir of Hon. William Appleton Prepared Agreeably to a Resolution of the Massachusetts Historical Society, by Rev. Chandler Robbins (Boston: Printed by J. Wilson and Son, 1863), and Memorial of Samuel Appleton of Ipswich, Massachusetts: With Genealogical Notices of Some of His Descendants, by Isaac Appleton Jewett (Boston: [publisher not identified], 1850), with signature of John W.M. Appleton inscribed. Also includes an oversize family tree (box 4, loose).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 2. Correspondence, box 2.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAppleton's personal correspondence includes a ledger of approximately 106 Civil War era letters, primarily written to his wife, dated April 1863 - March 1864. The letters are similar to the memoir, although they do contain some different material. Along with the letter book are seven loose letters, mostly from March 1863, one letter from February 1864, and a program for a Marine Corps band concert directed by John Phillip Sousa. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMajor topics of the letters include:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eFort Wagner Assault\u003c/emph\u003e -- Highlights include a letter written on July 18, 1863, the day of the assault, while Appleton and the 54th Massachusetts waited to attack Fort Wagner. Writing to his wife, Appleton describes the shelling and bombardment before the attack and troop positions for the attack. He also writes his goodbyes to his family. An addition at the bottom of the letter, written shortly after the assault ended, describes early details about the dead and wounded. Appleton was injured in the attack, and in his letter dated July 23, 1863, he assures his family that he is alright, although wounded. These letters are not included in the memoir. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eFortifications and Military Actions\u003c/emph\u003e -- Includes sketches and descriptions of fortifications and military actions on Folly's Island, Morris Island, and James Island, South Carolina. Also includes sketches, description of fight, and map of the battle at the Battle of Secessionville, SC. Siege of Charleston (fall 1863 and winter 1863/1864) descriptions include information about attacks and garrison duty throughout siege, bombardments of fortifications, and a sketch of Charleston Harbor and Fort Sumter from boat. Additionally, Appleton details the 1863 raids along the Georgia and South Carolina sea cost, and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864, including sketches and descriptions of engagements and camps.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAdditional Topics Include\u003c/emph\u003e -- Racial issues, soldier life, camp life, troop morale, Appleton's promotion to Major, and expeditions and raids against southern towns and plantations. Racial issues include United States Colored Troops (USCT), black soldiers, and contraband slaves. Descriptions of officers' camp life include descriptions of tents, cabins, religious activities, drilling, food, holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), firing squad, and funerals. Appleton's promotion to Major is documented by a letter of recommendation, among other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 3. Memoir, boxes 3a-3b.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBox 3a contains John W.M. Appleton's memoir ledger, which begins with a few letters, then transitions to a memoir which is written in the style of a journal. The memoir describes his service from 1863 to 1865 based on his wartime letters, but he frequently expanded on his descriptions of military activities and events, particularly for operations at Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, and near Jacksonville, Florida, during the Battle of Olustee. The memoir also contains excerpts from many of his wartime letters. Additional topics include fatigue work, picket duty, artillery bombardments, desertion, executions, his daily activities and camp life, staff officers and the men in his company, issues related to being a black regiment, including payroll inequality, serving with USCT units in Florida, the reaction to black troops, and his sunstroke and convalescence in a Hilton Head hospital in July 1864. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe memoir includes loose items and items glued to the pages, including photographs of officers and soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry and of the Appleton family. There are also newspaper clippings, letters, and other correspondence and materials related to the Civil War. Notable among these insertions are two issues of the soldier newspaper The Swamp Angel. A microfilm copy of the memoirs is available. See index below for a listing by page number of these loose and attached items found within the memoir ledger. It includes the names of those shown in photographs. The index also identifies, with the designation \"no page no.\", four loose items whose original location has been lost.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBox 3b contains a framed black and white photograph of Sergeant Major John Wilson, a member of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. This photograph was originally a loose item in the memoir in box 3a. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 4. Military Records, box 4.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAppleton's military records include a bound book of military service records, as well as photographs, commissions, and other materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe bound book of military service records of John W.M. Appleton includes his discharge papers; a photograph of Appleton in uniform, which is glued to the discharge papers; commissions for his service with the 54th Massachusetts, including Second Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; commission as Major of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery; muster out rolls; and appointment as West Virginia Adjutant General. Also contains newspaper clippings about the 54th Massachusetts and Civil War. Loose items from the bound book include officer commission paperwork; a Shaw Memorial postcard; an obituary clippings for Appleton; and newspaper clippings about 54th Massachusetts and USCTs, Fort Wagner, Florida battles, Charleston siege, and the death of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs include a card mounted photo of Fort Warren, Boston, Massachusetts, ca. 1863, and a photo of Major John W.M. Appleton in 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso includes two oversize commissions, for quartermaster general and adjutant general.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 5. Business Papers, box 5a-5b.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBusiness papers contain a ledger from Oriental Powder Mills(box 5a). Appleton was an agent of the Oriental Powder Mill, located in Boston, MA, and Charleston, WV. The ledger includes correspondence and records concerning the mill and business transactions, mostly concerning the buying and selling of powder, during the 1870s. This series also includes another ledger containing Trustees Report on Estates of Dr. John Appleton (alternately known as Record Book of Dr. John Appleton of Cambridge, MA kept by his son, John W.M. Appleton, 1875-1912) (box 5b).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eIndex to loose and attached items in the memoir (Series 3, box 3a):\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 0; carte de visite photo, Private John Appleton, 1862\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 3; 3 carte de visite photos, Mrs. Appleton, Captain J.M. Appleton, N.P. Hallowell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 7; 3 letters \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 9; 2 carte de visite photos, Colonel Robert G. Shaw, Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 30; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 43; clipping (loose), illustration of defenses of Charleston\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 49; carte de visite photo, Captain Russell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e \nPage 51; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Sam Willard (Mann), Captain Simpkins\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 53; tintype photo of USCT soldier (contains information on back, but difficult to read due to attachment to memoir book)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 55; clipping; 2 carte de visite photos, Adjutant G.W. James, structure\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 57; clipping; carte de visite photo, Colonel Robert G. Shaw\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 59; 2 clippings (fragile)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 61; sketch; carte de visite photo, Captain George Pope\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 63; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Edward N. Jones, Lieutenant Edward B. Emerson\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 65; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 69; photo of hospital; carte de visite photo, Captain Luis Emilio\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 72; carte de visite photo, William Hallowell; map\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 73; 3 carte de visite photos, Sergeant Carney with flag, Drummer Henry Munroe, Drummer Miles Moore\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 74-79; clippings\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 81; clipping about Colonel Robert G. Shaw (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 83; carte de visite photo, Appleton Sturgis\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 87; 3 clippings (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 89; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 91; clipping; typescript listing of food rations\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 95; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 103; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 104; stereoview photo, Ruins of Cathedral Broad Street\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 105; 2 carte de visite photos, John Ritchie, C.A. Brigham\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 111; carte de visite photo, [William] Willie Homans; clipping of tent\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 113; carte de visite photo, Charles G. Chipman\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 127; clipping of song lyrics about colored troops\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 135; sketch of bomb proof\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 143; carte de visite photo, Willard Howard\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 144; carte de visite photo, Giles M. Pease\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 147; sketch of 54th Massachusetts regimental flag; carte de visite photo, E.N. Hallowell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 149; typescript (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 159; Civil War era note; tintype photo, possibly of R.H.L. Jewett\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 161; photo of Jacksonville, Florida during Civil War\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 179; carte de visite photo of unidentified officer\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 181; carte de visite photo, Henry W. Litchfield\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 183; photo of signal tower in Jacksonville, Florida\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 187; typescript of Olustee, Florida battle casualties (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 219; sketch of 54th Massachusetts camp at Morris Island, 1864\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 223; typescript of General Order; carte de visite photo, Robert Newell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 225; carte de visite photo, Fort Sumter; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 19, 1864 issue); manuscript note (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 227; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Tucker; manuscript note (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 228; carte de visite photo, Captain Homans; manuscript note (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 231; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 26, 1864 issue)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 232; stereoview photo, interior of Fort Sumter\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 235; carte de visite photo, W.W. Bridge\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 237; photo of cannon and crew\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 239; clipping about Charles L. Chandler death\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 243; carte de visite photo, Tom Appleton\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 253; 3 carte de visite photos, Major John Appleton (2 of the photos are loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 257; carte de visite photo, Lieutenant Fred Webster\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 261; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Briggs [Brigges] (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 265; 2 carte de visite photos, Lieutenant Rogers, Charles Hallett; photo of Port Royal House in Hilton Head, SC\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 267; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 269; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 274-280; clippings\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 281; typescript of letter written by Mary R. Appleton about USCT\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 282; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 284; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 285; General Order No. 50 for raising flag over Fort Sumter in 1865\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 286-end; clippings about 54th Massachusetts soldiers, casualties and death during the Civil War\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; letter from George Pope (Oct. 17, 1896)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; clippings about the Battle of Olustee (1912)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; clipping - \"The Civil War Fifty Years Ago\" (1913)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; Report of Frank Fletcher, showing condition of company after Wagner\u003c/p\u003e  "]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6907","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers, 1800/2024, bulk 2016/2021","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6907#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003ePapers of Katherine G. Johnson. Includes assorted artifacts, family photographs, awards, honorary degrees, correspondence, and other material regarding the career and life of Katherine G. Johnson. The bulk of the collection is focused on material relating to the release of the 2016 film \u003cspan\u003eHidden Figures\u003c/span\u003e while other material details Katherine Johnson's early life and her family history. Such material includes news clippings, magazine articles, and fan mail to Katherine G. Johnson.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6907#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6907","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6907","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6907","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6907","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_6907.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/209608","title_ssm":["Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers"],"title_tesim":["Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1800-2024","2016-2021"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1800-2024"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["2016-2021"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1800/2024, bulk 2016/2021"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers, 1800/2024, bulk 2016/2021"],"text":["Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers, 1800/2024, bulk 2016/2021","A\u0026M 4536","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6907","Women -- United States -- History","African Americans","Mathematics","No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access born digital materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department.","Katherine Goble Johnson was born in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia on August 26, 1918. Born Creola Katherine Coleman to parents Joylette Roberta and Joshua McKinley Coleman, she was the youngest of four children. Excelling at mathematics from an early age, Katherine and her family moved to Institute, West Virginia in order for Katherine to attend high school on the campus of West Virginia State University (WVSU). Graduating from high school at the age of 14, Johnson immediately enrolled at WVSU to pursue higher education. At the age of 18 she graduated summa cum laude in 1937 with a double major in mathematics and French. Finding few opportunities for an African-American teenage mathematician she eventually took a job as a schoolteacher in Marion, Virginia.","After marrying her first husband, James Goble, in 1939 Katherine was selected by the president of WVSU to be one of three African Americans to integrate West Virginia University (WVU) following Governor Homer Holt's decision to desegregate public graduate schools in West Virginia. Becoming the first African-American woman to be accepted into WVU's graduate program, Johnson withdrew from classes after discovering she was pregnant, settling into motherhood and her career as a teacher over the next decade.","In 1952, after hearing from a relative about jobs working with the all-black West Area computing section at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) Langley laboratory under the instruction of fellow West Virginian Dorothy Vaughan, Katherine and James moved to Newport News, Virginia and Johnson began working at Langley in the summer of 1953. First assigned to a project in the Maneuver Loads Branch of the Flight Research Division, her temporary position quickly turned permanent.","Johnson helped provide some of the math for the 1958 document Notes on Space Technology. As NACA transformed in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson continued to provide groundbreaking work including trajectory analysis for the 1961 Freedom 7 mission with Alan Shepard, America's first human spaceflight. Her and engineer Ted Skopinski's Determination of Azimuth Angle at Burnout for Placing a Satellite Over a Selected Earth Position was the first time a woman in the Flight Research Division received credit as an author of a research report.","Over the course of her career with NASA Johnson assisted with a variety of pioneering space flight missions. She verified the flight plan of John Glenn prior to his historic orbit of the Earth in 1961, in 1969 she was part of the team that calculated where and when to launch the rocket for the Apollo 11 mission that sent the first humans to the Moon, as well as working on the space shuttle program, and authoring/coauthoring 26 research reports. Katherine Johnson retired from NASA in 1986 after 33 years at the Langley facility.","Over the years Johnson received numerous awards and recognitions for her contributions to space flight. In 2015, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama, the highest civilian award in the United States. In 2016, NASA named the Katherine G. Johnson Computational Research Facility after her. Also in 2016, Margot Lee Shetterly published Hidden Figures: The American Dream and The Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race, a book about the West Area computers, including Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson. A film based on the book and having the same title was released that same year with the movie being nominated for Best Picture at the 89th Academy Awards.","Katherine Johnson passed away on February 24, 2020 at the age of 101 at a retirement home in Newport News, Virginia. She was preceded in death by her second husband Jim Johnson in 2019, whom she married in 1959 after the death of her first husband in 1956. A memoir, My Remarkable Journey, co-written by Johnson and her daughters, Joylette Hylick and Katherine Moore, was published posthumously in 2021.","Papers of Katherine G. Johnson. Includes assorted artifacts, family photographs, awards, honorary degrees, correspondence, and other material regarding the career and life of Katherine G. Johnson. The bulk of the collection is focused on material relating to the release of the 2016 film Hidden Figures while other material details Katherine Johnson's early life and her family history. Such material includes news clippings, magazine articles, and fan mail to Katherine G. Johnson.","Includes framed awards, plaques, glass awards, honorary degrees, and other resolutions and recognitions granted to Katherine G. Johnson.","Includes materials related to Katherine G. Johnson, the film Hidden Figures, and general NASA publications. Types of material include newspaper clippings, magazine articles, pamphlets, program schedules, books, and copies of commencement speeches given by Johnson and others, among other items.","Materials include digitized photographs on CDs, recorded interviews and ceremonies, as well as an atlas on CD-ROM.","Includes mostly fan mail to Katherine Johnson, with other items including personal and family correspondence, as well as writings related to event and award ceremonies.","Includes family photographs, scrapbooks, Katherine Johnson's math tools and math book, and a Barbie doll of Katherine Johnson, among other items.","Contains four plastic squares, one broken spiral mathemathical instrument, one intact spiral, and one small paper kit containing a variety of equipment.","Contains two circle templates, one logarithmic spiral curve and booklet, one ellipse set, and two protractors.","A significant portion of these photographs are of Katherine's maternal aunt, Lelia Lowe White, and her students at Langston High School in Danville, VA.","Includes handwritten math textbook in the ledger for a business (possibly a pharmacy) owned by an ancestor of Katherine Johnson (likely Thomas H. Lowe) and several documents found inside the ledger, such as letters and a handwritten story. Other names listed in this material include Abraham North Lowe and Lee Lowe.","Invitation and program for the United States Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony in honor of Katherine Johnson, Dr. Christine Darden, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson, as well as the same for the National Aviation Hall of Fame's 60th Annual Enshrinement Dinner \u0026 Ceremony","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. Copyright for photographs of Katherine Johnson for Vanity Fair magazine is not owned by the West Virginia and Regional History Center. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers, 1800/2024, bulk 2016/2021"],"collection_ssim":["Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers, 1800/2024, bulk 2016/2021"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 4536","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6907"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 4536","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6907"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creators_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. Copyright for photographs of Katherine Johnson for Vanity Fair magazine is not owned by the West Virginia and Regional History Center. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Joylette G. Hylick and Katherine G. Moore, 2021-2022."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women -- United States -- History","African Americans","Mathematics"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women -- United States -- History","African Americans","Mathematics"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["11.89 Linear Feet 7 record cartons, 15 in. each; 1 flat storage box, 4 in.; 1 flat storage box, 3.5 in.; 7 flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 2 flat storage boxes, 1.5 in. each; 1 roll tube box, 4 in.; 3 unboxed items, 2.25 in. total","4.8 Gigabytes 448 files, formats include .jpg, .gif, .png, .pdf, .mp3, .ppt, .iso, .cue, .md5"],"extent_tesim":["11.89 Linear Feet 7 record cartons, 15 in. each; 1 flat storage box, 4 in.; 1 flat storage box, 3.5 in.; 7 flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 2 flat storage boxes, 1.5 in. each; 1 roll tube box, 4 in.; 3 unboxed items, 2.25 in. total","4.8 Gigabytes 448 files, formats include .jpg, .gif, .png, .pdf, .mp3, .ppt, .iso, .cue, .md5"],"date_range_isim":[1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearchers may access born digital materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the \u003ca href=\"https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center reference department\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access born digital materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eKatherine Goble Johnson was born in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia on August 26, 1918. Born Creola Katherine Coleman to parents Joylette Roberta and Joshua McKinley Coleman, she was the youngest of four children. Excelling at mathematics from an early age, Katherine and her family moved to Institute, West Virginia in order for Katherine to attend high school on the campus of West Virginia State University (WVSU). Graduating from high school at the age of 14, Johnson immediately enrolled at WVSU to pursue higher education. At the age of 18 she graduated \u003cemph\u003esumma cum laude\u003c/emph\u003e in 1937 with a double major in mathematics and French. Finding few opportunities for an African-American teenage mathematician she eventually took a job as a schoolteacher in Marion, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter marrying her first husband, James Goble, in 1939 Katherine was selected by the president of WVSU to be one of three African Americans to integrate West Virginia University (WVU) following Governor Homer Holt's decision to desegregate public graduate schools in West Virginia. Becoming the first African-American woman to be accepted into WVU's graduate program, Johnson withdrew from classes after discovering she was pregnant, settling into motherhood and her career as a teacher over the next decade.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1952, after hearing from a relative about jobs working with the all-black West Area computing section at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) Langley laboratory under the instruction of fellow West Virginian Dorothy Vaughan, Katherine and James moved to Newport News, Virginia and Johnson began working at Langley in the summer of 1953. First assigned to a project in the Maneuver Loads Branch of the Flight Research Division, her temporary position quickly turned permanent.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohnson helped provide some of the math for the 1958 document \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eNotes on Space Technology\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e. As NACA transformed in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson continued to provide groundbreaking work including trajectory analysis for the 1961 Freedom 7 mission with Alan Shepard, America's first human spaceflight. Her and engineer Ted Skopinski's \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eDetermination of Azimuth Angle at Burnout for Placing a Satellite Over a Selected Earth Position\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e was the first time a woman in the Flight Research Division received credit as an author of a research report. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOver the course of her career with NASA Johnson assisted with a variety of pioneering space flight missions. She verified the flight plan of John Glenn prior to his historic orbit of the Earth in 1961, in 1969 she was part of the team that calculated where and when to launch the rocket for the Apollo 11 mission that sent the first humans to the Moon, as well as working on the space shuttle program, and authoring/coauthoring 26 research reports. Katherine Johnson retired from NASA in 1986 after 33 years at the Langley facility.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOver the years Johnson received numerous awards and recognitions for her contributions to space flight. In 2015, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama, the highest civilian award in the United States. In 2016, NASA named the Katherine G. Johnson Computational Research Facility after her. Also in 2016, Margot Lee Shetterly published \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eHidden Figures: The American Dream and The Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e, a book about the West Area computers, including Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson. A film based on the book and having the same title was released that same year with the movie being nominated for Best Picture at the 89th Academy Awards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKatherine Johnson passed away on February 24, 2020 at the age of 101 at a retirement home in Newport News, Virginia. She was preceded in death by her second husband Jim Johnson in 2019, whom she married in 1959 after the death of her first husband in 1956. A memoir, \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eMy Remarkable Journey\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e, co-written by Johnson and her daughters, Joylette Hylick and Katherine Moore, was published posthumously in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Katherine Goble Johnson was born in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia on August 26, 1918. Born Creola Katherine Coleman to parents Joylette Roberta and Joshua McKinley Coleman, she was the youngest of four children. Excelling at mathematics from an early age, Katherine and her family moved to Institute, West Virginia in order for Katherine to attend high school on the campus of West Virginia State University (WVSU). Graduating from high school at the age of 14, Johnson immediately enrolled at WVSU to pursue higher education. At the age of 18 she graduated summa cum laude in 1937 with a double major in mathematics and French. Finding few opportunities for an African-American teenage mathematician she eventually took a job as a schoolteacher in Marion, Virginia.","After marrying her first husband, James Goble, in 1939 Katherine was selected by the president of WVSU to be one of three African Americans to integrate West Virginia University (WVU) following Governor Homer Holt's decision to desegregate public graduate schools in West Virginia. Becoming the first African-American woman to be accepted into WVU's graduate program, Johnson withdrew from classes after discovering she was pregnant, settling into motherhood and her career as a teacher over the next decade.","In 1952, after hearing from a relative about jobs working with the all-black West Area computing section at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) Langley laboratory under the instruction of fellow West Virginian Dorothy Vaughan, Katherine and James moved to Newport News, Virginia and Johnson began working at Langley in the summer of 1953. First assigned to a project in the Maneuver Loads Branch of the Flight Research Division, her temporary position quickly turned permanent.","Johnson helped provide some of the math for the 1958 document Notes on Space Technology. As NACA transformed in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson continued to provide groundbreaking work including trajectory analysis for the 1961 Freedom 7 mission with Alan Shepard, America's first human spaceflight. Her and engineer Ted Skopinski's Determination of Azimuth Angle at Burnout for Placing a Satellite Over a Selected Earth Position was the first time a woman in the Flight Research Division received credit as an author of a research report.","Over the course of her career with NASA Johnson assisted with a variety of pioneering space flight missions. She verified the flight plan of John Glenn prior to his historic orbit of the Earth in 1961, in 1969 she was part of the team that calculated where and when to launch the rocket for the Apollo 11 mission that sent the first humans to the Moon, as well as working on the space shuttle program, and authoring/coauthoring 26 research reports. Katherine Johnson retired from NASA in 1986 after 33 years at the Langley facility.","Over the years Johnson received numerous awards and recognitions for her contributions to space flight. In 2015, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama, the highest civilian award in the United States. In 2016, NASA named the Katherine G. Johnson Computational Research Facility after her. Also in 2016, Margot Lee Shetterly published Hidden Figures: The American Dream and The Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race, a book about the West Area computers, including Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson. A film based on the book and having the same title was released that same year with the movie being nominated for Best Picture at the 89th Academy Awards.","Katherine Johnson passed away on February 24, 2020 at the age of 101 at a retirement home in Newport News, Virginia. She was preceded in death by her second husband Jim Johnson in 2019, whom she married in 1959 after the death of her first husband in 1956. A memoir, My Remarkable Journey, co-written by Johnson and her daughters, Joylette Hylick and Katherine Moore, was published posthumously in 2021."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers, A\u0026amp;M 4536, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers, A\u0026M 4536, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of Katherine G. Johnson. Includes assorted artifacts, family photographs, awards, honorary degrees, correspondence, and other material regarding the career and life of Katherine G. Johnson. The bulk of the collection is focused on material relating to the release of the 2016 film \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eHidden Figures\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e while other material details Katherine Johnson's early life and her family history. Such material includes news clippings, magazine articles, and fan mail to Katherine G. Johnson.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eIncludes framed awards, plaques, glass awards, honorary degrees, and other resolutions and recognitions granted to Katherine G. Johnson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials related to Katherine G. Johnson, the film \u003cemph\u003eHidden Figures\u003c/emph\u003e, and general NASA publications. Types of material include newspaper clippings, magazine articles, pamphlets, program schedules, books, and copies of commencement speeches given by Johnson and others, among other items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterials include digitized photographs on CDs, recorded interviews and ceremonies, as well as an atlas on CD-ROM.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes mostly fan mail to Katherine Johnson, with other items including personal and family correspondence, as well as writings related to event and award ceremonies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes family photographs, scrapbooks, Katherine Johnson's math tools and math book, and a Barbie doll of Katherine Johnson, among other items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains four plastic squares, one broken spiral mathemathical instrument, one intact spiral, and one small paper kit containing a variety of equipment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains two circle templates, one logarithmic spiral curve and booklet, one ellipse set, and two protractors.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA significant portion of these photographs are of Katherine's maternal aunt, Lelia Lowe White, and her students at Langston High School in Danville, VA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes handwritten math textbook in the ledger for a business (possibly a pharmacy) owned by an ancestor of Katherine Johnson (likely Thomas H. Lowe) and several documents found inside the ledger, such as letters and a handwritten story. Other names listed in this material include Abraham North Lowe and Lee Lowe.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvitation and program for the United States Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony in honor of Katherine Johnson, Dr. Christine Darden, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson, as well as the same for the National Aviation Hall of Fame's 60th Annual Enshrinement Dinner \u0026amp; Ceremony\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers of Katherine G. Johnson. Includes assorted artifacts, family photographs, awards, honorary degrees, correspondence, and other material regarding the career and life of Katherine G. Johnson. The bulk of the collection is focused on material relating to the release of the 2016 film Hidden Figures while other material details Katherine Johnson's early life and her family history. Such material includes news clippings, magazine articles, and fan mail to Katherine G. Johnson.","Includes framed awards, plaques, glass awards, honorary degrees, and other resolutions and recognitions granted to Katherine G. Johnson.","Includes materials related to Katherine G. Johnson, the film Hidden Figures, and general NASA publications. Types of material include newspaper clippings, magazine articles, pamphlets, program schedules, books, and copies of commencement speeches given by Johnson and others, among other items.","Materials include digitized photographs on CDs, recorded interviews and ceremonies, as well as an atlas on CD-ROM.","Includes mostly fan mail to Katherine Johnson, with other items including personal and family correspondence, as well as writings related to event and award ceremonies.","Includes family photographs, scrapbooks, Katherine Johnson's math tools and math book, and a Barbie doll of Katherine Johnson, among other items.","Contains four plastic squares, one broken spiral mathemathical instrument, one intact spiral, and one small paper kit containing a variety of equipment.","Contains two circle templates, one logarithmic spiral curve and booklet, one ellipse set, and two protractors.","A significant portion of these photographs are of Katherine's maternal aunt, Lelia Lowe White, and her students at Langston High School in Danville, VA.","Includes handwritten math textbook in the ledger for a business (possibly a pharmacy) owned by an ancestor of Katherine Johnson (likely Thomas H. Lowe) and several documents found inside the ledger, such as letters and a handwritten story. Other names listed in this material include Abraham North Lowe and Lee Lowe.","Invitation and program for the United States Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony in honor of Katherine Johnson, Dr. Christine Darden, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson, as well as the same for the National Aviation Hall of Fame's 60th Annual Enshrinement Dinner \u0026 Ceremony"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. Copyright for photographs of Katherine Johnson for Vanity Fair magazine is not owned by the West Virginia and Regional History Center. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. Copyright for photographs of Katherine Johnson for Vanity Fair magazine is not owned by the West Virginia and Regional History Center. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_8e0ff43f3887e0be43707b95c6c03073\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":135,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:59:29.663Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6907","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6907","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6907","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6907","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_6907.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/209608","title_ssm":["Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers"],"title_tesim":["Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1800-2024","2016-2021"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1800-2024"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["2016-2021"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1800/2024, bulk 2016/2021"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers, 1800/2024, bulk 2016/2021"],"text":["Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers, 1800/2024, bulk 2016/2021","A\u0026M 4536","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6907","Women -- United States -- History","African Americans","Mathematics","No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access born digital materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department.","Katherine Goble Johnson was born in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia on August 26, 1918. Born Creola Katherine Coleman to parents Joylette Roberta and Joshua McKinley Coleman, she was the youngest of four children. Excelling at mathematics from an early age, Katherine and her family moved to Institute, West Virginia in order for Katherine to attend high school on the campus of West Virginia State University (WVSU). Graduating from high school at the age of 14, Johnson immediately enrolled at WVSU to pursue higher education. At the age of 18 she graduated summa cum laude in 1937 with a double major in mathematics and French. Finding few opportunities for an African-American teenage mathematician she eventually took a job as a schoolteacher in Marion, Virginia.","After marrying her first husband, James Goble, in 1939 Katherine was selected by the president of WVSU to be one of three African Americans to integrate West Virginia University (WVU) following Governor Homer Holt's decision to desegregate public graduate schools in West Virginia. Becoming the first African-American woman to be accepted into WVU's graduate program, Johnson withdrew from classes after discovering she was pregnant, settling into motherhood and her career as a teacher over the next decade.","In 1952, after hearing from a relative about jobs working with the all-black West Area computing section at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) Langley laboratory under the instruction of fellow West Virginian Dorothy Vaughan, Katherine and James moved to Newport News, Virginia and Johnson began working at Langley in the summer of 1953. First assigned to a project in the Maneuver Loads Branch of the Flight Research Division, her temporary position quickly turned permanent.","Johnson helped provide some of the math for the 1958 document Notes on Space Technology. As NACA transformed in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson continued to provide groundbreaking work including trajectory analysis for the 1961 Freedom 7 mission with Alan Shepard, America's first human spaceflight. Her and engineer Ted Skopinski's Determination of Azimuth Angle at Burnout for Placing a Satellite Over a Selected Earth Position was the first time a woman in the Flight Research Division received credit as an author of a research report.","Over the course of her career with NASA Johnson assisted with a variety of pioneering space flight missions. She verified the flight plan of John Glenn prior to his historic orbit of the Earth in 1961, in 1969 she was part of the team that calculated where and when to launch the rocket for the Apollo 11 mission that sent the first humans to the Moon, as well as working on the space shuttle program, and authoring/coauthoring 26 research reports. Katherine Johnson retired from NASA in 1986 after 33 years at the Langley facility.","Over the years Johnson received numerous awards and recognitions for her contributions to space flight. In 2015, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama, the highest civilian award in the United States. In 2016, NASA named the Katherine G. Johnson Computational Research Facility after her. Also in 2016, Margot Lee Shetterly published Hidden Figures: The American Dream and The Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race, a book about the West Area computers, including Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson. A film based on the book and having the same title was released that same year with the movie being nominated for Best Picture at the 89th Academy Awards.","Katherine Johnson passed away on February 24, 2020 at the age of 101 at a retirement home in Newport News, Virginia. She was preceded in death by her second husband Jim Johnson in 2019, whom she married in 1959 after the death of her first husband in 1956. A memoir, My Remarkable Journey, co-written by Johnson and her daughters, Joylette Hylick and Katherine Moore, was published posthumously in 2021.","Papers of Katherine G. Johnson. Includes assorted artifacts, family photographs, awards, honorary degrees, correspondence, and other material regarding the career and life of Katherine G. Johnson. The bulk of the collection is focused on material relating to the release of the 2016 film Hidden Figures while other material details Katherine Johnson's early life and her family history. Such material includes news clippings, magazine articles, and fan mail to Katherine G. Johnson.","Includes framed awards, plaques, glass awards, honorary degrees, and other resolutions and recognitions granted to Katherine G. Johnson.","Includes materials related to Katherine G. Johnson, the film Hidden Figures, and general NASA publications. Types of material include newspaper clippings, magazine articles, pamphlets, program schedules, books, and copies of commencement speeches given by Johnson and others, among other items.","Materials include digitized photographs on CDs, recorded interviews and ceremonies, as well as an atlas on CD-ROM.","Includes mostly fan mail to Katherine Johnson, with other items including personal and family correspondence, as well as writings related to event and award ceremonies.","Includes family photographs, scrapbooks, Katherine Johnson's math tools and math book, and a Barbie doll of Katherine Johnson, among other items.","Contains four plastic squares, one broken spiral mathemathical instrument, one intact spiral, and one small paper kit containing a variety of equipment.","Contains two circle templates, one logarithmic spiral curve and booklet, one ellipse set, and two protractors.","A significant portion of these photographs are of Katherine's maternal aunt, Lelia Lowe White, and her students at Langston High School in Danville, VA.","Includes handwritten math textbook in the ledger for a business (possibly a pharmacy) owned by an ancestor of Katherine Johnson (likely Thomas H. Lowe) and several documents found inside the ledger, such as letters and a handwritten story. Other names listed in this material include Abraham North Lowe and Lee Lowe.","Invitation and program for the United States Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony in honor of Katherine Johnson, Dr. Christine Darden, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson, as well as the same for the National Aviation Hall of Fame's 60th Annual Enshrinement Dinner \u0026 Ceremony","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. Copyright for photographs of Katherine Johnson for Vanity Fair magazine is not owned by the West Virginia and Regional History Center. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers, 1800/2024, bulk 2016/2021"],"collection_ssim":["Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers, 1800/2024, bulk 2016/2021"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 4536","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6907"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 4536","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6907"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creators_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. Copyright for photographs of Katherine Johnson for Vanity Fair magazine is not owned by the West Virginia and Regional History Center. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Joylette G. Hylick and Katherine G. 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Born Creola Katherine Coleman to parents Joylette Roberta and Joshua McKinley Coleman, she was the youngest of four children. Excelling at mathematics from an early age, Katherine and her family moved to Institute, West Virginia in order for Katherine to attend high school on the campus of West Virginia State University (WVSU). Graduating from high school at the age of 14, Johnson immediately enrolled at WVSU to pursue higher education. At the age of 18 she graduated \u003cemph\u003esumma cum laude\u003c/emph\u003e in 1937 with a double major in mathematics and French. Finding few opportunities for an African-American teenage mathematician she eventually took a job as a schoolteacher in Marion, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter marrying her first husband, James Goble, in 1939 Katherine was selected by the president of WVSU to be one of three African Americans to integrate West Virginia University (WVU) following Governor Homer Holt's decision to desegregate public graduate schools in West Virginia. Becoming the first African-American woman to be accepted into WVU's graduate program, Johnson withdrew from classes after discovering she was pregnant, settling into motherhood and her career as a teacher over the next decade.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1952, after hearing from a relative about jobs working with the all-black West Area computing section at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) Langley laboratory under the instruction of fellow West Virginian Dorothy Vaughan, Katherine and James moved to Newport News, Virginia and Johnson began working at Langley in the summer of 1953. First assigned to a project in the Maneuver Loads Branch of the Flight Research Division, her temporary position quickly turned permanent.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohnson helped provide some of the math for the 1958 document \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eNotes on Space Technology\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e. As NACA transformed in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson continued to provide groundbreaking work including trajectory analysis for the 1961 Freedom 7 mission with Alan Shepard, America's first human spaceflight. Her and engineer Ted Skopinski's \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eDetermination of Azimuth Angle at Burnout for Placing a Satellite Over a Selected Earth Position\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e was the first time a woman in the Flight Research Division received credit as an author of a research report. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOver the course of her career with NASA Johnson assisted with a variety of pioneering space flight missions. She verified the flight plan of John Glenn prior to his historic orbit of the Earth in 1961, in 1969 she was part of the team that calculated where and when to launch the rocket for the Apollo 11 mission that sent the first humans to the Moon, as well as working on the space shuttle program, and authoring/coauthoring 26 research reports. Katherine Johnson retired from NASA in 1986 after 33 years at the Langley facility.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOver the years Johnson received numerous awards and recognitions for her contributions to space flight. In 2015, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama, the highest civilian award in the United States. In 2016, NASA named the Katherine G. Johnson Computational Research Facility after her. Also in 2016, Margot Lee Shetterly published \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eHidden Figures: The American Dream and The Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e, a book about the West Area computers, including Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson. A film based on the book and having the same title was released that same year with the movie being nominated for Best Picture at the 89th Academy Awards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKatherine Johnson passed away on February 24, 2020 at the age of 101 at a retirement home in Newport News, Virginia. She was preceded in death by her second husband Jim Johnson in 2019, whom she married in 1959 after the death of her first husband in 1956. A memoir, \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eMy Remarkable Journey\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e, co-written by Johnson and her daughters, Joylette Hylick and Katherine Moore, was published posthumously in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Katherine Goble Johnson was born in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia on August 26, 1918. Born Creola Katherine Coleman to parents Joylette Roberta and Joshua McKinley Coleman, she was the youngest of four children. Excelling at mathematics from an early age, Katherine and her family moved to Institute, West Virginia in order for Katherine to attend high school on the campus of West Virginia State University (WVSU). Graduating from high school at the age of 14, Johnson immediately enrolled at WVSU to pursue higher education. At the age of 18 she graduated summa cum laude in 1937 with a double major in mathematics and French. Finding few opportunities for an African-American teenage mathematician she eventually took a job as a schoolteacher in Marion, Virginia.","After marrying her first husband, James Goble, in 1939 Katherine was selected by the president of WVSU to be one of three African Americans to integrate West Virginia University (WVU) following Governor Homer Holt's decision to desegregate public graduate schools in West Virginia. Becoming the first African-American woman to be accepted into WVU's graduate program, Johnson withdrew from classes after discovering she was pregnant, settling into motherhood and her career as a teacher over the next decade.","In 1952, after hearing from a relative about jobs working with the all-black West Area computing section at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) Langley laboratory under the instruction of fellow West Virginian Dorothy Vaughan, Katherine and James moved to Newport News, Virginia and Johnson began working at Langley in the summer of 1953. First assigned to a project in the Maneuver Loads Branch of the Flight Research Division, her temporary position quickly turned permanent.","Johnson helped provide some of the math for the 1958 document Notes on Space Technology. As NACA transformed in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson continued to provide groundbreaking work including trajectory analysis for the 1961 Freedom 7 mission with Alan Shepard, America's first human spaceflight. Her and engineer Ted Skopinski's Determination of Azimuth Angle at Burnout for Placing a Satellite Over a Selected Earth Position was the first time a woman in the Flight Research Division received credit as an author of a research report.","Over the course of her career with NASA Johnson assisted with a variety of pioneering space flight missions. She verified the flight plan of John Glenn prior to his historic orbit of the Earth in 1961, in 1969 she was part of the team that calculated where and when to launch the rocket for the Apollo 11 mission that sent the first humans to the Moon, as well as working on the space shuttle program, and authoring/coauthoring 26 research reports. Katherine Johnson retired from NASA in 1986 after 33 years at the Langley facility.","Over the years Johnson received numerous awards and recognitions for her contributions to space flight. In 2015, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama, the highest civilian award in the United States. In 2016, NASA named the Katherine G. Johnson Computational Research Facility after her. Also in 2016, Margot Lee Shetterly published Hidden Figures: The American Dream and The Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race, a book about the West Area computers, including Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson. A film based on the book and having the same title was released that same year with the movie being nominated for Best Picture at the 89th Academy Awards.","Katherine Johnson passed away on February 24, 2020 at the age of 101 at a retirement home in Newport News, Virginia. She was preceded in death by her second husband Jim Johnson in 2019, whom she married in 1959 after the death of her first husband in 1956. A memoir, My Remarkable Journey, co-written by Johnson and her daughters, Joylette Hylick and Katherine Moore, was published posthumously in 2021."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers, A\u0026amp;M 4536, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Katherine G. Johnson, Mathematician, Papers, A\u0026M 4536, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of Katherine G. Johnson. Includes assorted artifacts, family photographs, awards, honorary degrees, correspondence, and other material regarding the career and life of Katherine G. Johnson. The bulk of the collection is focused on material relating to the release of the 2016 film \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eHidden Figures\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e while other material details Katherine Johnson's early life and her family history. Such material includes news clippings, magazine articles, and fan mail to Katherine G. Johnson.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eIncludes framed awards, plaques, glass awards, honorary degrees, and other resolutions and recognitions granted to Katherine G. Johnson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials related to Katherine G. Johnson, the film \u003cemph\u003eHidden Figures\u003c/emph\u003e, and general NASA publications. Types of material include newspaper clippings, magazine articles, pamphlets, program schedules, books, and copies of commencement speeches given by Johnson and others, among other items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterials include digitized photographs on CDs, recorded interviews and ceremonies, as well as an atlas on CD-ROM.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes mostly fan mail to Katherine Johnson, with other items including personal and family correspondence, as well as writings related to event and award ceremonies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes family photographs, scrapbooks, Katherine Johnson's math tools and math book, and a Barbie doll of Katherine Johnson, among other items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains four plastic squares, one broken spiral mathemathical instrument, one intact spiral, and one small paper kit containing a variety of equipment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains two circle templates, one logarithmic spiral curve and booklet, one ellipse set, and two protractors.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA significant portion of these photographs are of Katherine's maternal aunt, Lelia Lowe White, and her students at Langston High School in Danville, VA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes handwritten math textbook in the ledger for a business (possibly a pharmacy) owned by an ancestor of Katherine Johnson (likely Thomas H. Lowe) and several documents found inside the ledger, such as letters and a handwritten story. Other names listed in this material include Abraham North Lowe and Lee Lowe.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvitation and program for the United States Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony in honor of Katherine Johnson, Dr. Christine Darden, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson, as well as the same for the National Aviation Hall of Fame's 60th Annual Enshrinement Dinner \u0026amp; Ceremony\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers of Katherine G. Johnson. Includes assorted artifacts, family photographs, awards, honorary degrees, correspondence, and other material regarding the career and life of Katherine G. Johnson. The bulk of the collection is focused on material relating to the release of the 2016 film Hidden Figures while other material details Katherine Johnson's early life and her family history. Such material includes news clippings, magazine articles, and fan mail to Katherine G. Johnson.","Includes framed awards, plaques, glass awards, honorary degrees, and other resolutions and recognitions granted to Katherine G. Johnson.","Includes materials related to Katherine G. Johnson, the film Hidden Figures, and general NASA publications. Types of material include newspaper clippings, magazine articles, pamphlets, program schedules, books, and copies of commencement speeches given by Johnson and others, among other items.","Materials include digitized photographs on CDs, recorded interviews and ceremonies, as well as an atlas on CD-ROM.","Includes mostly fan mail to Katherine Johnson, with other items including personal and family correspondence, as well as writings related to event and award ceremonies.","Includes family photographs, scrapbooks, Katherine Johnson's math tools and math book, and a Barbie doll of Katherine Johnson, among other items.","Contains four plastic squares, one broken spiral mathemathical instrument, one intact spiral, and one small paper kit containing a variety of equipment.","Contains two circle templates, one logarithmic spiral curve and booklet, one ellipse set, and two protractors.","A significant portion of these photographs are of Katherine's maternal aunt, Lelia Lowe White, and her students at Langston High School in Danville, VA.","Includes handwritten math textbook in the ledger for a business (possibly a pharmacy) owned by an ancestor of Katherine Johnson (likely Thomas H. Lowe) and several documents found inside the ledger, such as letters and a handwritten story. Other names listed in this material include Abraham North Lowe and Lee Lowe.","Invitation and program for the United States Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony in honor of Katherine Johnson, Dr. Christine Darden, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson, as well as the same for the National Aviation Hall of Fame's 60th Annual Enshrinement Dinner \u0026 Ceremony"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. Copyright for photographs of Katherine Johnson for Vanity Fair magazine is not owned by the West Virginia and Regional History Center. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. Copyright for photographs of Katherine Johnson for Vanity Fair magazine is not owned by the West Virginia and Regional History Center. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_8e0ff43f3887e0be43707b95c6c03073\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":135,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:59:29.663Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6907"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, 1778/2005","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2502#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2502#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2502.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection","title_ssm":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"title_tesim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1778-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1778-2005"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1778/2005"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, 1778/2005"],"text":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, 1778/2005","Mss 1.05","/repositories/2/resources/2502","African Americans","African Americans in popular culture","African Americans in the performing arts","African Americans--Biography","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","African Americans--Education--Virginia","African Americans--History","African Americans--Suffrage","Antisemitism","Blaxploitation films -- United States","Chinese Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Chinese Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.--History","Communism--United States","Cuban Americans--Public opinion.","Indians of North America","Kwanzaa","Political cartoons","Race awareness--Simulation methods","Race discrimination--Simulation methods","Race relations--1960-1970","Race relations--United States--History--19th century","Race relations--United States--History--20th century","Role playing","Welfare recipients--Public opinion","Welfare--Caricatures and cartoons","World War, 1939-1945--United States","Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Additions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis.","The collection is divided into eight series by race and/or ethnicity. The series are African American, Native American, Asian American, Jewish American, Muslim American, Cuban American, Ku Klux Klan, and Immigration and Discrimination. The contents for each series are  grouped by material type and ordered chronologically.","Acc. 2011.633, Acc. 2011.635, Acc. 2011.637 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Full finding aid created in March 2015 and revised in December 2017 by Special Collections staff.","Acc. 2014.194","Ingersol View Company Stereographs, Comic Series #2","Related materials, such as rare books, are recorded at the folder level.","See also: individual titles in the Manuscript Sheet Music Collection (Mss. 1.07), Box 48, and individual items in the Manuscript Artifact Collection.","For similar material relating to race, ethnicity, and racism outside of the United States, see the Ephemera Collection, Mss. 1.02.","Foreign publications: Rund Um Afrika, a booklet written in German by Gustav Petermann. The content details travels from Germany throughout Africa, visiting sites such as Kruger National Park, Victoria Falls, and Fort Christiansburg. The booklet contains many photographs and animals, buildings, and people. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book DT12.R86 3487058-1001.  Acc.2012.207.","Three Dension's Blackface Plays. Three different play scripts to be performed by white actors wearing black face. The plays highlight the perceived stupidity and ignorance of African Americans. These items are cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37.1923, PN6120.N4.K37.1928, and PN6120.N4.K37.1931. Acc.2009.335.","A henpecked coon: darky monologue, 1923. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37 1923.","Old Doc Gags \"Funster\". Number Two: A collection of fun, fables, foolishness, farce, and fibs, 1925. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6161.O48 1925.","Songs and Spirituals of Negro Composition for Revivals and Congregational Singing. This item is a pamphlet of sheet music. The pamphlet also includes advertisements for home goods. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66. Acc.2009.324.","We shall overcome! Songs of the Southern freedom movement, 1963. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.C2.W4.","How can we keep from singing! A contemporary songbook for liberal churches, fellowships, youth groups, and communal singing generally, 1976. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.H54.1976.","Songs and spirituals of Negro composition for revivals and congregational singing, 1921. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66.","Modern Home Counseler. This book includes lessons, advice, and instructions on how to raise successful, happy, and obedient children. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books H83.M63. Acc. 2009.356.","American Travelers Guide to Negro Monuments. This book details attractions around the United States that celebrate African Americans and their history. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books E185.53A53. Acc.2009.459.","The South Strikes Back, 1957. This booklet was written by Woodrow Boone and promotes the return of a more racially conservative society. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book PN6231.S485S68. Acc.2012.276.","The Afro-American Historical Calendar, 1979. The calendar features famous African American musicians, officers, and performers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book E185.A38. Acc.2009.389.","Negroes in Our History Posters, undated. This collection of posters has a large sketch of famous African American musicians, politicians, and activists. The posters have a brief biographical sketch of each of the celebrated hero. The posters are  cataloged as Rare Book E185.96.R78 folio. Acc.2008.163.","The People Versus Segregated Schools. This 1955 pamphlet promotes integration, anti-lynching laws, and equal pay for black and white workers. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.W54 1955. Acc.2011.268.","3 Lives for Mississippi. This 1965 book is the story of Mickey Schwerner, James Chaney and Andy Goodman, three men who were killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi by the Klu Klux Klan, while fighting racial justice and the rights of African American voters. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book F347.N4H8. Acc.2011.468.","Songs of the Southern Freedom Movement. A 1965 songbook promoting freedom, racial tolerance, and heritage. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54 1976. Acc.2009.315.","How Can We Keep From Singing Songbook. This 1965 book entitled \"We Shall Overcome!\" was compiled by Guy and Candie Carawan for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. The book contains songs relating to sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration and other contentious issues. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54.1976. Acc.2011.469.","\"And People All Around\" Playbill. An undated playbill for a performance written by George Sklar. The play reminds viewers on the Negro Revolution in 1964, the killings of three negro boys in Mississippi, and the civil rights march on Washington. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PS3531.E826A52. Acc.2011.268.","The Communist Position on the Negro Question. This booklet contains excerpts from the major speeches in discussion of the \"Negro question\" at the plenary meeting of the National Committee of the Communist Party. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.C752 1947. Acc.2011.467.","The Path of Negro Liberation. Pamphlet written by Benjamin J. Davis, who argues that the Communist Party of the United States believe in the unconditional political, social, and economic equality in all aspects of American life.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.D314 1947. Acc.2011.468.","The Struggle Against White Chauvinism. Booklet written by Elizabeth Lawson and published by the New York State Education Department of the Communist Party. The booklet defines chauvinism and its effect on race and gender relations within the United States. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E.185.61.2376 1949. Acc.2011.467.","Next Steps in the Struggle for Negro Freedom. This booklet, written by Hugh Bradley, was a report delivered at the National Conference of the Communist Party. Bradley discussed black military involvement, fair employment, and the corruption of the American government. This item is  cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B785 1953. Acc.2011.468.","The Negro People on the March. This booklet, written by Benjamin J. Davis, was a report to the National Committee of the Communist Party.  Davis states that the fight for \"Negro\" freedom is at its height and that the black race must be given economic and political equality.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.6.D38 1956. Acc.2011.467.","\"Why Join,\" The John Birch Society. This pamphlet promotes and describes the John Birch Society. The Society believes in small government and writes that most of the historic happenings within the Civil Rights Movement were Communist conspiracies. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E740.J6W45.1968. Acc.2011.467.","Busing and the Democratic Struggle in Boston. This booklet was published by the Proletarian Unity League, a Communist organization dedicated to creating a strong Communist Party. They believe that white opportunism in the fundamental threat to the construction of a Revolutionary party. The booklet mostly focuses on the integration of public transportation. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book LC214.53.B67P76 1975. Acc.2011.467. Acc.2011.467.","Freedom is Everybody's Job: \" The Crime of the Government Against the Negro People, 1949. This pamphlet, written by George W. Crockett, Jr., was a summation in the trail of the 11 Communist leaders.  The pamphlet argues that the Communist Party has the right to free speech and therefore cannot be outlawed.  Crockett argues that the Communist support for Civil Rights is a reason why the Communist Party is ridiculed. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HX87.C7.1949b.","The CIO and the Negro Worker, 1942. This pamphlet argues against discrimination in the workplace.  The CIO fights for equal employment of all people, races, and religions. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.8.C56 1942. Acc.2011.467.","\"Out of the Jungle\", 1943. The Packinghouse Workers Fight for Justice and Equality. This book is a pictorial history of the Packinghouse Workers Union, which fought for racial justice, fair pay, and equality in the meat packing industry. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD6515.P14073. Acc.2011.268","Roll the Union On, 1987. This book is a pictorial history of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, told by its co-founder H.L. Mitchell. The Union fought for the end of lynching, a safe workplace, and equal rights for African American and white workers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD1511.U5M573 1987. Acc.2011.467","Blaxploitation Cinema Pressbooks and Posters, 1968-1976. Currently unprocessed material. 2014.194 and oversize material.","Indian Legends, 1994. This book includes old Native American stories and tales. Each story is also illustrated in black and white or color. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E98.F6I33.","\"The Klan Today\". This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Books HS2330.K63.K58","The Aryan Views: White Folk News. \"The Attitude of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\" pamphlets. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.A13.","\"The Kourier,\" a booklet of the Klan's version of the History of the United States and the Klan's opinions on \"un-American\" activities such as communism and parochial schools, and the Aryan Views and White Folk News Paper, also promoting racial intolerance. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.K69 v.11 no. 8, July 1935 copy.","Old Doc Gags, \"Funster\" Number Two:: A Collection of Fun, Fables, Foolishness, Farce and Fibs. Copyright 1925 by Charles H. Ubert. The joke book includes anti-immigration and anti-Semitic content. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PN616.O48 1925.","The racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.","Included are published items like travel guides, joke books, song books, story books, programs and handbills, comic strips, a yearbook, election fliers, political publications, pamphlets and calendars.","This fFolder contains three envelopes: Union patriotic envelope depicting a black man picking cotton, titled \"One of the Rebels\", (Acc.2014.123), Union patriotic envelope of a slave dressed as the \"King of the South,\" (Acc. 2014.124), Union patriotic envelope with a map of the south (Acc. 2014.125).","A booklet of twenty minor dramas, extravaganzas, and farces for the amateur stage.  The plays contain stereotypical typecasting of African Americans.","A story book entitled \"The Ten Little Niggers,\" with stereotypical illustrations. The layout of the book is similar to that of \"Ten Little Indians.\"","This songbook features stereotypical illustrations of African Americans including pompous dresses and large lips.","This joke book features jokes that promote racism and a negative view of African Americans.  The jokes are also anti-immigration and misogynistic.","The scrapbook dates from the late 1800's.  The pictures in the book vary, from paintings of flowers to advertising cards for household items.  One page in the book features several stereotypical images of African Americans.  Pictures of monkeys are also placed on this page, therefore stating that they are one in the same.","Advertising trade cards that contain stereotypically racist images of African Americans. The cards are for a clothier. The folder also contains an advertisement for Jos. J. Foley, Tailor, Boston MA, which has a November 1908 calendar alongside an illustration of African American children swinging and climbing trees.","This folder contains multiple advertising cards. The items advertised include soaps, clothing, and household goods. The cards contain stereotypical images of African Americans.","This folder contains advertising cards that depict African Americans in a negative light.  Common features are large lips and flouncy outfits.  The sketches on the cards often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Stereotypical black representations on three advertising trade cards. The cards for pancake batter and clothes depict African Americans with large eyes and mouths along with other stereotypical features.","Advertising cards for a clothier.  The cards depict an African American man trying to command and then falling off a horse-drawn wagon.","Advertisement card for Old Virginia Cheroots from the American Tobacco Company.  The advertisement has a sketch of an African American man.","Advertising label for Old Black Joe's blackeyed peas, showing a black man with a white beard.","Sketch for \"The Connoisseurs\", a popular advertising image for Cream of Wheat. The painting features a black man in a chef's hat, teaching a child about the taste and health benefits of cream of wheat.","Print of the painting by Edward V. Brewer entitled \"The Connoisseurs\" for the Cream of Wheat Company. The painting features an African American man in a chef costume tasting Cream of Wheat along with an African American boy in an apron and chef hat. Oversize item.","Five cards that have negative, stereotypical images of African Americans. Images include a black woman being compared to a donkey and young men playing craps.","Set of 22 racist postcards. Features include large lips and big eyes. Images also include depictions of African Americans stealing goods. Other cards include cartooned drawings of African Americans in flouncy clothing.","Set of 42 cards with racist imagery. Images include cartooned sketches of African Americans with big eyes and over exaggerated lips. Images depict African Americans as lazy and inept. They are shown stealing chickens, eating watermelon, and improperly serving white people.","A postcard with an image of an African American boy with a large mouth, kneeling next to two watermelons","Set of eight postcards that have negative, stereotypical sketches of African Americans. Images include women with large behinds, boys eating watermelon, and men with large lips.","This folder contains five racist postcards. They contain images including boys eating watermelon and a cartooned black man stealing a chicken.","Set of three postcards and a pamphlet entitled \"Fun on the Run.\" The \"Fun on the Run\" pamphlet includes several racist and sexist caricatures.","Postcard containing an image of a cartooned black man and woman. The man has large lips and torn clothing. The woman's features are exaggerated.","This souvenir features common images of African Americans in the south, including picking cotton, eating watermelon, and playing the fiddle.","This folder contains three Happy Birthday and one Christmas card. The cards contain cartooned sketches of African Americans, with factors such as large lips and big eyes. One happy birthday card has a sketch of three black women riding in a large watermelon.","This folder contains numerous happy birthday cards featuring cartooned sketches of African American girls. The girls' features include large eyes and curly hair.","Cards that promote the seven principles of Kwanzaa.","Publications from the Jim Crow era.","This is a book of rag-time melodies, which includes advertisements, sheet music, and lyrics.","This item is the yearbook of the African American high school in Essex County, Virginia. The yearbook includes photographs, poems, and advertisements.","This travel guide of \"negro\" hotels was published by Afro-American Newspapers. The guide includes a map of the East Coast and advertisements from multiple hotels.","Two advertisements promoting performances by African American musicians and artists.","The folder contains an item promoting the Lost Cause ideology, which conveys nostalgia for the Confederacy prior to the Civil War. Confederate norms are presented in the best possible light.","Natchez Pilgrimage Brochure, 1955 March 31, invites people to celebrate the Old South by touring Antebellum mansions in Natchez, Mississippi. The brochure contains multiple photographs and descriptions of the old Antebellum mansion. (Acc.2012.278)","This folder contains publications celebrating the accomplishments and contributions of African Americans.","The booklet describes the history and curricula of Hampton Institute, now Hampton University.","The multiple brochures feature African American jubilee singers and performers.","This brochure is for the Negro History Society of the Hampton Institute and their presentation of singer Dorothy Maynor.","This calendar features the stories of famous African American inventors, politicians, and scholars.","This flyer promotes the election of Arthur H. Vandenberg as senator of Michigan. It states that Vandenberg promises to outlaw the poll tax and favors an anti-lynching law. Vandenberg promises to support African American causes if elected.","These comic strips  promote racial tolerance. One comic entitled \"Stand Up For Sportsmanship,\" features Batman stopping a fight between two boys, one white and one black. When Batman asks what happened, he discovers they're fighting because the white boy doesn't want the black boy to play with them because \"he don't belong, he ain't a real American.\" Batman responds with a lesson about racial tolerance, saying \"don't believe the crackpot lies about people who worship differently, or whose skin is of a different color, or whose parents come from another country... a nation divided by prejudice is like a football team without teamwork.\" The next one, featuring Batman, teaches the reader that a country divided by racial prejudice is the same as a football team without teamwork. The next comic encourages a baseball team to be accepting of players of different ethnicity. The last comic, featuring superman, promotes both racial and religious tolerance.","Reprint of an article from the American Legion magazine concerns the buying of Negro votes.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Independent Socialist Club promoting the black power movement.","This pamphlet entitled \"Here's Proof of the Red Pro-Negro Plot Against South \u0026 USA.\" argues that communist are trying to stir up trouble between white and black races, promoting racial mixing, and eventually want to control America. Pamphlet includes a map of the south, which it states Communist want to turn into a Negro Communist Soviet.","This flyier shows a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr. and other Civil Rights leaders at a supposed Communist training school. The flier states that these leaders have brought tension, disturbance, and violence while trying to promote these Communist ideals.","This booklet was published by Robert Welch. He argues that the \"negro\" population is much better off than populations around the globe. He also states that the population has made great strides in the last hundred years. Welch believes that the Communists are trying to turn black people against white people in America.","This pamphlet was printed by the Communist Party of Cleveland.  The pamphlet states that black and white people work side and side, and therefore black and white children should be able to learn and live with each other.","A pamphlet from the Communist Party of California.","An editorial from the Monroe, La. Morning World, concerns the author's fears that the United Nations is secretly a Communist plot.","A flyer created by the Bay Area Revoluntionary Union concerning streets that are still occupied by the National Guard.","A pamphlet subtitled \"a voice and vote for every member in the UAW-CIO regardless of race, color or creed.\" The pamphlet states that whites and \"negroes\" are all members of the same family and should be employed to the same end. The UAW-CIO promotes the hiring of \"negroes\" in all fields.","A Labor Education Fund pamphlet.","This pamphlet by Angelo Herndon describes the hardship of working in a southern mining town. Herndon describes how he fought the system and promoted fair pay to working class citizens.","The themes of these games range from satirizing to celebrating the progress and intellect of African Americans.","52 playing cards from the game \"In Dixie-Land\". Copyrighted 1896, L.D. Baldwin, by The Fireside Game Co.  The instructions are missing.","This folder contains a set of playing cards.  The cards have a sketch and a brief biological summary of influential African American inventors, politicians, musicians, and activists. Rules for the game are included.","This board game is a racially based Monopoly style game. White players are allowed to buy properties throughout the board while black players are restricted to center areas. The game exemplifies the difficulties of living in a racially segregated housing market. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B5 1970.","The game, which portrays public welfare and its recipients in a negative light, caused immediate controversy upon its publication. It was also perceived as racist and sexist and government agencies appealed to retailers to pull it off the shelves.","This game is a quiz and trivia style game. The game tests players' knowledge of black athletes, musicians, and activists. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.96.F67 1988","This board game tests players' knowledge of African American achievement in history, patents, inventions, sports, and entertainment. There is also a category of questions titled black awareness. Players answer questions to move along on a board, through the struggles of slavery and Jim Crow, eventually arriving back in Africa.","This game is a game of dice where players role to turn over face cards number one through twelve. The cards and box feature racist imagery, including African Americans with bulging eyes and huge lips.","This board game is a trivia style game which tests players' knowledge of African American history. Players answer questions to receive an associates, bachelors, masters, and doctorate in black studies. The word \"funda\" comes from an African language and means to instruct.","Five various cards and Valentine's featuring caricatures of African Americans.  Most of the cards depict the individuals with over exaggerated features and stereotypes, such as one card showing an African American eating watermelon.","20 caricature and three photograph postcards of African Americans.  Most of the caricature postcards feature stereotypical cartoons and captions of African Americans.  The photographs show African Americans tilling in cotton fields and posing outside dilapidated homes.","Three stereoviews showing African Americans picking cotton in Georgia and Mississippi cotton fields and sugar cane in Peurto Rico. The views were produced by Underwood and Underwood, and the Keystone Viewing Company.","This box contains VHS tapes that are notable for the original video cases. Most of the movies are from the Blaxploitation genre, a controversial film movement. Blaxploitation films contained many common stereotypes. The black community is often portrayed as violent and drug related. However, some people believed the films were examples of black expression and power.","This film features a young man who accidently kills his brother and then becomes a preacher to seek amends.","This fFilm features gang life in Harlem, New York.","The film features two men who work in Harlem. They get sent on a wild goose chase looking for money hidden in a barrel of cotton.","The film features a Harlem private eye hired to save teenagers kidnapped by the Mafia.","This film features a Harlem drug-dealer who wants to make one last sell before quitting the cocaine business.","The film features Cleopatra Jones, drug traffickers' deadliest enemy.","The film takes Bruce Lee to the island fortress of a criminal warlord, whom Bruce Lee must overcome.","This film features Dracula's bloodbrother, Blacula.","The film features black CIA recruits from Chicago who become freedom fighters after their military training.","The fFilm features Pop Boyd, a martial arts champion who opens a studio on land that the Mafia wants to use as a headquarters.","This fFilm features two ex-Vietnam soldiers who pursue the elite drug dealing industries.","This film features a young black man who seeks revenge when he is arrested on false charges.","The f Film features black drug dealers, mobsters, and undercover cops.","In this sequel to Dolemite, Rudy Ray Moore flees to California, where he helps Queen Bee and her Kung-Fu girls battle a local gangster.","The film features a morally bankrupt man who can save his own life only if he marries the devil's ugly daughter.","The film features a man who owns a disco and declares war on the producers of Angel Dust, a drug corrupting his nephew.","This film features a man who seeks revenge on his girlfriend's killer.","This fFilm features a Detroit police sergeant who is pitted against brutal thugs.","The film features friends who are hiding from the mob and hunting a gangster boss, who rigged a karate tournament.","The fFilm features a man, just recently released from prison, who uses brains and muscles to survive in the city.","The fFilm features the Black Dragon, who teams up with kung fu dynamo Dragon Lee as they take on the Korean and Japanese mafias.","The film features a man named Blade, who is the last hope for humanity, when a bloodthirsty lord declares war on the human race.","The fFilm features a vampire slayer who fights to save humanity.","The fFilm features a gang who goes from rags to riches, and then fights a knife-wielding, car stealing leprechaun.","This film is the third in a trilogy. It features a vampire hunter who must join forces with a clan of other hunters to find and defeat Dracula.","The Great Cataract or Waterfall of Niagara in North America, This folder contains a copperplate engraving of Niagara Falls on paper. The image depicts a group of Native Americans showing Europeans the beauty of the falls. In the background, there are several Native Americans hauling large stones.","Powhatan Applesauce Label. \nThis folder contains an advertising label for apple sauce named after the famed Native American chiefdom, the Powhatan. The advertisement includes a sketch of a Native American with a colorful head band and feather in his hair.","Iron King Cook Calendar. \nThis calendar features a scene in which white settlers shot Native Americans while hiding behind a large iron king stove.","Set of 12 postcards that feature oil paintings of Native American imagery. The cards depict a variety of different scenes, including an Indian camp, a hunted buffalo, a tepee, and an Indian carrying an American flag after Custer's Last Stand. The postcards have a short description of each portrayed scene.","Set of 28 postcards featuring images of Native Americans. The postcards represent tribes from all over the country, from the Iroquois to the Hopi. Common images are war dances and dwellings such as tepees and long houses. Many of the postcards have short descriptions of the scenes on the back.","Set of 90 postcards that portray Indian life in the south western United States. Images include  young girls and boys, Indians in traditional tribal outfits, mountains, canyons, and pueblo houses.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that contains a description and multiple illustrations of Indian chiefs.  The chiefs depicted are all from Western tribes, including the Pueblos, Navajos, Apache, Sioux, and Blackfoot.  The description states that the Pueblos are the most civilized of the nations.  The illustrations include portraits of the leaders as well as scenes of the leaders in the picturesque mountains of the west.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that describes and illustrates southwestern Native American life.  The author notes that native life is \"primitive\" with little industry and machinery.  The images contain various scenes, including a mother and child standing next to cactus brush, people gathered around a tepee, a pueblo village, and men creating wampum beads.  Also depicted are images of natives performing a variety of crafts and chores.","Set of trading cards that contain negative imagery of Native Americans.  Images include Native Americans being stabbed by white settler, a Native American man drinking too much, and misrepresentations of traditional Indian outfits.","The trading cards depict imagery of Native Americans, including totem poles, war dances, and stockades.  The cards have images on one side, and a short description of the scene on the other.","Oversized trading that that have photographs and drawing of various Native American leaders.  The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.  This trading cards are housed separately due to their large size.","The trading cards have photographs and drawings of various Native American leaders. The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.","This set of 90 cards have images on one side of famous Native American leaders and of famous battles fought by various native tribes.  The backside has a short, skewed description of historical events.","This folder contains a box of bridge tally cards.  The cards have sketches of Native American people and scenery, along with the names and locations of different tribes.","The Wild West Gum cards contains 22 cards depicting colorized illustrations of Native Americans. The collection was part of a set of 24 cards manufactured by John H. Dockman and Son in the early twentieth century.","The Paragon Beef trading cards include negative images of Chinese men with long braids and stereotypical straw hats.","Series of advertising cards that promote the Chinese immigrant population in a negative way. Advertisers include Celluloid Corset Clasps, Kendall Manufacturing Company Soaps and Soapine, Henderson's Goods, and Gent's Furnishings and Fancy Goods Houses. The images depict Chinese men with long hair embarking on ships and men with over exaggerated eye features. The images often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Series of cards that depict a scene between two white boys and a Chinese man. The children pull the man's braid, snap it off, and project the Chinese man from his perch, thus solving the \"Chinese problem\". Another card shows Chinese men being bitten by a dog.","Set of cards that depict Asian Americans in negative ways.  Images include men embarking on a boat for China, a sketch of Mun Wong, and a Chinese child holding an umbrella.","This Fourth of July postcard displays racist imagery towards Asian Americans. The card portrays an Asian woman running away from a fire cracker.","This comic strip includes stereotypical images of a Chinese man who entrapped his long braid in a rail road track.","This game includes a small box of sticks. Each player is to shake the box and the first stick that pops out is the one chosen.  Each stick has a number, and the numbers correspond to a booklet that contains fortunes.","Series of two sided trading cards. One of the sides have images of aspects of Jewish life, such as lighting candles and dancing with the torah. The other sides have short bible verses and explanations of the images.","This game is an educational trivia game that features questions regarding different aspects of the Islamic Hajj. Categories include \"How to Perform Hajj,\" \"Places of Hajj,\" and \"General Questions on Hajj.\" The game is geared toward teaching children about the Muslim pilgrimage.","The postcard displays a derogatory image of a Cuban mother feeding her two small children, one of whom nurses from a goat.","Items in this folder include pamphlets instructing men on how to be good Klan members, a pamphlet regarding the Klan's attitude toward immigration, the Klan's attitude toward the Jew and other letters of propaganda.","This folder include meeting minutes from a chapter of the Klu Klux Klan in Elkton, Maryland. The folder also includes the obituary of klansmen Raymond C. Fronk.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Equal Rights Congress in a national effort to outlaw the Nazis and the Klu Klux Klan.  The folder also contains fliers promoting integration and racial tolerance.","This folder includes a manuscript by an unknown author on the subject of foreign immigration into the United States of America. The author argues that foreign populations should be restricted from coming to the United States. The manuscript also discusses the various races and ethnicities that should be restricted, including the Irish, the Jewish population, Italians, and the African and Asian races. The document concludes with a list of prohibitions that the author would impose to keep the immigrant populations from entering the country.","This booklet is published by the Order United American Mechanics, a secret fraternity composed entirely of citizens born in the US.American citizens born. The booklet argues against competition for jobs with foreign-born immigrants.","Cards with images and phrases that promote racial and religious equality.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","John H. Dockman and Son.","English German"],"collection_title_tesim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, 1778/2005"],"collection_ssim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, 1778/2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss 1.05","/repositories/2/resources/2502"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss 1.05","/repositories/2/resources/2502"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","John H. Dockman and Son."],"creators_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","John H. Dockman and Son."],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acc. 2007.80 was purchased 8/30/2007. Acc. 2007.81 was purchased 8/30/2007. Acc. 2008.32 was purchased 5/1/2008. Acc. 2008.46 was purchased 5/16/2008.   Acc. 2008.64 was purchased 6/9/2008. Acc. 2008.94 was purchased 9/10/2008. Acc. 2008.95 was purchased 9/10/20008. Acc. 2008.159 was purchased 12/19/2008. Acc. 2009.063 was purchased on 2/24/2009. Acc. 2009.036 was purchased on 1/19/2009. Acc. 2009.147 was purchased on 4/6/2009. Acc. 2009.151 was purchased on 3/30/2009. Acc. 2009.180 was purchased on 4/29/2009. Acc. 2009.181 was purchased on 4/29/2009. Acc. 2009.226 was purchased on 5/25/2009. Acc. 2009.235 was purchased on 5/31/2009. Acc. 2009.305 was purchased on 7/17/2009. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member. Acc. 2014.123-Acc. 2014.125 purchased for Swem Library with support from the SCRC Donors Fund."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","African Americans in popular culture","African Americans in the performing arts","African Americans--Biography","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","African Americans--Education--Virginia","African Americans--History","African Americans--Suffrage","Antisemitism","Blaxploitation films -- United States","Chinese Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Chinese Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.--History","Communism--United States","Cuban Americans--Public opinion.","Indians of North America","Kwanzaa","Political cartoons","Race awareness--Simulation methods","Race discrimination--Simulation methods","Race relations--1960-1970","Race relations--United States--History--19th century","Race relations--United States--History--20th century","Role playing","Welfare recipients--Public opinion","Welfare--Caricatures and cartoons","World War, 1939-1945--United States","Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","African Americans in popular culture","African Americans in the performing arts","African Americans--Biography","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","African Americans--Education--Virginia","African Americans--History","African Americans--Suffrage","Antisemitism","Blaxploitation films -- United States","Chinese Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Chinese Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.--History","Communism--United States","Cuban Americans--Public opinion.","Indians of North America","Kwanzaa","Political cartoons","Race awareness--Simulation methods","Race discrimination--Simulation methods","Race relations--1960-1970","Race relations--United States--History--19th century","Race relations--United States--History--20th century","Role playing","Welfare recipients--Public opinion","Welfare--Caricatures and cartoons","World War, 1939-1945--United States","Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["4 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals:"],"accruals_tesim":["Additions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into eight series by race and/or ethnicity. The series are African American, Native American, Asian American, Jewish American, Muslim American, Cuban American, Ku Klux Klan, and Immigration and Discrimination. The contents for each series are  grouped by material type and ordered chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into eight series by race and/or ethnicity. The series are African American, Native American, Asian American, Jewish American, Muslim American, Cuban American, Ku Klux Klan, and Immigration and Discrimination. The contents for each series are  grouped by material type and ordered chronologically."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRacial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAcc. 2011.633, Acc. 2011.635, Acc. 2011.637 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Full finding aid created in March 2015 and revised in December 2017 by Special Collections staff.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eAcc. 2014.194\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:","Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Acc. 2011.633, Acc. 2011.635, Acc. 2011.637 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Full finding aid created in March 2015 and revised in December 2017 by Special Collections staff.","Acc. 2014.194"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIngersol View Company Stereographs, Comic Series #2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRelated materials, such as rare books, are recorded at the folder level. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also: individual titles in the Manuscript Sheet Music Collection (Mss. 1.07), Box 48, and individual items in the Manuscript Artifact Collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor similar material relating to race, ethnicity, and racism outside of the United States, see the Ephemera Collection, Mss. 1.02.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eForeign publications: Rund Um Afrika, a booklet written in German by Gustav Petermann. The content details travels from Germany throughout Africa, visiting sites such as Kruger National Park, Victoria Falls, and Fort Christiansburg. The booklet contains many photographs and animals, buildings, and people. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book DT12.R86 3487058-1001.  Acc.2012.207.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThree Dension's Blackface Plays. Three different play scripts to be performed by white actors wearing black face. The plays highlight the perceived stupidity and ignorance of African Americans. These items are cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37.1923, PN6120.N4.K37.1928, and PN6120.N4.K37.1931. Acc.2009.335. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA henpecked coon: darky monologue, 1923. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37 1923. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOld Doc Gags \"Funster\". Number Two: A collection of fun, fables, foolishness, farce, and fibs, 1925. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6161.O48 1925. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSongs and Spirituals of Negro Composition for Revivals and Congregational Singing. This item is a pamphlet of sheet music. The pamphlet also includes advertisements for home goods. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66. Acc.2009.324. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWe shall overcome! Songs of the Southern freedom movement, 1963. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.C2.W4. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHow can we keep from singing! A contemporary songbook for liberal churches, fellowships, youth groups, and communal singing generally, 1976. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.H54.1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSongs and spirituals of Negro composition for revivals and congregational singing, 1921. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eModern Home Counseler. This book includes lessons, advice, and instructions on how to raise successful, happy, and obedient children. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books H83.M63. Acc. 2009.356. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmerican Travelers Guide to Negro Monuments. This book details attractions around the United States that celebrate African Americans and their history. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books E185.53A53. Acc.2009.459. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe South Strikes Back, 1957. This booklet was written by Woodrow Boone and promotes the return of a more racially conservative society. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book PN6231.S485S68. Acc.2012.276.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Afro-American Historical Calendar, 1979. The calendar features famous African American musicians, officers, and performers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book E185.A38. Acc.2009.389. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNegroes in Our History Posters, undated. This collection of posters has a large sketch of famous African American musicians, politicians, and activists. The posters have a brief biographical sketch of each of the celebrated hero. The posters are  cataloged as Rare Book E185.96.R78 folio. Acc.2008.163. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe People Versus Segregated Schools. This 1955 pamphlet promotes integration, anti-lynching laws, and equal pay for black and white workers. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.W54 1955. Acc.2011.268. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 Lives for Mississippi. This 1965 book is the story of Mickey Schwerner, James Chaney and Andy Goodman, three men who were killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi by the Klu Klux Klan, while fighting racial justice and the rights of African American voters. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book F347.N4H8. Acc.2011.468. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSongs of the Southern Freedom Movement. A 1965 songbook promoting freedom, racial tolerance, and heritage. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54 1976. Acc.2009.315. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHow Can We Keep From Singing Songbook. This 1965 book entitled \"We Shall Overcome!\" was compiled by Guy and Candie Carawan for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. The book contains songs relating to sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration and other contentious issues. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54.1976. Acc.2011.469. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"And People All Around\" Playbill. An undated playbill for a performance written by George Sklar. The play reminds viewers on the Negro Revolution in 1964, the killings of three negro boys in Mississippi, and the civil rights march on Washington. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PS3531.E826A52. Acc.2011.268. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Communist Position on the Negro Question. This booklet contains excerpts from the major speeches in discussion of the \"Negro question\" at the plenary meeting of the National Committee of the Communist Party. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.C752 1947. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Path of Negro Liberation. Pamphlet written by Benjamin J. Davis, who argues that the Communist Party of the United States believe in the unconditional political, social, and economic equality in all aspects of American life.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.D314 1947. Acc.2011.468. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Struggle Against White Chauvinism. Booklet written by Elizabeth Lawson and published by the New York State Education Department of the Communist Party. The booklet defines chauvinism and its effect on race and gender relations within the United States. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E.185.61.2376 1949. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNext Steps in the Struggle for Negro Freedom. This booklet, written by Hugh Bradley, was a report delivered at the National Conference of the Communist Party. Bradley discussed black military involvement, fair employment, and the corruption of the American government. This item is  cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B785 1953. Acc.2011.468. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Negro People on the March. This booklet, written by Benjamin J. Davis, was a report to the National Committee of the Communist Party.  Davis states that the fight for \"Negro\" freedom is at its height and that the black race must be given economic and political equality.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.6.D38 1956. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Why Join,\" The John Birch Society. This pamphlet promotes and describes the John Birch Society. The Society believes in small government and writes that most of the historic happenings within the Civil Rights Movement were Communist conspiracies. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E740.J6W45.1968. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBusing and the Democratic Struggle in Boston. This booklet was published by the Proletarian Unity League, a Communist organization dedicated to creating a strong Communist Party. They believe that white opportunism in the fundamental threat to the construction of a Revolutionary party. The booklet mostly focuses on the integration of public transportation. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book LC214.53.B67P76 1975. Acc.2011.467. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFreedom is Everybody's Job: \" The Crime of the Government Against the Negro People, 1949. This pamphlet, written by George W. Crockett, Jr., was a summation in the trail of the 11 Communist leaders.  The pamphlet argues that the Communist Party has the right to free speech and therefore cannot be outlawed.  Crockett argues that the Communist support for Civil Rights is a reason why the Communist Party is ridiculed. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HX87.C7.1949b. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe CIO and the Negro Worker, 1942. This pamphlet argues against discrimination in the workplace.  The CIO fights for equal employment of all people, races, and religions. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.8.C56 1942. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Out of the Jungle\", 1943. The Packinghouse Workers Fight for Justice and Equality. This book is a pictorial history of the Packinghouse Workers Union, which fought for racial justice, fair pay, and equality in the meat packing industry. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD6515.P14073. Acc.2011.268\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRoll the Union On, 1987. This book is a pictorial history of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, told by its co-founder H.L. Mitchell. The Union fought for the end of lynching, a safe workplace, and equal rights for African American and white workers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD1511.U5M573 1987. Acc.2011.467\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlaxploitation Cinema Pressbooks and Posters, 1968-1976. Currently unprocessed material. 2014.194 and oversize material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIndian Legends, 1994. This book includes old Native American stories and tales. Each story is also illustrated in black and white or color. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E98.F6I33.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"The Klan Today\". This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Books HS2330.K63.K58\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Aryan Views: White Folk News. \"The Attitude of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\" pamphlets. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.A13. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"The Kourier,\" a booklet of the Klan's version of the History of the United States and the Klan's opinions on \"un-American\" activities such as communism and parochial schools, and the Aryan Views and White Folk News Paper, also promoting racial intolerance. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.K69 v.11 no. 8, July 1935 copy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOld Doc Gags, \"Funster\" Number Two:: A Collection of Fun, Fables, Foolishness, Farce and Fibs. Copyright 1925 by Charles H. Ubert. The joke book includes anti-immigration and anti-Semitic content. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PN616.O48 1925.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Ingersol View Company Stereographs, Comic Series #2","Related materials, such as rare books, are recorded at the folder level.","See also: individual titles in the Manuscript Sheet Music Collection (Mss. 1.07), Box 48, and individual items in the Manuscript Artifact Collection.","For similar material relating to race, ethnicity, and racism outside of the United States, see the Ephemera Collection, Mss. 1.02.","Foreign publications: Rund Um Afrika, a booklet written in German by Gustav Petermann. The content details travels from Germany throughout Africa, visiting sites such as Kruger National Park, Victoria Falls, and Fort Christiansburg. The booklet contains many photographs and animals, buildings, and people. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book DT12.R86 3487058-1001.  Acc.2012.207.","Three Dension's Blackface Plays. Three different play scripts to be performed by white actors wearing black face. The plays highlight the perceived stupidity and ignorance of African Americans. These items are cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37.1923, PN6120.N4.K37.1928, and PN6120.N4.K37.1931. Acc.2009.335.","A henpecked coon: darky monologue, 1923. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37 1923.","Old Doc Gags \"Funster\". Number Two: A collection of fun, fables, foolishness, farce, and fibs, 1925. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6161.O48 1925.","Songs and Spirituals of Negro Composition for Revivals and Congregational Singing. This item is a pamphlet of sheet music. The pamphlet also includes advertisements for home goods. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66. Acc.2009.324.","We shall overcome! Songs of the Southern freedom movement, 1963. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.C2.W4.","How can we keep from singing! A contemporary songbook for liberal churches, fellowships, youth groups, and communal singing generally, 1976. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.H54.1976.","Songs and spirituals of Negro composition for revivals and congregational singing, 1921. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66.","Modern Home Counseler. This book includes lessons, advice, and instructions on how to raise successful, happy, and obedient children. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books H83.M63. Acc. 2009.356.","American Travelers Guide to Negro Monuments. This book details attractions around the United States that celebrate African Americans and their history. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books E185.53A53. Acc.2009.459.","The South Strikes Back, 1957. This booklet was written by Woodrow Boone and promotes the return of a more racially conservative society. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book PN6231.S485S68. Acc.2012.276.","The Afro-American Historical Calendar, 1979. The calendar features famous African American musicians, officers, and performers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book E185.A38. Acc.2009.389.","Negroes in Our History Posters, undated. This collection of posters has a large sketch of famous African American musicians, politicians, and activists. The posters have a brief biographical sketch of each of the celebrated hero. The posters are  cataloged as Rare Book E185.96.R78 folio. Acc.2008.163.","The People Versus Segregated Schools. This 1955 pamphlet promotes integration, anti-lynching laws, and equal pay for black and white workers. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.W54 1955. Acc.2011.268.","3 Lives for Mississippi. This 1965 book is the story of Mickey Schwerner, James Chaney and Andy Goodman, three men who were killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi by the Klu Klux Klan, while fighting racial justice and the rights of African American voters. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book F347.N4H8. Acc.2011.468.","Songs of the Southern Freedom Movement. A 1965 songbook promoting freedom, racial tolerance, and heritage. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54 1976. Acc.2009.315.","How Can We Keep From Singing Songbook. This 1965 book entitled \"We Shall Overcome!\" was compiled by Guy and Candie Carawan for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. The book contains songs relating to sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration and other contentious issues. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54.1976. Acc.2011.469.","\"And People All Around\" Playbill. An undated playbill for a performance written by George Sklar. The play reminds viewers on the Negro Revolution in 1964, the killings of three negro boys in Mississippi, and the civil rights march on Washington. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PS3531.E826A52. Acc.2011.268.","The Communist Position on the Negro Question. This booklet contains excerpts from the major speeches in discussion of the \"Negro question\" at the plenary meeting of the National Committee of the Communist Party. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.C752 1947. Acc.2011.467.","The Path of Negro Liberation. Pamphlet written by Benjamin J. Davis, who argues that the Communist Party of the United States believe in the unconditional political, social, and economic equality in all aspects of American life.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.D314 1947. Acc.2011.468.","The Struggle Against White Chauvinism. Booklet written by Elizabeth Lawson and published by the New York State Education Department of the Communist Party. The booklet defines chauvinism and its effect on race and gender relations within the United States. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E.185.61.2376 1949. Acc.2011.467.","Next Steps in the Struggle for Negro Freedom. This booklet, written by Hugh Bradley, was a report delivered at the National Conference of the Communist Party. Bradley discussed black military involvement, fair employment, and the corruption of the American government. This item is  cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B785 1953. Acc.2011.468.","The Negro People on the March. This booklet, written by Benjamin J. Davis, was a report to the National Committee of the Communist Party.  Davis states that the fight for \"Negro\" freedom is at its height and that the black race must be given economic and political equality.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.6.D38 1956. Acc.2011.467.","\"Why Join,\" The John Birch Society. This pamphlet promotes and describes the John Birch Society. The Society believes in small government and writes that most of the historic happenings within the Civil Rights Movement were Communist conspiracies. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E740.J6W45.1968. Acc.2011.467.","Busing and the Democratic Struggle in Boston. This booklet was published by the Proletarian Unity League, a Communist organization dedicated to creating a strong Communist Party. They believe that white opportunism in the fundamental threat to the construction of a Revolutionary party. The booklet mostly focuses on the integration of public transportation. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book LC214.53.B67P76 1975. Acc.2011.467. Acc.2011.467.","Freedom is Everybody's Job: \" The Crime of the Government Against the Negro People, 1949. This pamphlet, written by George W. Crockett, Jr., was a summation in the trail of the 11 Communist leaders.  The pamphlet argues that the Communist Party has the right to free speech and therefore cannot be outlawed.  Crockett argues that the Communist support for Civil Rights is a reason why the Communist Party is ridiculed. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HX87.C7.1949b.","The CIO and the Negro Worker, 1942. This pamphlet argues against discrimination in the workplace.  The CIO fights for equal employment of all people, races, and religions. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.8.C56 1942. Acc.2011.467.","\"Out of the Jungle\", 1943. The Packinghouse Workers Fight for Justice and Equality. This book is a pictorial history of the Packinghouse Workers Union, which fought for racial justice, fair pay, and equality in the meat packing industry. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD6515.P14073. Acc.2011.268","Roll the Union On, 1987. This book is a pictorial history of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, told by its co-founder H.L. Mitchell. The Union fought for the end of lynching, a safe workplace, and equal rights for African American and white workers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD1511.U5M573 1987. Acc.2011.467","Blaxploitation Cinema Pressbooks and Posters, 1968-1976. Currently unprocessed material. 2014.194 and oversize material.","Indian Legends, 1994. This book includes old Native American stories and tales. Each story is also illustrated in black and white or color. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E98.F6I33.","\"The Klan Today\". This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Books HS2330.K63.K58","The Aryan Views: White Folk News. \"The Attitude of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\" pamphlets. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.A13.","\"The Kourier,\" a booklet of the Klan's version of the History of the United States and the Klan's opinions on \"un-American\" activities such as communism and parochial schools, and the Aryan Views and White Folk News Paper, also promoting racial intolerance. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.K69 v.11 no. 8, July 1935 copy.","Old Doc Gags, \"Funster\" Number Two:: A Collection of Fun, Fables, Foolishness, Farce and Fibs. Copyright 1925 by Charles H. Ubert. The joke book includes anti-immigration and anti-Semitic content. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PN616.O48 1925."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eIncluded are published items like travel guides, joke books, song books, story books, programs and handbills, comic strips, a yearbook, election fliers, political publications, pamphlets and calendars.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFolder contains three envelopes: Union patriotic envelope depicting a black man picking cotton, titled \"One of the Rebels\", (Acc.2014.123), Union patriotic envelope of a slave dressed as the \"King of the South,\" (Acc. 2014.124), Union patriotic envelope with a map of the south (Acc. 2014.125).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA booklet of twenty minor dramas, extravaganzas, and farces for the amateur stage.  The plays contain stereotypical typecasting of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA story book entitled \"The Ten Little Niggers,\" with stereotypical illustrations. The layout of the book is similar to that of \"Ten Little Indians.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis songbook features stereotypical illustrations of African Americans including pompous dresses and large lips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis joke book features jokes that promote racism and a negative view of African Americans.  The jokes are also anti-immigration and misogynistic.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe scrapbook dates from the late 1800's.  The pictures in the book vary, from paintings of flowers to advertising cards for household items.  One page in the book features several stereotypical images of African Americans.  Pictures of monkeys are also placed on this page, therefore stating that they are one in the same.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertising trade cards that contain stereotypically racist images of African Americans. The cards are for a clothier. The folder also contains an advertisement for Jos. J. Foley, Tailor, Boston MA, which has a November 1908 calendar alongside an illustration of African American children swinging and climbing trees.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains multiple advertising cards. The items advertised include soaps, clothing, and household goods. The cards contain stereotypical images of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains advertising cards that depict African Americans in a negative light.  Common features are large lips and flouncy outfits.  The sketches on the cards often have little to do with the product being advertised.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStereotypical black representations on three advertising trade cards. The cards for pancake batter and clothes depict African Americans with large eyes and mouths along with other stereotypical features.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertising cards for a clothier.  The cards depict an African American man trying to command and then falling off a horse-drawn wagon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertisement card for Old Virginia Cheroots from the American Tobacco Company.  The advertisement has a sketch of an African American man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertising label for Old Black Joe's blackeyed peas, showing a black man with a white beard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSketch for \"The Connoisseurs\", a popular advertising image for Cream of Wheat. The painting features a black man in a chef's hat, teaching a child about the taste and health benefits of cream of wheat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrint of the painting by Edward V. Brewer entitled \"The Connoisseurs\" for the Cream of Wheat Company. The painting features an African American man in a chef costume tasting Cream of Wheat along with an African American boy in an apron and chef hat. Oversize item.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFive cards that have negative, stereotypical images of African Americans. Images include a black woman being compared to a donkey and young men playing craps.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 22 racist postcards. Features include large lips and big eyes. Images also include depictions of African Americans stealing goods. Other cards include cartooned drawings of African Americans in flouncy clothing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 42 cards with racist imagery. Images include cartooned sketches of African Americans with big eyes and over exaggerated lips. Images depict African Americans as lazy and inept. They are shown stealing chickens, eating watermelon, and improperly serving white people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA postcard with an image of an African American boy with a large mouth, kneeling next to two watermelons\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of eight postcards that have negative, stereotypical sketches of African Americans. Images include women with large behinds, boys eating watermelon, and men with large lips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains five racist postcards. They contain images including boys eating watermelon and a cartooned black man stealing a chicken.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of three postcards and a pamphlet entitled \"Fun on the Run.\" The \"Fun on the Run\" pamphlet includes several racist and sexist caricatures.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePostcard containing an image of a cartooned black man and woman. The man has large lips and torn clothing. The woman's features are exaggerated.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis souvenir features common images of African Americans in the south, including picking cotton, eating watermelon, and playing the fiddle.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains three Happy Birthday and one Christmas card. The cards contain cartooned sketches of African Americans, with factors such as large lips and big eyes. One happy birthday card has a sketch of three black women riding in a large watermelon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains numerous happy birthday cards featuring cartooned sketches of African American girls. The girls' features include large eyes and curly hair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCards that promote the seven principles of Kwanzaa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublications from the Jim Crow era.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis is a book of rag-time melodies, which includes advertisements, sheet music, and lyrics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item is the yearbook of the African American high school in Essex County, Virginia. The yearbook includes photographs, poems, and advertisements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis travel guide of \"negro\" hotels was published by Afro-American Newspapers. The guide includes a map of the East Coast and advertisements from multiple hotels.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo advertisements promoting performances by African American musicians and artists.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe folder contains an item promoting the Lost Cause ideology, which conveys nostalgia for the Confederacy prior to the Civil War. Confederate norms are presented in the best possible light. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNatchez Pilgrimage Brochure, 1955 March 31, invites people to celebrate the Old South by touring Antebellum mansions in Natchez, Mississippi. The brochure contains multiple photographs and descriptions of the old Antebellum mansion. (Acc.2012.278)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains publications celebrating the accomplishments and contributions of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe booklet describes the history and curricula of Hampton Institute, now Hampton University.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe multiple brochures feature African American jubilee singers and performers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis brochure is for the Negro History Society of the Hampton Institute and their presentation of singer Dorothy Maynor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis calendar features the stories of famous African American inventors, politicians, and scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis flyer promotes the election of Arthur H. Vandenberg as senator of Michigan. It states that Vandenberg promises to outlaw the poll tax and favors an anti-lynching law. Vandenberg promises to support African American causes if elected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese comic strips  promote racial tolerance. One comic entitled \"Stand Up For Sportsmanship,\" features Batman stopping a fight between two boys, one white and one black. When Batman asks what happened, he discovers they're fighting because the white boy doesn't want the black boy to play with them because \"he don't belong, he ain't a real American.\" Batman responds with a lesson about racial tolerance, saying \"don't believe the crackpot lies about people who worship differently, or whose skin is of a different color, or whose parents come from another country... a nation divided by prejudice is like a football team without teamwork.\" The next one, featuring Batman, teaches the reader that a country divided by racial prejudice is the same as a football team without teamwork. The next comic encourages a baseball team to be accepting of players of different ethnicity. The last comic, featuring superman, promotes both racial and religious tolerance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReprint of an article from the American Legion magazine concerns the buying of Negro votes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a pamphlet published by the Independent Socialist Club promoting the black power movement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis pamphlet entitled \"Here's Proof of the Red Pro-Negro Plot Against South \u0026amp; USA.\" argues that communist are trying to stir up trouble between white and black races, promoting racial mixing, and eventually want to control America. Pamphlet includes a map of the south, which it states Communist want to turn into a Negro Communist Soviet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis flyier shows a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr. and other Civil Rights leaders at a supposed Communist training school. The flier states that these leaders have brought tension, disturbance, and violence while trying to promote these Communist ideals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis booklet was published by Robert Welch. He argues that the \"negro\" population is much better off than populations around the globe. He also states that the population has made great strides in the last hundred years. Welch believes that the Communists are trying to turn black people against white people in America.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis pamphlet was printed by the Communist Party of Cleveland.  The pamphlet states that black and white people work side and side, and therefore black and white children should be able to learn and live with each other.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA pamphlet from the Communist Party of California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn editorial from the Monroe, La. Morning World, concerns the author's fears that the United Nations is secretly a Communist plot.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA flyer created by the Bay Area Revoluntionary Union concerning streets that are still occupied by the National Guard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA pamphlet subtitled \"a voice and vote for every member in the UAW-CIO regardless of race, color or creed.\" The pamphlet states that whites and \"negroes\" are all members of the same family and should be employed to the same end. The UAW-CIO promotes the hiring of \"negroes\" in all fields.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA Labor Education Fund pamphlet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis pamphlet by Angelo Herndon describes the hardship of working in a southern mining town. Herndon describes how he fought the system and promoted fair pay to working class citizens.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe themes of these games range from satirizing to celebrating the progress and intellect of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e52 playing cards from the game \"In Dixie-Land\". Copyrighted 1896, L.D. Baldwin, by The Fireside Game Co.  The instructions are missing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains a set of playing cards.  The cards have a sketch and a brief biological summary of influential African American inventors, politicians, musicians, and activists. Rules for the game are included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis board game is a racially based Monopoly style game. White players are allowed to buy properties throughout the board while black players are restricted to center areas. The game exemplifies the difficulties of living in a racially segregated housing market. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B5 1970.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe game, which portrays public welfare and its recipients in a negative light, caused immediate controversy upon its publication. It was also perceived as racist and sexist and government agencies appealed to retailers to pull it off the shelves.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game is a quiz and trivia style game. The game tests players' knowledge of black athletes, musicians, and activists. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.96.F67 1988\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis board game tests players' knowledge of African American achievement in history, patents, inventions, sports, and entertainment. There is also a category of questions titled black awareness. Players answer questions to move along on a board, through the struggles of slavery and Jim Crow, eventually arriving back in Africa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game is a game of dice where players role to turn over face cards number one through twelve. The cards and box feature racist imagery, including African Americans with bulging eyes and huge lips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis board game is a trivia style game which tests players' knowledge of African American history. Players answer questions to receive an associates, bachelors, masters, and doctorate in black studies. The word \"funda\" comes from an African language and means to instruct.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFive various cards and Valentine's featuring caricatures of African Americans.  Most of the cards depict the individuals with over exaggerated features and stereotypes, such as one card showing an African American eating watermelon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e20 caricature and three photograph postcards of African Americans.  Most of the caricature postcards feature stereotypical cartoons and captions of African Americans.  The photographs show African Americans tilling in cotton fields and posing outside dilapidated homes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThree stereoviews showing African Americans picking cotton in Georgia and Mississippi cotton fields and sugar cane in Peurto Rico. The views were produced by Underwood and Underwood, and the Keystone Viewing Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis box contains VHS tapes that are notable for the original video cases. Most of the movies are from the Blaxploitation genre, a controversial film movement. Blaxploitation films contained many common stereotypes. The black community is often portrayed as violent and drug related. However, some people believed the films were examples of black expression and power.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a young man who accidently kills his brother and then becomes a preacher to seek amends.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFilm features gang life in Harlem, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features two men who work in Harlem. They get sent on a wild goose chase looking for money hidden in a barrel of cotton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a Harlem private eye hired to save teenagers kidnapped by the Mafia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a Harlem drug-dealer who wants to make one last sell before quitting the cocaine business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features Cleopatra Jones, drug traffickers' deadliest enemy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film takes Bruce Lee to the island fortress of a criminal warlord, whom Bruce Lee must overcome.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features Dracula's bloodbrother, Blacula.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features black CIA recruits from Chicago who become freedom fighters after their military training.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features Pop Boyd, a martial arts champion who opens a studio on land that the Mafia wants to use as a headquarters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFilm features two ex-Vietnam soldiers who pursue the elite drug dealing industries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a young black man who seeks revenge when he is arrested on false charges.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe f Film features black drug dealers, mobsters, and undercover cops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn this sequel to Dolemite, Rudy Ray Moore flees to California, where he helps Queen Bee and her Kung-Fu girls battle a local gangster.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a morally bankrupt man who can save his own life only if he marries the devil's ugly daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a man who owns a disco and declares war on the producers of Angel Dust, a drug corrupting his nephew.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a man who seeks revenge on his girlfriend's killer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFilm features a Detroit police sergeant who is pitted against brutal thugs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features friends who are hiding from the mob and hunting a gangster boss, who rigged a karate tournament.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features a man, just recently released from prison, who uses brains and muscles to survive in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features the Black Dragon, who teams up with kung fu dynamo Dragon Lee as they take on the Korean and Japanese mafias.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a man named Blade, who is the last hope for humanity, when a bloodthirsty lord declares war on the human race.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features a vampire slayer who fights to save humanity.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features a gang who goes from rags to riches, and then fights a knife-wielding, car stealing leprechaun.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film is the third in a trilogy. It features a vampire hunter who must join forces with a clan of other hunters to find and defeat Dracula.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Great Cataract or Waterfall of Niagara in North America, This folder contains a copperplate engraving of Niagara Falls on paper. The image depicts a group of Native Americans showing Europeans the beauty of the falls. In the background, there are several Native Americans hauling large stones.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePowhatan Applesauce Label. \nThis folder contains an advertising label for apple sauce named after the famed Native American chiefdom, the Powhatan. The advertisement includes a sketch of a Native American with a colorful head band and feather in his hair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIron King Cook Calendar. \nThis calendar features a scene in which white settlers shot Native Americans while hiding behind a large iron king stove.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 12 postcards that feature oil paintings of Native American imagery. The cards depict a variety of different scenes, including an Indian camp, a hunted buffalo, a tepee, and an Indian carrying an American flag after Custer's Last Stand. The postcards have a short description of each portrayed scene.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 28 postcards featuring images of Native Americans. The postcards represent tribes from all over the country, from the Iroquois to the Hopi. Common images are war dances and dwellings such as tepees and long houses. Many of the postcards have short descriptions of the scenes on the back.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 90 postcards that portray Indian life in the south western United States. Images include  young girls and boys, Indians in traditional tribal outfits, mountains, canyons, and pueblo houses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a souvenir folder that contains a description and multiple illustrations of Indian chiefs.  The chiefs depicted are all from Western tribes, including the Pueblos, Navajos, Apache, Sioux, and Blackfoot.  The description states that the Pueblos are the most civilized of the nations.  The illustrations include portraits of the leaders as well as scenes of the leaders in the picturesque mountains of the west.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a souvenir folder that describes and illustrates southwestern Native American life.  The author notes that native life is \"primitive\" with little industry and machinery.  The images contain various scenes, including a mother and child standing next to cactus brush, people gathered around a tepee, a pueblo village, and men creating wampum beads.  Also depicted are images of natives performing a variety of crafts and chores.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of trading cards that contain negative imagery of Native Americans.  Images include Native Americans being stabbed by white settler, a Native American man drinking too much, and misrepresentations of traditional Indian outfits.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe trading cards depict imagery of Native Americans, including totem poles, war dances, and stockades.  The cards have images on one side, and a short description of the scene on the other.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOversized trading that that have photographs and drawing of various Native American leaders.  The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.  This trading cards are housed separately due to their large size.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe trading cards have photographs and drawings of various Native American leaders. The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis set of 90 cards have images on one side of famous Native American leaders and of famous battles fought by various native tribes.  The backside has a short, skewed description of historical events.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains a box of bridge tally cards.  The cards have sketches of Native American people and scenery, along with the names and locations of different tribes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Wild West Gum cards contains 22 cards depicting colorized illustrations of Native Americans. The collection was part of a set of 24 cards manufactured by John H. Dockman and Son in the early twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Paragon Beef trading cards include negative images of Chinese men with long braids and stereotypical straw hats.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of advertising cards that promote the Chinese immigrant population in a negative way. Advertisers include Celluloid Corset Clasps, Kendall Manufacturing Company Soaps and Soapine, Henderson's Goods, and Gent's Furnishings and Fancy Goods Houses. The images depict Chinese men with long hair embarking on ships and men with over exaggerated eye features. The images often have little to do with the product being advertised.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of cards that depict a scene between two white boys and a Chinese man. The children pull the man's braid, snap it off, and project the Chinese man from his perch, thus solving the \"Chinese problem\". Another card shows Chinese men being bitten by a dog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of cards that depict Asian Americans in negative ways.  Images include men embarking on a boat for China, a sketch of Mun Wong, and a Chinese child holding an umbrella.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis Fourth of July postcard displays racist imagery towards Asian Americans. The card portrays an Asian woman running away from a fire cracker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis comic strip includes stereotypical images of a Chinese man who entrapped his long braid in a rail road track.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game includes a small box of sticks. Each player is to shake the box and the first stick that pops out is the one chosen.  Each stick has a number, and the numbers correspond to a booklet that contains fortunes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of two sided trading cards. One of the sides have images of aspects of Jewish life, such as lighting candles and dancing with the torah. The other sides have short bible verses and explanations of the images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game is an educational trivia game that features questions regarding different aspects of the Islamic Hajj. Categories include \"How to Perform Hajj,\" \"Places of Hajj,\" and \"General Questions on Hajj.\" The game is geared toward teaching children about the Muslim pilgrimage.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe postcard displays a derogatory image of a Cuban mother feeding her two small children, one of whom nurses from a goat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItems in this folder include pamphlets instructing men on how to be good Klan members, a pamphlet regarding the Klan's attitude toward immigration, the Klan's attitude toward the Jew and other letters of propaganda.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder include meeting minutes from a chapter of the Klu Klux Klan in Elkton, Maryland. The folder also includes the obituary of klansmen Raymond C. Fronk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a pamphlet published by the Equal Rights Congress in a national effort to outlaw the Nazis and the Klu Klux Klan.  The folder also contains fliers promoting integration and racial tolerance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a manuscript by an unknown author on the subject of foreign immigration into the United States of America. The author argues that foreign populations should be restricted from coming to the United States. The manuscript also discusses the various races and ethnicities that should be restricted, including the Irish, the Jewish population, Italians, and the African and Asian races. The document concludes with a list of prohibitions that the author would impose to keep the immigrant populations from entering the country.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis booklet is published by the Order United American Mechanics, a secret fraternity composed entirely of citizens born in the US.American citizens born. The booklet argues against competition for jobs with foreign-born immigrants.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCards with images and phrases that promote racial and religious equality.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.","Included are published items like travel guides, joke books, song books, story books, programs and handbills, comic strips, a yearbook, election fliers, political publications, pamphlets and calendars.","This fFolder contains three envelopes: Union patriotic envelope depicting a black man picking cotton, titled \"One of the Rebels\", (Acc.2014.123), Union patriotic envelope of a slave dressed as the \"King of the South,\" (Acc. 2014.124), Union patriotic envelope with a map of the south (Acc. 2014.125).","A booklet of twenty minor dramas, extravaganzas, and farces for the amateur stage.  The plays contain stereotypical typecasting of African Americans.","A story book entitled \"The Ten Little Niggers,\" with stereotypical illustrations. The layout of the book is similar to that of \"Ten Little Indians.\"","This songbook features stereotypical illustrations of African Americans including pompous dresses and large lips.","This joke book features jokes that promote racism and a negative view of African Americans.  The jokes are also anti-immigration and misogynistic.","The scrapbook dates from the late 1800's.  The pictures in the book vary, from paintings of flowers to advertising cards for household items.  One page in the book features several stereotypical images of African Americans.  Pictures of monkeys are also placed on this page, therefore stating that they are one in the same.","Advertising trade cards that contain stereotypically racist images of African Americans. The cards are for a clothier. The folder also contains an advertisement for Jos. J. Foley, Tailor, Boston MA, which has a November 1908 calendar alongside an illustration of African American children swinging and climbing trees.","This folder contains multiple advertising cards. The items advertised include soaps, clothing, and household goods. The cards contain stereotypical images of African Americans.","This folder contains advertising cards that depict African Americans in a negative light.  Common features are large lips and flouncy outfits.  The sketches on the cards often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Stereotypical black representations on three advertising trade cards. The cards for pancake batter and clothes depict African Americans with large eyes and mouths along with other stereotypical features.","Advertising cards for a clothier.  The cards depict an African American man trying to command and then falling off a horse-drawn wagon.","Advertisement card for Old Virginia Cheroots from the American Tobacco Company.  The advertisement has a sketch of an African American man.","Advertising label for Old Black Joe's blackeyed peas, showing a black man with a white beard.","Sketch for \"The Connoisseurs\", a popular advertising image for Cream of Wheat. The painting features a black man in a chef's hat, teaching a child about the taste and health benefits of cream of wheat.","Print of the painting by Edward V. Brewer entitled \"The Connoisseurs\" for the Cream of Wheat Company. The painting features an African American man in a chef costume tasting Cream of Wheat along with an African American boy in an apron and chef hat. Oversize item.","Five cards that have negative, stereotypical images of African Americans. Images include a black woman being compared to a donkey and young men playing craps.","Set of 22 racist postcards. Features include large lips and big eyes. Images also include depictions of African Americans stealing goods. Other cards include cartooned drawings of African Americans in flouncy clothing.","Set of 42 cards with racist imagery. Images include cartooned sketches of African Americans with big eyes and over exaggerated lips. Images depict African Americans as lazy and inept. They are shown stealing chickens, eating watermelon, and improperly serving white people.","A postcard with an image of an African American boy with a large mouth, kneeling next to two watermelons","Set of eight postcards that have negative, stereotypical sketches of African Americans. Images include women with large behinds, boys eating watermelon, and men with large lips.","This folder contains five racist postcards. They contain images including boys eating watermelon and a cartooned black man stealing a chicken.","Set of three postcards and a pamphlet entitled \"Fun on the Run.\" The \"Fun on the Run\" pamphlet includes several racist and sexist caricatures.","Postcard containing an image of a cartooned black man and woman. The man has large lips and torn clothing. The woman's features are exaggerated.","This souvenir features common images of African Americans in the south, including picking cotton, eating watermelon, and playing the fiddle.","This folder contains three Happy Birthday and one Christmas card. The cards contain cartooned sketches of African Americans, with factors such as large lips and big eyes. One happy birthday card has a sketch of three black women riding in a large watermelon.","This folder contains numerous happy birthday cards featuring cartooned sketches of African American girls. The girls' features include large eyes and curly hair.","Cards that promote the seven principles of Kwanzaa.","Publications from the Jim Crow era.","This is a book of rag-time melodies, which includes advertisements, sheet music, and lyrics.","This item is the yearbook of the African American high school in Essex County, Virginia. The yearbook includes photographs, poems, and advertisements.","This travel guide of \"negro\" hotels was published by Afro-American Newspapers. The guide includes a map of the East Coast and advertisements from multiple hotels.","Two advertisements promoting performances by African American musicians and artists.","The folder contains an item promoting the Lost Cause ideology, which conveys nostalgia for the Confederacy prior to the Civil War. Confederate norms are presented in the best possible light.","Natchez Pilgrimage Brochure, 1955 March 31, invites people to celebrate the Old South by touring Antebellum mansions in Natchez, Mississippi. The brochure contains multiple photographs and descriptions of the old Antebellum mansion. (Acc.2012.278)","This folder contains publications celebrating the accomplishments and contributions of African Americans.","The booklet describes the history and curricula of Hampton Institute, now Hampton University.","The multiple brochures feature African American jubilee singers and performers.","This brochure is for the Negro History Society of the Hampton Institute and their presentation of singer Dorothy Maynor.","This calendar features the stories of famous African American inventors, politicians, and scholars.","This flyer promotes the election of Arthur H. Vandenberg as senator of Michigan. It states that Vandenberg promises to outlaw the poll tax and favors an anti-lynching law. Vandenberg promises to support African American causes if elected.","These comic strips  promote racial tolerance. One comic entitled \"Stand Up For Sportsmanship,\" features Batman stopping a fight between two boys, one white and one black. When Batman asks what happened, he discovers they're fighting because the white boy doesn't want the black boy to play with them because \"he don't belong, he ain't a real American.\" Batman responds with a lesson about racial tolerance, saying \"don't believe the crackpot lies about people who worship differently, or whose skin is of a different color, or whose parents come from another country... a nation divided by prejudice is like a football team without teamwork.\" The next one, featuring Batman, teaches the reader that a country divided by racial prejudice is the same as a football team without teamwork. The next comic encourages a baseball team to be accepting of players of different ethnicity. The last comic, featuring superman, promotes both racial and religious tolerance.","Reprint of an article from the American Legion magazine concerns the buying of Negro votes.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Independent Socialist Club promoting the black power movement.","This pamphlet entitled \"Here's Proof of the Red Pro-Negro Plot Against South \u0026 USA.\" argues that communist are trying to stir up trouble between white and black races, promoting racial mixing, and eventually want to control America. Pamphlet includes a map of the south, which it states Communist want to turn into a Negro Communist Soviet.","This flyier shows a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr. and other Civil Rights leaders at a supposed Communist training school. The flier states that these leaders have brought tension, disturbance, and violence while trying to promote these Communist ideals.","This booklet was published by Robert Welch. He argues that the \"negro\" population is much better off than populations around the globe. He also states that the population has made great strides in the last hundred years. Welch believes that the Communists are trying to turn black people against white people in America.","This pamphlet was printed by the Communist Party of Cleveland.  The pamphlet states that black and white people work side and side, and therefore black and white children should be able to learn and live with each other.","A pamphlet from the Communist Party of California.","An editorial from the Monroe, La. Morning World, concerns the author's fears that the United Nations is secretly a Communist plot.","A flyer created by the Bay Area Revoluntionary Union concerning streets that are still occupied by the National Guard.","A pamphlet subtitled \"a voice and vote for every member in the UAW-CIO regardless of race, color or creed.\" The pamphlet states that whites and \"negroes\" are all members of the same family and should be employed to the same end. The UAW-CIO promotes the hiring of \"negroes\" in all fields.","A Labor Education Fund pamphlet.","This pamphlet by Angelo Herndon describes the hardship of working in a southern mining town. Herndon describes how he fought the system and promoted fair pay to working class citizens.","The themes of these games range from satirizing to celebrating the progress and intellect of African Americans.","52 playing cards from the game \"In Dixie-Land\". Copyrighted 1896, L.D. Baldwin, by The Fireside Game Co.  The instructions are missing.","This folder contains a set of playing cards.  The cards have a sketch and a brief biological summary of influential African American inventors, politicians, musicians, and activists. Rules for the game are included.","This board game is a racially based Monopoly style game. White players are allowed to buy properties throughout the board while black players are restricted to center areas. The game exemplifies the difficulties of living in a racially segregated housing market. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B5 1970.","The game, which portrays public welfare and its recipients in a negative light, caused immediate controversy upon its publication. It was also perceived as racist and sexist and government agencies appealed to retailers to pull it off the shelves.","This game is a quiz and trivia style game. The game tests players' knowledge of black athletes, musicians, and activists. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.96.F67 1988","This board game tests players' knowledge of African American achievement in history, patents, inventions, sports, and entertainment. There is also a category of questions titled black awareness. Players answer questions to move along on a board, through the struggles of slavery and Jim Crow, eventually arriving back in Africa.","This game is a game of dice where players role to turn over face cards number one through twelve. The cards and box feature racist imagery, including African Americans with bulging eyes and huge lips.","This board game is a trivia style game which tests players' knowledge of African American history. Players answer questions to receive an associates, bachelors, masters, and doctorate in black studies. The word \"funda\" comes from an African language and means to instruct.","Five various cards and Valentine's featuring caricatures of African Americans.  Most of the cards depict the individuals with over exaggerated features and stereotypes, such as one card showing an African American eating watermelon.","20 caricature and three photograph postcards of African Americans.  Most of the caricature postcards feature stereotypical cartoons and captions of African Americans.  The photographs show African Americans tilling in cotton fields and posing outside dilapidated homes.","Three stereoviews showing African Americans picking cotton in Georgia and Mississippi cotton fields and sugar cane in Peurto Rico. The views were produced by Underwood and Underwood, and the Keystone Viewing Company.","This box contains VHS tapes that are notable for the original video cases. Most of the movies are from the Blaxploitation genre, a controversial film movement. Blaxploitation films contained many common stereotypes. The black community is often portrayed as violent and drug related. However, some people believed the films were examples of black expression and power.","This film features a young man who accidently kills his brother and then becomes a preacher to seek amends.","This fFilm features gang life in Harlem, New York.","The film features two men who work in Harlem. They get sent on a wild goose chase looking for money hidden in a barrel of cotton.","The film features a Harlem private eye hired to save teenagers kidnapped by the Mafia.","This film features a Harlem drug-dealer who wants to make one last sell before quitting the cocaine business.","The film features Cleopatra Jones, drug traffickers' deadliest enemy.","The film takes Bruce Lee to the island fortress of a criminal warlord, whom Bruce Lee must overcome.","This film features Dracula's bloodbrother, Blacula.","The film features black CIA recruits from Chicago who become freedom fighters after their military training.","The fFilm features Pop Boyd, a martial arts champion who opens a studio on land that the Mafia wants to use as a headquarters.","This fFilm features two ex-Vietnam soldiers who pursue the elite drug dealing industries.","This film features a young black man who seeks revenge when he is arrested on false charges.","The f Film features black drug dealers, mobsters, and undercover cops.","In this sequel to Dolemite, Rudy Ray Moore flees to California, where he helps Queen Bee and her Kung-Fu girls battle a local gangster.","The film features a morally bankrupt man who can save his own life only if he marries the devil's ugly daughter.","The film features a man who owns a disco and declares war on the producers of Angel Dust, a drug corrupting his nephew.","This film features a man who seeks revenge on his girlfriend's killer.","This fFilm features a Detroit police sergeant who is pitted against brutal thugs.","The film features friends who are hiding from the mob and hunting a gangster boss, who rigged a karate tournament.","The fFilm features a man, just recently released from prison, who uses brains and muscles to survive in the city.","The fFilm features the Black Dragon, who teams up with kung fu dynamo Dragon Lee as they take on the Korean and Japanese mafias.","The film features a man named Blade, who is the last hope for humanity, when a bloodthirsty lord declares war on the human race.","The fFilm features a vampire slayer who fights to save humanity.","The fFilm features a gang who goes from rags to riches, and then fights a knife-wielding, car stealing leprechaun.","This film is the third in a trilogy. It features a vampire hunter who must join forces with a clan of other hunters to find and defeat Dracula.","The Great Cataract or Waterfall of Niagara in North America, This folder contains a copperplate engraving of Niagara Falls on paper. The image depicts a group of Native Americans showing Europeans the beauty of the falls. In the background, there are several Native Americans hauling large stones.","Powhatan Applesauce Label. \nThis folder contains an advertising label for apple sauce named after the famed Native American chiefdom, the Powhatan. The advertisement includes a sketch of a Native American with a colorful head band and feather in his hair.","Iron King Cook Calendar. \nThis calendar features a scene in which white settlers shot Native Americans while hiding behind a large iron king stove.","Set of 12 postcards that feature oil paintings of Native American imagery. The cards depict a variety of different scenes, including an Indian camp, a hunted buffalo, a tepee, and an Indian carrying an American flag after Custer's Last Stand. The postcards have a short description of each portrayed scene.","Set of 28 postcards featuring images of Native Americans. The postcards represent tribes from all over the country, from the Iroquois to the Hopi. Common images are war dances and dwellings such as tepees and long houses. Many of the postcards have short descriptions of the scenes on the back.","Set of 90 postcards that portray Indian life in the south western United States. Images include  young girls and boys, Indians in traditional tribal outfits, mountains, canyons, and pueblo houses.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that contains a description and multiple illustrations of Indian chiefs.  The chiefs depicted are all from Western tribes, including the Pueblos, Navajos, Apache, Sioux, and Blackfoot.  The description states that the Pueblos are the most civilized of the nations.  The illustrations include portraits of the leaders as well as scenes of the leaders in the picturesque mountains of the west.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that describes and illustrates southwestern Native American life.  The author notes that native life is \"primitive\" with little industry and machinery.  The images contain various scenes, including a mother and child standing next to cactus brush, people gathered around a tepee, a pueblo village, and men creating wampum beads.  Also depicted are images of natives performing a variety of crafts and chores.","Set of trading cards that contain negative imagery of Native Americans.  Images include Native Americans being stabbed by white settler, a Native American man drinking too much, and misrepresentations of traditional Indian outfits.","The trading cards depict imagery of Native Americans, including totem poles, war dances, and stockades.  The cards have images on one side, and a short description of the scene on the other.","Oversized trading that that have photographs and drawing of various Native American leaders.  The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.  This trading cards are housed separately due to their large size.","The trading cards have photographs and drawings of various Native American leaders. The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.","This set of 90 cards have images on one side of famous Native American leaders and of famous battles fought by various native tribes.  The backside has a short, skewed description of historical events.","This folder contains a box of bridge tally cards.  The cards have sketches of Native American people and scenery, along with the names and locations of different tribes.","The Wild West Gum cards contains 22 cards depicting colorized illustrations of Native Americans. The collection was part of a set of 24 cards manufactured by John H. Dockman and Son in the early twentieth century.","The Paragon Beef trading cards include negative images of Chinese men with long braids and stereotypical straw hats.","Series of advertising cards that promote the Chinese immigrant population in a negative way. Advertisers include Celluloid Corset Clasps, Kendall Manufacturing Company Soaps and Soapine, Henderson's Goods, and Gent's Furnishings and Fancy Goods Houses. The images depict Chinese men with long hair embarking on ships and men with over exaggerated eye features. The images often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Series of cards that depict a scene between two white boys and a Chinese man. The children pull the man's braid, snap it off, and project the Chinese man from his perch, thus solving the \"Chinese problem\". Another card shows Chinese men being bitten by a dog.","Set of cards that depict Asian Americans in negative ways.  Images include men embarking on a boat for China, a sketch of Mun Wong, and a Chinese child holding an umbrella.","This Fourth of July postcard displays racist imagery towards Asian Americans. The card portrays an Asian woman running away from a fire cracker.","This comic strip includes stereotypical images of a Chinese man who entrapped his long braid in a rail road track.","This game includes a small box of sticks. Each player is to shake the box and the first stick that pops out is the one chosen.  Each stick has a number, and the numbers correspond to a booklet that contains fortunes.","Series of two sided trading cards. One of the sides have images of aspects of Jewish life, such as lighting candles and dancing with the torah. The other sides have short bible verses and explanations of the images.","This game is an educational trivia game that features questions regarding different aspects of the Islamic Hajj. Categories include \"How to Perform Hajj,\" \"Places of Hajj,\" and \"General Questions on Hajj.\" The game is geared toward teaching children about the Muslim pilgrimage.","The postcard displays a derogatory image of a Cuban mother feeding her two small children, one of whom nurses from a goat.","Items in this folder include pamphlets instructing men on how to be good Klan members, a pamphlet regarding the Klan's attitude toward immigration, the Klan's attitude toward the Jew and other letters of propaganda.","This folder include meeting minutes from a chapter of the Klu Klux Klan in Elkton, Maryland. The folder also includes the obituary of klansmen Raymond C. Fronk.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Equal Rights Congress in a national effort to outlaw the Nazis and the Klu Klux Klan.  The folder also contains fliers promoting integration and racial tolerance.","This folder includes a manuscript by an unknown author on the subject of foreign immigration into the United States of America. The author argues that foreign populations should be restricted from coming to the United States. The manuscript also discusses the various races and ethnicities that should be restricted, including the Irish, the Jewish population, Italians, and the African and Asian races. The document concludes with a list of prohibitions that the author would impose to keep the immigrant populations from entering the country.","This booklet is published by the Order United American Mechanics, a secret fraternity composed entirely of citizens born in the US.American citizens born. The booklet argues against competition for jobs with foreign-born immigrants.","Cards with images and phrases that promote racial and religious equality."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","John H. Dockman and Son."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","John H. Dockman and Son."],"language_ssim":["English German"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":141,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:42:54.762Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2502.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection","title_ssm":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"title_tesim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1778-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1778-2005"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1778/2005"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, 1778/2005"],"text":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, 1778/2005","Mss 1.05","/repositories/2/resources/2502","African Americans","African Americans in popular culture","African Americans in the performing arts","African Americans--Biography","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","African Americans--Education--Virginia","African Americans--History","African Americans--Suffrage","Antisemitism","Blaxploitation films -- United States","Chinese Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Chinese Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.--History","Communism--United States","Cuban Americans--Public opinion.","Indians of North America","Kwanzaa","Political cartoons","Race awareness--Simulation methods","Race discrimination--Simulation methods","Race relations--1960-1970","Race relations--United States--History--19th century","Race relations--United States--History--20th century","Role playing","Welfare recipients--Public opinion","Welfare--Caricatures and cartoons","World War, 1939-1945--United States","Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Additions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis.","The collection is divided into eight series by race and/or ethnicity. The series are African American, Native American, Asian American, Jewish American, Muslim American, Cuban American, Ku Klux Klan, and Immigration and Discrimination. The contents for each series are  grouped by material type and ordered chronologically.","Acc. 2011.633, Acc. 2011.635, Acc. 2011.637 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Full finding aid created in March 2015 and revised in December 2017 by Special Collections staff.","Acc. 2014.194","Ingersol View Company Stereographs, Comic Series #2","Related materials, such as rare books, are recorded at the folder level.","See also: individual titles in the Manuscript Sheet Music Collection (Mss. 1.07), Box 48, and individual items in the Manuscript Artifact Collection.","For similar material relating to race, ethnicity, and racism outside of the United States, see the Ephemera Collection, Mss. 1.02.","Foreign publications: Rund Um Afrika, a booklet written in German by Gustav Petermann. The content details travels from Germany throughout Africa, visiting sites such as Kruger National Park, Victoria Falls, and Fort Christiansburg. The booklet contains many photographs and animals, buildings, and people. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book DT12.R86 3487058-1001.  Acc.2012.207.","Three Dension's Blackface Plays. Three different play scripts to be performed by white actors wearing black face. The plays highlight the perceived stupidity and ignorance of African Americans. These items are cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37.1923, PN6120.N4.K37.1928, and PN6120.N4.K37.1931. Acc.2009.335.","A henpecked coon: darky monologue, 1923. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37 1923.","Old Doc Gags \"Funster\". Number Two: A collection of fun, fables, foolishness, farce, and fibs, 1925. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6161.O48 1925.","Songs and Spirituals of Negro Composition for Revivals and Congregational Singing. This item is a pamphlet of sheet music. The pamphlet also includes advertisements for home goods. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66. Acc.2009.324.","We shall overcome! Songs of the Southern freedom movement, 1963. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.C2.W4.","How can we keep from singing! A contemporary songbook for liberal churches, fellowships, youth groups, and communal singing generally, 1976. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.H54.1976.","Songs and spirituals of Negro composition for revivals and congregational singing, 1921. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66.","Modern Home Counseler. This book includes lessons, advice, and instructions on how to raise successful, happy, and obedient children. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books H83.M63. Acc. 2009.356.","American Travelers Guide to Negro Monuments. This book details attractions around the United States that celebrate African Americans and their history. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books E185.53A53. Acc.2009.459.","The South Strikes Back, 1957. This booklet was written by Woodrow Boone and promotes the return of a more racially conservative society. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book PN6231.S485S68. Acc.2012.276.","The Afro-American Historical Calendar, 1979. The calendar features famous African American musicians, officers, and performers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book E185.A38. Acc.2009.389.","Negroes in Our History Posters, undated. This collection of posters has a large sketch of famous African American musicians, politicians, and activists. The posters have a brief biographical sketch of each of the celebrated hero. The posters are  cataloged as Rare Book E185.96.R78 folio. Acc.2008.163.","The People Versus Segregated Schools. This 1955 pamphlet promotes integration, anti-lynching laws, and equal pay for black and white workers. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.W54 1955. Acc.2011.268.","3 Lives for Mississippi. This 1965 book is the story of Mickey Schwerner, James Chaney and Andy Goodman, three men who were killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi by the Klu Klux Klan, while fighting racial justice and the rights of African American voters. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book F347.N4H8. Acc.2011.468.","Songs of the Southern Freedom Movement. A 1965 songbook promoting freedom, racial tolerance, and heritage. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54 1976. Acc.2009.315.","How Can We Keep From Singing Songbook. This 1965 book entitled \"We Shall Overcome!\" was compiled by Guy and Candie Carawan for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. The book contains songs relating to sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration and other contentious issues. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54.1976. Acc.2011.469.","\"And People All Around\" Playbill. An undated playbill for a performance written by George Sklar. The play reminds viewers on the Negro Revolution in 1964, the killings of three negro boys in Mississippi, and the civil rights march on Washington. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PS3531.E826A52. Acc.2011.268.","The Communist Position on the Negro Question. This booklet contains excerpts from the major speeches in discussion of the \"Negro question\" at the plenary meeting of the National Committee of the Communist Party. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.C752 1947. Acc.2011.467.","The Path of Negro Liberation. Pamphlet written by Benjamin J. Davis, who argues that the Communist Party of the United States believe in the unconditional political, social, and economic equality in all aspects of American life.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.D314 1947. Acc.2011.468.","The Struggle Against White Chauvinism. Booklet written by Elizabeth Lawson and published by the New York State Education Department of the Communist Party. The booklet defines chauvinism and its effect on race and gender relations within the United States. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E.185.61.2376 1949. Acc.2011.467.","Next Steps in the Struggle for Negro Freedom. This booklet, written by Hugh Bradley, was a report delivered at the National Conference of the Communist Party. Bradley discussed black military involvement, fair employment, and the corruption of the American government. This item is  cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B785 1953. Acc.2011.468.","The Negro People on the March. This booklet, written by Benjamin J. Davis, was a report to the National Committee of the Communist Party.  Davis states that the fight for \"Negro\" freedom is at its height and that the black race must be given economic and political equality.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.6.D38 1956. Acc.2011.467.","\"Why Join,\" The John Birch Society. This pamphlet promotes and describes the John Birch Society. The Society believes in small government and writes that most of the historic happenings within the Civil Rights Movement were Communist conspiracies. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E740.J6W45.1968. Acc.2011.467.","Busing and the Democratic Struggle in Boston. This booklet was published by the Proletarian Unity League, a Communist organization dedicated to creating a strong Communist Party. They believe that white opportunism in the fundamental threat to the construction of a Revolutionary party. The booklet mostly focuses on the integration of public transportation. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book LC214.53.B67P76 1975. Acc.2011.467. Acc.2011.467.","Freedom is Everybody's Job: \" The Crime of the Government Against the Negro People, 1949. This pamphlet, written by George W. Crockett, Jr., was a summation in the trail of the 11 Communist leaders.  The pamphlet argues that the Communist Party has the right to free speech and therefore cannot be outlawed.  Crockett argues that the Communist support for Civil Rights is a reason why the Communist Party is ridiculed. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HX87.C7.1949b.","The CIO and the Negro Worker, 1942. This pamphlet argues against discrimination in the workplace.  The CIO fights for equal employment of all people, races, and religions. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.8.C56 1942. Acc.2011.467.","\"Out of the Jungle\", 1943. The Packinghouse Workers Fight for Justice and Equality. This book is a pictorial history of the Packinghouse Workers Union, which fought for racial justice, fair pay, and equality in the meat packing industry. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD6515.P14073. Acc.2011.268","Roll the Union On, 1987. This book is a pictorial history of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, told by its co-founder H.L. Mitchell. The Union fought for the end of lynching, a safe workplace, and equal rights for African American and white workers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD1511.U5M573 1987. Acc.2011.467","Blaxploitation Cinema Pressbooks and Posters, 1968-1976. Currently unprocessed material. 2014.194 and oversize material.","Indian Legends, 1994. This book includes old Native American stories and tales. Each story is also illustrated in black and white or color. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E98.F6I33.","\"The Klan Today\". This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Books HS2330.K63.K58","The Aryan Views: White Folk News. \"The Attitude of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\" pamphlets. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.A13.","\"The Kourier,\" a booklet of the Klan's version of the History of the United States and the Klan's opinions on \"un-American\" activities such as communism and parochial schools, and the Aryan Views and White Folk News Paper, also promoting racial intolerance. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.K69 v.11 no. 8, July 1935 copy.","Old Doc Gags, \"Funster\" Number Two:: A Collection of Fun, Fables, Foolishness, Farce and Fibs. Copyright 1925 by Charles H. Ubert. The joke book includes anti-immigration and anti-Semitic content. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PN616.O48 1925.","The racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.","Included are published items like travel guides, joke books, song books, story books, programs and handbills, comic strips, a yearbook, election fliers, political publications, pamphlets and calendars.","This fFolder contains three envelopes: Union patriotic envelope depicting a black man picking cotton, titled \"One of the Rebels\", (Acc.2014.123), Union patriotic envelope of a slave dressed as the \"King of the South,\" (Acc. 2014.124), Union patriotic envelope with a map of the south (Acc. 2014.125).","A booklet of twenty minor dramas, extravaganzas, and farces for the amateur stage.  The plays contain stereotypical typecasting of African Americans.","A story book entitled \"The Ten Little Niggers,\" with stereotypical illustrations. The layout of the book is similar to that of \"Ten Little Indians.\"","This songbook features stereotypical illustrations of African Americans including pompous dresses and large lips.","This joke book features jokes that promote racism and a negative view of African Americans.  The jokes are also anti-immigration and misogynistic.","The scrapbook dates from the late 1800's.  The pictures in the book vary, from paintings of flowers to advertising cards for household items.  One page in the book features several stereotypical images of African Americans.  Pictures of monkeys are also placed on this page, therefore stating that they are one in the same.","Advertising trade cards that contain stereotypically racist images of African Americans. The cards are for a clothier. The folder also contains an advertisement for Jos. J. Foley, Tailor, Boston MA, which has a November 1908 calendar alongside an illustration of African American children swinging and climbing trees.","This folder contains multiple advertising cards. The items advertised include soaps, clothing, and household goods. The cards contain stereotypical images of African Americans.","This folder contains advertising cards that depict African Americans in a negative light.  Common features are large lips and flouncy outfits.  The sketches on the cards often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Stereotypical black representations on three advertising trade cards. The cards for pancake batter and clothes depict African Americans with large eyes and mouths along with other stereotypical features.","Advertising cards for a clothier.  The cards depict an African American man trying to command and then falling off a horse-drawn wagon.","Advertisement card for Old Virginia Cheroots from the American Tobacco Company.  The advertisement has a sketch of an African American man.","Advertising label for Old Black Joe's blackeyed peas, showing a black man with a white beard.","Sketch for \"The Connoisseurs\", a popular advertising image for Cream of Wheat. The painting features a black man in a chef's hat, teaching a child about the taste and health benefits of cream of wheat.","Print of the painting by Edward V. Brewer entitled \"The Connoisseurs\" for the Cream of Wheat Company. The painting features an African American man in a chef costume tasting Cream of Wheat along with an African American boy in an apron and chef hat. Oversize item.","Five cards that have negative, stereotypical images of African Americans. Images include a black woman being compared to a donkey and young men playing craps.","Set of 22 racist postcards. Features include large lips and big eyes. Images also include depictions of African Americans stealing goods. Other cards include cartooned drawings of African Americans in flouncy clothing.","Set of 42 cards with racist imagery. Images include cartooned sketches of African Americans with big eyes and over exaggerated lips. Images depict African Americans as lazy and inept. They are shown stealing chickens, eating watermelon, and improperly serving white people.","A postcard with an image of an African American boy with a large mouth, kneeling next to two watermelons","Set of eight postcards that have negative, stereotypical sketches of African Americans. Images include women with large behinds, boys eating watermelon, and men with large lips.","This folder contains five racist postcards. They contain images including boys eating watermelon and a cartooned black man stealing a chicken.","Set of three postcards and a pamphlet entitled \"Fun on the Run.\" The \"Fun on the Run\" pamphlet includes several racist and sexist caricatures.","Postcard containing an image of a cartooned black man and woman. The man has large lips and torn clothing. The woman's features are exaggerated.","This souvenir features common images of African Americans in the south, including picking cotton, eating watermelon, and playing the fiddle.","This folder contains three Happy Birthday and one Christmas card. The cards contain cartooned sketches of African Americans, with factors such as large lips and big eyes. One happy birthday card has a sketch of three black women riding in a large watermelon.","This folder contains numerous happy birthday cards featuring cartooned sketches of African American girls. The girls' features include large eyes and curly hair.","Cards that promote the seven principles of Kwanzaa.","Publications from the Jim Crow era.","This is a book of rag-time melodies, which includes advertisements, sheet music, and lyrics.","This item is the yearbook of the African American high school in Essex County, Virginia. The yearbook includes photographs, poems, and advertisements.","This travel guide of \"negro\" hotels was published by Afro-American Newspapers. The guide includes a map of the East Coast and advertisements from multiple hotels.","Two advertisements promoting performances by African American musicians and artists.","The folder contains an item promoting the Lost Cause ideology, which conveys nostalgia for the Confederacy prior to the Civil War. Confederate norms are presented in the best possible light.","Natchez Pilgrimage Brochure, 1955 March 31, invites people to celebrate the Old South by touring Antebellum mansions in Natchez, Mississippi. The brochure contains multiple photographs and descriptions of the old Antebellum mansion. (Acc.2012.278)","This folder contains publications celebrating the accomplishments and contributions of African Americans.","The booklet describes the history and curricula of Hampton Institute, now Hampton University.","The multiple brochures feature African American jubilee singers and performers.","This brochure is for the Negro History Society of the Hampton Institute and their presentation of singer Dorothy Maynor.","This calendar features the stories of famous African American inventors, politicians, and scholars.","This flyer promotes the election of Arthur H. Vandenberg as senator of Michigan. It states that Vandenberg promises to outlaw the poll tax and favors an anti-lynching law. Vandenberg promises to support African American causes if elected.","These comic strips  promote racial tolerance. One comic entitled \"Stand Up For Sportsmanship,\" features Batman stopping a fight between two boys, one white and one black. When Batman asks what happened, he discovers they're fighting because the white boy doesn't want the black boy to play with them because \"he don't belong, he ain't a real American.\" Batman responds with a lesson about racial tolerance, saying \"don't believe the crackpot lies about people who worship differently, or whose skin is of a different color, or whose parents come from another country... a nation divided by prejudice is like a football team without teamwork.\" The next one, featuring Batman, teaches the reader that a country divided by racial prejudice is the same as a football team without teamwork. The next comic encourages a baseball team to be accepting of players of different ethnicity. The last comic, featuring superman, promotes both racial and religious tolerance.","Reprint of an article from the American Legion magazine concerns the buying of Negro votes.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Independent Socialist Club promoting the black power movement.","This pamphlet entitled \"Here's Proof of the Red Pro-Negro Plot Against South \u0026 USA.\" argues that communist are trying to stir up trouble between white and black races, promoting racial mixing, and eventually want to control America. Pamphlet includes a map of the south, which it states Communist want to turn into a Negro Communist Soviet.","This flyier shows a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr. and other Civil Rights leaders at a supposed Communist training school. The flier states that these leaders have brought tension, disturbance, and violence while trying to promote these Communist ideals.","This booklet was published by Robert Welch. He argues that the \"negro\" population is much better off than populations around the globe. He also states that the population has made great strides in the last hundred years. Welch believes that the Communists are trying to turn black people against white people in America.","This pamphlet was printed by the Communist Party of Cleveland.  The pamphlet states that black and white people work side and side, and therefore black and white children should be able to learn and live with each other.","A pamphlet from the Communist Party of California.","An editorial from the Monroe, La. Morning World, concerns the author's fears that the United Nations is secretly a Communist plot.","A flyer created by the Bay Area Revoluntionary Union concerning streets that are still occupied by the National Guard.","A pamphlet subtitled \"a voice and vote for every member in the UAW-CIO regardless of race, color or creed.\" The pamphlet states that whites and \"negroes\" are all members of the same family and should be employed to the same end. The UAW-CIO promotes the hiring of \"negroes\" in all fields.","A Labor Education Fund pamphlet.","This pamphlet by Angelo Herndon describes the hardship of working in a southern mining town. Herndon describes how he fought the system and promoted fair pay to working class citizens.","The themes of these games range from satirizing to celebrating the progress and intellect of African Americans.","52 playing cards from the game \"In Dixie-Land\". Copyrighted 1896, L.D. Baldwin, by The Fireside Game Co.  The instructions are missing.","This folder contains a set of playing cards.  The cards have a sketch and a brief biological summary of influential African American inventors, politicians, musicians, and activists. Rules for the game are included.","This board game is a racially based Monopoly style game. White players are allowed to buy properties throughout the board while black players are restricted to center areas. The game exemplifies the difficulties of living in a racially segregated housing market. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B5 1970.","The game, which portrays public welfare and its recipients in a negative light, caused immediate controversy upon its publication. It was also perceived as racist and sexist and government agencies appealed to retailers to pull it off the shelves.","This game is a quiz and trivia style game. The game tests players' knowledge of black athletes, musicians, and activists. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.96.F67 1988","This board game tests players' knowledge of African American achievement in history, patents, inventions, sports, and entertainment. There is also a category of questions titled black awareness. Players answer questions to move along on a board, through the struggles of slavery and Jim Crow, eventually arriving back in Africa.","This game is a game of dice where players role to turn over face cards number one through twelve. The cards and box feature racist imagery, including African Americans with bulging eyes and huge lips.","This board game is a trivia style game which tests players' knowledge of African American history. Players answer questions to receive an associates, bachelors, masters, and doctorate in black studies. The word \"funda\" comes from an African language and means to instruct.","Five various cards and Valentine's featuring caricatures of African Americans.  Most of the cards depict the individuals with over exaggerated features and stereotypes, such as one card showing an African American eating watermelon.","20 caricature and three photograph postcards of African Americans.  Most of the caricature postcards feature stereotypical cartoons and captions of African Americans.  The photographs show African Americans tilling in cotton fields and posing outside dilapidated homes.","Three stereoviews showing African Americans picking cotton in Georgia and Mississippi cotton fields and sugar cane in Peurto Rico. The views were produced by Underwood and Underwood, and the Keystone Viewing Company.","This box contains VHS tapes that are notable for the original video cases. Most of the movies are from the Blaxploitation genre, a controversial film movement. Blaxploitation films contained many common stereotypes. The black community is often portrayed as violent and drug related. However, some people believed the films were examples of black expression and power.","This film features a young man who accidently kills his brother and then becomes a preacher to seek amends.","This fFilm features gang life in Harlem, New York.","The film features two men who work in Harlem. They get sent on a wild goose chase looking for money hidden in a barrel of cotton.","The film features a Harlem private eye hired to save teenagers kidnapped by the Mafia.","This film features a Harlem drug-dealer who wants to make one last sell before quitting the cocaine business.","The film features Cleopatra Jones, drug traffickers' deadliest enemy.","The film takes Bruce Lee to the island fortress of a criminal warlord, whom Bruce Lee must overcome.","This film features Dracula's bloodbrother, Blacula.","The film features black CIA recruits from Chicago who become freedom fighters after their military training.","The fFilm features Pop Boyd, a martial arts champion who opens a studio on land that the Mafia wants to use as a headquarters.","This fFilm features two ex-Vietnam soldiers who pursue the elite drug dealing industries.","This film features a young black man who seeks revenge when he is arrested on false charges.","The f Film features black drug dealers, mobsters, and undercover cops.","In this sequel to Dolemite, Rudy Ray Moore flees to California, where he helps Queen Bee and her Kung-Fu girls battle a local gangster.","The film features a morally bankrupt man who can save his own life only if he marries the devil's ugly daughter.","The film features a man who owns a disco and declares war on the producers of Angel Dust, a drug corrupting his nephew.","This film features a man who seeks revenge on his girlfriend's killer.","This fFilm features a Detroit police sergeant who is pitted against brutal thugs.","The film features friends who are hiding from the mob and hunting a gangster boss, who rigged a karate tournament.","The fFilm features a man, just recently released from prison, who uses brains and muscles to survive in the city.","The fFilm features the Black Dragon, who teams up with kung fu dynamo Dragon Lee as they take on the Korean and Japanese mafias.","The film features a man named Blade, who is the last hope for humanity, when a bloodthirsty lord declares war on the human race.","The fFilm features a vampire slayer who fights to save humanity.","The fFilm features a gang who goes from rags to riches, and then fights a knife-wielding, car stealing leprechaun.","This film is the third in a trilogy. It features a vampire hunter who must join forces with a clan of other hunters to find and defeat Dracula.","The Great Cataract or Waterfall of Niagara in North America, This folder contains a copperplate engraving of Niagara Falls on paper. The image depicts a group of Native Americans showing Europeans the beauty of the falls. In the background, there are several Native Americans hauling large stones.","Powhatan Applesauce Label. \nThis folder contains an advertising label for apple sauce named after the famed Native American chiefdom, the Powhatan. The advertisement includes a sketch of a Native American with a colorful head band and feather in his hair.","Iron King Cook Calendar. \nThis calendar features a scene in which white settlers shot Native Americans while hiding behind a large iron king stove.","Set of 12 postcards that feature oil paintings of Native American imagery. The cards depict a variety of different scenes, including an Indian camp, a hunted buffalo, a tepee, and an Indian carrying an American flag after Custer's Last Stand. The postcards have a short description of each portrayed scene.","Set of 28 postcards featuring images of Native Americans. The postcards represent tribes from all over the country, from the Iroquois to the Hopi. Common images are war dances and dwellings such as tepees and long houses. Many of the postcards have short descriptions of the scenes on the back.","Set of 90 postcards that portray Indian life in the south western United States. Images include  young girls and boys, Indians in traditional tribal outfits, mountains, canyons, and pueblo houses.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that contains a description and multiple illustrations of Indian chiefs.  The chiefs depicted are all from Western tribes, including the Pueblos, Navajos, Apache, Sioux, and Blackfoot.  The description states that the Pueblos are the most civilized of the nations.  The illustrations include portraits of the leaders as well as scenes of the leaders in the picturesque mountains of the west.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that describes and illustrates southwestern Native American life.  The author notes that native life is \"primitive\" with little industry and machinery.  The images contain various scenes, including a mother and child standing next to cactus brush, people gathered around a tepee, a pueblo village, and men creating wampum beads.  Also depicted are images of natives performing a variety of crafts and chores.","Set of trading cards that contain negative imagery of Native Americans.  Images include Native Americans being stabbed by white settler, a Native American man drinking too much, and misrepresentations of traditional Indian outfits.","The trading cards depict imagery of Native Americans, including totem poles, war dances, and stockades.  The cards have images on one side, and a short description of the scene on the other.","Oversized trading that that have photographs and drawing of various Native American leaders.  The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.  This trading cards are housed separately due to their large size.","The trading cards have photographs and drawings of various Native American leaders. The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.","This set of 90 cards have images on one side of famous Native American leaders and of famous battles fought by various native tribes.  The backside has a short, skewed description of historical events.","This folder contains a box of bridge tally cards.  The cards have sketches of Native American people and scenery, along with the names and locations of different tribes.","The Wild West Gum cards contains 22 cards depicting colorized illustrations of Native Americans. The collection was part of a set of 24 cards manufactured by John H. Dockman and Son in the early twentieth century.","The Paragon Beef trading cards include negative images of Chinese men with long braids and stereotypical straw hats.","Series of advertising cards that promote the Chinese immigrant population in a negative way. Advertisers include Celluloid Corset Clasps, Kendall Manufacturing Company Soaps and Soapine, Henderson's Goods, and Gent's Furnishings and Fancy Goods Houses. The images depict Chinese men with long hair embarking on ships and men with over exaggerated eye features. The images often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Series of cards that depict a scene between two white boys and a Chinese man. The children pull the man's braid, snap it off, and project the Chinese man from his perch, thus solving the \"Chinese problem\". Another card shows Chinese men being bitten by a dog.","Set of cards that depict Asian Americans in negative ways.  Images include men embarking on a boat for China, a sketch of Mun Wong, and a Chinese child holding an umbrella.","This Fourth of July postcard displays racist imagery towards Asian Americans. The card portrays an Asian woman running away from a fire cracker.","This comic strip includes stereotypical images of a Chinese man who entrapped his long braid in a rail road track.","This game includes a small box of sticks. Each player is to shake the box and the first stick that pops out is the one chosen.  Each stick has a number, and the numbers correspond to a booklet that contains fortunes.","Series of two sided trading cards. One of the sides have images of aspects of Jewish life, such as lighting candles and dancing with the torah. The other sides have short bible verses and explanations of the images.","This game is an educational trivia game that features questions regarding different aspects of the Islamic Hajj. Categories include \"How to Perform Hajj,\" \"Places of Hajj,\" and \"General Questions on Hajj.\" The game is geared toward teaching children about the Muslim pilgrimage.","The postcard displays a derogatory image of a Cuban mother feeding her two small children, one of whom nurses from a goat.","Items in this folder include pamphlets instructing men on how to be good Klan members, a pamphlet regarding the Klan's attitude toward immigration, the Klan's attitude toward the Jew and other letters of propaganda.","This folder include meeting minutes from a chapter of the Klu Klux Klan in Elkton, Maryland. The folder also includes the obituary of klansmen Raymond C. Fronk.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Equal Rights Congress in a national effort to outlaw the Nazis and the Klu Klux Klan.  The folder also contains fliers promoting integration and racial tolerance.","This folder includes a manuscript by an unknown author on the subject of foreign immigration into the United States of America. The author argues that foreign populations should be restricted from coming to the United States. The manuscript also discusses the various races and ethnicities that should be restricted, including the Irish, the Jewish population, Italians, and the African and Asian races. The document concludes with a list of prohibitions that the author would impose to keep the immigrant populations from entering the country.","This booklet is published by the Order United American Mechanics, a secret fraternity composed entirely of citizens born in the US.American citizens born. The booklet argues against competition for jobs with foreign-born immigrants.","Cards with images and phrases that promote racial and religious equality.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","John H. Dockman and Son.","English German"],"collection_title_tesim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, 1778/2005"],"collection_ssim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, 1778/2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss 1.05","/repositories/2/resources/2502"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss 1.05","/repositories/2/resources/2502"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","John H. Dockman and Son."],"creators_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","John H. Dockman and Son."],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acc. 2007.80 was purchased 8/30/2007. Acc. 2007.81 was purchased 8/30/2007. Acc. 2008.32 was purchased 5/1/2008. Acc. 2008.46 was purchased 5/16/2008.   Acc. 2008.64 was purchased 6/9/2008. Acc. 2008.94 was purchased 9/10/2008. Acc. 2008.95 was purchased 9/10/20008. Acc. 2008.159 was purchased 12/19/2008. Acc. 2009.063 was purchased on 2/24/2009. Acc. 2009.036 was purchased on 1/19/2009. Acc. 2009.147 was purchased on 4/6/2009. Acc. 2009.151 was purchased on 3/30/2009. Acc. 2009.180 was purchased on 4/29/2009. Acc. 2009.181 was purchased on 4/29/2009. Acc. 2009.226 was purchased on 5/25/2009. Acc. 2009.235 was purchased on 5/31/2009. Acc. 2009.305 was purchased on 7/17/2009. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member. Acc. 2014.123-Acc. 2014.125 purchased for Swem Library with support from the SCRC Donors Fund."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","African Americans in popular culture","African Americans in the performing arts","African Americans--Biography","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","African Americans--Education--Virginia","African Americans--History","African Americans--Suffrage","Antisemitism","Blaxploitation films -- United States","Chinese Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Chinese Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.--History","Communism--United States","Cuban Americans--Public opinion.","Indians of North America","Kwanzaa","Political cartoons","Race awareness--Simulation methods","Race discrimination--Simulation methods","Race relations--1960-1970","Race relations--United States--History--19th century","Race relations--United States--History--20th century","Role playing","Welfare recipients--Public opinion","Welfare--Caricatures and cartoons","World War, 1939-1945--United States","Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","African Americans in popular culture","African Americans in the performing arts","African Americans--Biography","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","African Americans--Education--Virginia","African Americans--History","African Americans--Suffrage","Antisemitism","Blaxploitation films -- United States","Chinese Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Chinese Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.--History","Communism--United States","Cuban Americans--Public opinion.","Indians of North America","Kwanzaa","Political cartoons","Race awareness--Simulation methods","Race discrimination--Simulation methods","Race relations--1960-1970","Race relations--United States--History--19th century","Race relations--United States--History--20th century","Role playing","Welfare recipients--Public opinion","Welfare--Caricatures and cartoons","World War, 1939-1945--United States","Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["4 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals:"],"accruals_tesim":["Additions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into eight series by race and/or ethnicity. The series are African American, Native American, Asian American, Jewish American, Muslim American, Cuban American, Ku Klux Klan, and Immigration and Discrimination. The contents for each series are  grouped by material type and ordered chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into eight series by race and/or ethnicity. The series are African American, Native American, Asian American, Jewish American, Muslim American, Cuban American, Ku Klux Klan, and Immigration and Discrimination. The contents for each series are  grouped by material type and ordered chronologically."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRacial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAcc. 2011.633, Acc. 2011.635, Acc. 2011.637 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Full finding aid created in March 2015 and revised in December 2017 by Special Collections staff.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eAcc. 2014.194\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:","Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Acc. 2011.633, Acc. 2011.635, Acc. 2011.637 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Full finding aid created in March 2015 and revised in December 2017 by Special Collections staff.","Acc. 2014.194"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIngersol View Company Stereographs, Comic Series #2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRelated materials, such as rare books, are recorded at the folder level. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also: individual titles in the Manuscript Sheet Music Collection (Mss. 1.07), Box 48, and individual items in the Manuscript Artifact Collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor similar material relating to race, ethnicity, and racism outside of the United States, see the Ephemera Collection, Mss. 1.02.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eForeign publications: Rund Um Afrika, a booklet written in German by Gustav Petermann. The content details travels from Germany throughout Africa, visiting sites such as Kruger National Park, Victoria Falls, and Fort Christiansburg. The booklet contains many photographs and animals, buildings, and people. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book DT12.R86 3487058-1001.  Acc.2012.207.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThree Dension's Blackface Plays. Three different play scripts to be performed by white actors wearing black face. The plays highlight the perceived stupidity and ignorance of African Americans. These items are cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37.1923, PN6120.N4.K37.1928, and PN6120.N4.K37.1931. Acc.2009.335. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA henpecked coon: darky monologue, 1923. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37 1923. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOld Doc Gags \"Funster\". Number Two: A collection of fun, fables, foolishness, farce, and fibs, 1925. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6161.O48 1925. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSongs and Spirituals of Negro Composition for Revivals and Congregational Singing. This item is a pamphlet of sheet music. The pamphlet also includes advertisements for home goods. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66. Acc.2009.324. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWe shall overcome! Songs of the Southern freedom movement, 1963. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.C2.W4. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHow can we keep from singing! A contemporary songbook for liberal churches, fellowships, youth groups, and communal singing generally, 1976. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.H54.1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSongs and spirituals of Negro composition for revivals and congregational singing, 1921. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eModern Home Counseler. This book includes lessons, advice, and instructions on how to raise successful, happy, and obedient children. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books H83.M63. Acc. 2009.356. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmerican Travelers Guide to Negro Monuments. This book details attractions around the United States that celebrate African Americans and their history. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books E185.53A53. Acc.2009.459. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe South Strikes Back, 1957. This booklet was written by Woodrow Boone and promotes the return of a more racially conservative society. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book PN6231.S485S68. Acc.2012.276.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Afro-American Historical Calendar, 1979. The calendar features famous African American musicians, officers, and performers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book E185.A38. Acc.2009.389. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNegroes in Our History Posters, undated. This collection of posters has a large sketch of famous African American musicians, politicians, and activists. The posters have a brief biographical sketch of each of the celebrated hero. The posters are  cataloged as Rare Book E185.96.R78 folio. Acc.2008.163. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe People Versus Segregated Schools. This 1955 pamphlet promotes integration, anti-lynching laws, and equal pay for black and white workers. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.W54 1955. Acc.2011.268. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 Lives for Mississippi. This 1965 book is the story of Mickey Schwerner, James Chaney and Andy Goodman, three men who were killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi by the Klu Klux Klan, while fighting racial justice and the rights of African American voters. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book F347.N4H8. Acc.2011.468. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSongs of the Southern Freedom Movement. A 1965 songbook promoting freedom, racial tolerance, and heritage. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54 1976. Acc.2009.315. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHow Can We Keep From Singing Songbook. This 1965 book entitled \"We Shall Overcome!\" was compiled by Guy and Candie Carawan for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. The book contains songs relating to sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration and other contentious issues. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54.1976. Acc.2011.469. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"And People All Around\" Playbill. An undated playbill for a performance written by George Sklar. The play reminds viewers on the Negro Revolution in 1964, the killings of three negro boys in Mississippi, and the civil rights march on Washington. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PS3531.E826A52. Acc.2011.268. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Communist Position on the Negro Question. This booklet contains excerpts from the major speeches in discussion of the \"Negro question\" at the plenary meeting of the National Committee of the Communist Party. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.C752 1947. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Path of Negro Liberation. Pamphlet written by Benjamin J. Davis, who argues that the Communist Party of the United States believe in the unconditional political, social, and economic equality in all aspects of American life.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.D314 1947. Acc.2011.468. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Struggle Against White Chauvinism. Booklet written by Elizabeth Lawson and published by the New York State Education Department of the Communist Party. The booklet defines chauvinism and its effect on race and gender relations within the United States. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E.185.61.2376 1949. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNext Steps in the Struggle for Negro Freedom. This booklet, written by Hugh Bradley, was a report delivered at the National Conference of the Communist Party. Bradley discussed black military involvement, fair employment, and the corruption of the American government. This item is  cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B785 1953. Acc.2011.468. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Negro People on the March. This booklet, written by Benjamin J. Davis, was a report to the National Committee of the Communist Party.  Davis states that the fight for \"Negro\" freedom is at its height and that the black race must be given economic and political equality.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.6.D38 1956. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Why Join,\" The John Birch Society. This pamphlet promotes and describes the John Birch Society. The Society believes in small government and writes that most of the historic happenings within the Civil Rights Movement were Communist conspiracies. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E740.J6W45.1968. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBusing and the Democratic Struggle in Boston. This booklet was published by the Proletarian Unity League, a Communist organization dedicated to creating a strong Communist Party. They believe that white opportunism in the fundamental threat to the construction of a Revolutionary party. The booklet mostly focuses on the integration of public transportation. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book LC214.53.B67P76 1975. Acc.2011.467. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFreedom is Everybody's Job: \" The Crime of the Government Against the Negro People, 1949. This pamphlet, written by George W. Crockett, Jr., was a summation in the trail of the 11 Communist leaders.  The pamphlet argues that the Communist Party has the right to free speech and therefore cannot be outlawed.  Crockett argues that the Communist support for Civil Rights is a reason why the Communist Party is ridiculed. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HX87.C7.1949b. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe CIO and the Negro Worker, 1942. This pamphlet argues against discrimination in the workplace.  The CIO fights for equal employment of all people, races, and religions. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.8.C56 1942. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Out of the Jungle\", 1943. The Packinghouse Workers Fight for Justice and Equality. This book is a pictorial history of the Packinghouse Workers Union, which fought for racial justice, fair pay, and equality in the meat packing industry. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD6515.P14073. Acc.2011.268\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRoll the Union On, 1987. This book is a pictorial history of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, told by its co-founder H.L. Mitchell. The Union fought for the end of lynching, a safe workplace, and equal rights for African American and white workers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD1511.U5M573 1987. Acc.2011.467\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlaxploitation Cinema Pressbooks and Posters, 1968-1976. Currently unprocessed material. 2014.194 and oversize material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIndian Legends, 1994. This book includes old Native American stories and tales. Each story is also illustrated in black and white or color. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E98.F6I33.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"The Klan Today\". This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Books HS2330.K63.K58\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Aryan Views: White Folk News. \"The Attitude of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\" pamphlets. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.A13. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"The Kourier,\" a booklet of the Klan's version of the History of the United States and the Klan's opinions on \"un-American\" activities such as communism and parochial schools, and the Aryan Views and White Folk News Paper, also promoting racial intolerance. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.K69 v.11 no. 8, July 1935 copy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOld Doc Gags, \"Funster\" Number Two:: A Collection of Fun, Fables, Foolishness, Farce and Fibs. Copyright 1925 by Charles H. Ubert. The joke book includes anti-immigration and anti-Semitic content. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PN616.O48 1925.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Ingersol View Company Stereographs, Comic Series #2","Related materials, such as rare books, are recorded at the folder level.","See also: individual titles in the Manuscript Sheet Music Collection (Mss. 1.07), Box 48, and individual items in the Manuscript Artifact Collection.","For similar material relating to race, ethnicity, and racism outside of the United States, see the Ephemera Collection, Mss. 1.02.","Foreign publications: Rund Um Afrika, a booklet written in German by Gustav Petermann. The content details travels from Germany throughout Africa, visiting sites such as Kruger National Park, Victoria Falls, and Fort Christiansburg. The booklet contains many photographs and animals, buildings, and people. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book DT12.R86 3487058-1001.  Acc.2012.207.","Three Dension's Blackface Plays. Three different play scripts to be performed by white actors wearing black face. The plays highlight the perceived stupidity and ignorance of African Americans. These items are cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37.1923, PN6120.N4.K37.1928, and PN6120.N4.K37.1931. Acc.2009.335.","A henpecked coon: darky monologue, 1923. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37 1923.","Old Doc Gags \"Funster\". Number Two: A collection of fun, fables, foolishness, farce, and fibs, 1925. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6161.O48 1925.","Songs and Spirituals of Negro Composition for Revivals and Congregational Singing. This item is a pamphlet of sheet music. The pamphlet also includes advertisements for home goods. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66. Acc.2009.324.","We shall overcome! Songs of the Southern freedom movement, 1963. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.C2.W4.","How can we keep from singing! A contemporary songbook for liberal churches, fellowships, youth groups, and communal singing generally, 1976. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.H54.1976.","Songs and spirituals of Negro composition for revivals and congregational singing, 1921. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66.","Modern Home Counseler. This book includes lessons, advice, and instructions on how to raise successful, happy, and obedient children. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books H83.M63. Acc. 2009.356.","American Travelers Guide to Negro Monuments. This book details attractions around the United States that celebrate African Americans and their history. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books E185.53A53. Acc.2009.459.","The South Strikes Back, 1957. This booklet was written by Woodrow Boone and promotes the return of a more racially conservative society. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book PN6231.S485S68. Acc.2012.276.","The Afro-American Historical Calendar, 1979. The calendar features famous African American musicians, officers, and performers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book E185.A38. Acc.2009.389.","Negroes in Our History Posters, undated. This collection of posters has a large sketch of famous African American musicians, politicians, and activists. The posters have a brief biographical sketch of each of the celebrated hero. The posters are  cataloged as Rare Book E185.96.R78 folio. Acc.2008.163.","The People Versus Segregated Schools. This 1955 pamphlet promotes integration, anti-lynching laws, and equal pay for black and white workers. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.W54 1955. Acc.2011.268.","3 Lives for Mississippi. This 1965 book is the story of Mickey Schwerner, James Chaney and Andy Goodman, three men who were killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi by the Klu Klux Klan, while fighting racial justice and the rights of African American voters. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book F347.N4H8. Acc.2011.468.","Songs of the Southern Freedom Movement. A 1965 songbook promoting freedom, racial tolerance, and heritage. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54 1976. Acc.2009.315.","How Can We Keep From Singing Songbook. This 1965 book entitled \"We Shall Overcome!\" was compiled by Guy and Candie Carawan for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. The book contains songs relating to sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration and other contentious issues. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54.1976. Acc.2011.469.","\"And People All Around\" Playbill. An undated playbill for a performance written by George Sklar. The play reminds viewers on the Negro Revolution in 1964, the killings of three negro boys in Mississippi, and the civil rights march on Washington. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PS3531.E826A52. Acc.2011.268.","The Communist Position on the Negro Question. This booklet contains excerpts from the major speeches in discussion of the \"Negro question\" at the plenary meeting of the National Committee of the Communist Party. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.C752 1947. Acc.2011.467.","The Path of Negro Liberation. Pamphlet written by Benjamin J. Davis, who argues that the Communist Party of the United States believe in the unconditional political, social, and economic equality in all aspects of American life.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.D314 1947. Acc.2011.468.","The Struggle Against White Chauvinism. Booklet written by Elizabeth Lawson and published by the New York State Education Department of the Communist Party. The booklet defines chauvinism and its effect on race and gender relations within the United States. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E.185.61.2376 1949. Acc.2011.467.","Next Steps in the Struggle for Negro Freedom. This booklet, written by Hugh Bradley, was a report delivered at the National Conference of the Communist Party. Bradley discussed black military involvement, fair employment, and the corruption of the American government. This item is  cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B785 1953. Acc.2011.468.","The Negro People on the March. This booklet, written by Benjamin J. Davis, was a report to the National Committee of the Communist Party.  Davis states that the fight for \"Negro\" freedom is at its height and that the black race must be given economic and political equality.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.6.D38 1956. Acc.2011.467.","\"Why Join,\" The John Birch Society. This pamphlet promotes and describes the John Birch Society. The Society believes in small government and writes that most of the historic happenings within the Civil Rights Movement were Communist conspiracies. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E740.J6W45.1968. Acc.2011.467.","Busing and the Democratic Struggle in Boston. This booklet was published by the Proletarian Unity League, a Communist organization dedicated to creating a strong Communist Party. They believe that white opportunism in the fundamental threat to the construction of a Revolutionary party. The booklet mostly focuses on the integration of public transportation. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book LC214.53.B67P76 1975. Acc.2011.467. Acc.2011.467.","Freedom is Everybody's Job: \" The Crime of the Government Against the Negro People, 1949. This pamphlet, written by George W. Crockett, Jr., was a summation in the trail of the 11 Communist leaders.  The pamphlet argues that the Communist Party has the right to free speech and therefore cannot be outlawed.  Crockett argues that the Communist support for Civil Rights is a reason why the Communist Party is ridiculed. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HX87.C7.1949b.","The CIO and the Negro Worker, 1942. This pamphlet argues against discrimination in the workplace.  The CIO fights for equal employment of all people, races, and religions. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.8.C56 1942. Acc.2011.467.","\"Out of the Jungle\", 1943. The Packinghouse Workers Fight for Justice and Equality. This book is a pictorial history of the Packinghouse Workers Union, which fought for racial justice, fair pay, and equality in the meat packing industry. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD6515.P14073. Acc.2011.268","Roll the Union On, 1987. This book is a pictorial history of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, told by its co-founder H.L. Mitchell. The Union fought for the end of lynching, a safe workplace, and equal rights for African American and white workers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD1511.U5M573 1987. Acc.2011.467","Blaxploitation Cinema Pressbooks and Posters, 1968-1976. Currently unprocessed material. 2014.194 and oversize material.","Indian Legends, 1994. This book includes old Native American stories and tales. Each story is also illustrated in black and white or color. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E98.F6I33.","\"The Klan Today\". This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Books HS2330.K63.K58","The Aryan Views: White Folk News. \"The Attitude of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\" pamphlets. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.A13.","\"The Kourier,\" a booklet of the Klan's version of the History of the United States and the Klan's opinions on \"un-American\" activities such as communism and parochial schools, and the Aryan Views and White Folk News Paper, also promoting racial intolerance. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.K69 v.11 no. 8, July 1935 copy.","Old Doc Gags, \"Funster\" Number Two:: A Collection of Fun, Fables, Foolishness, Farce and Fibs. Copyright 1925 by Charles H. Ubert. The joke book includes anti-immigration and anti-Semitic content. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PN616.O48 1925."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eIncluded are published items like travel guides, joke books, song books, story books, programs and handbills, comic strips, a yearbook, election fliers, political publications, pamphlets and calendars.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFolder contains three envelopes: Union patriotic envelope depicting a black man picking cotton, titled \"One of the Rebels\", (Acc.2014.123), Union patriotic envelope of a slave dressed as the \"King of the South,\" (Acc. 2014.124), Union patriotic envelope with a map of the south (Acc. 2014.125).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA booklet of twenty minor dramas, extravaganzas, and farces for the amateur stage.  The plays contain stereotypical typecasting of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA story book entitled \"The Ten Little Niggers,\" with stereotypical illustrations. The layout of the book is similar to that of \"Ten Little Indians.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis songbook features stereotypical illustrations of African Americans including pompous dresses and large lips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis joke book features jokes that promote racism and a negative view of African Americans.  The jokes are also anti-immigration and misogynistic.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe scrapbook dates from the late 1800's.  The pictures in the book vary, from paintings of flowers to advertising cards for household items.  One page in the book features several stereotypical images of African Americans.  Pictures of monkeys are also placed on this page, therefore stating that they are one in the same.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertising trade cards that contain stereotypically racist images of African Americans. The cards are for a clothier. The folder also contains an advertisement for Jos. J. Foley, Tailor, Boston MA, which has a November 1908 calendar alongside an illustration of African American children swinging and climbing trees.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains multiple advertising cards. The items advertised include soaps, clothing, and household goods. The cards contain stereotypical images of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains advertising cards that depict African Americans in a negative light.  Common features are large lips and flouncy outfits.  The sketches on the cards often have little to do with the product being advertised.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStereotypical black representations on three advertising trade cards. The cards for pancake batter and clothes depict African Americans with large eyes and mouths along with other stereotypical features.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertising cards for a clothier.  The cards depict an African American man trying to command and then falling off a horse-drawn wagon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertisement card for Old Virginia Cheroots from the American Tobacco Company.  The advertisement has a sketch of an African American man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertising label for Old Black Joe's blackeyed peas, showing a black man with a white beard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSketch for \"The Connoisseurs\", a popular advertising image for Cream of Wheat. The painting features a black man in a chef's hat, teaching a child about the taste and health benefits of cream of wheat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrint of the painting by Edward V. Brewer entitled \"The Connoisseurs\" for the Cream of Wheat Company. The painting features an African American man in a chef costume tasting Cream of Wheat along with an African American boy in an apron and chef hat. Oversize item.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFive cards that have negative, stereotypical images of African Americans. Images include a black woman being compared to a donkey and young men playing craps.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 22 racist postcards. Features include large lips and big eyes. Images also include depictions of African Americans stealing goods. Other cards include cartooned drawings of African Americans in flouncy clothing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 42 cards with racist imagery. Images include cartooned sketches of African Americans with big eyes and over exaggerated lips. Images depict African Americans as lazy and inept. They are shown stealing chickens, eating watermelon, and improperly serving white people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA postcard with an image of an African American boy with a large mouth, kneeling next to two watermelons\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of eight postcards that have negative, stereotypical sketches of African Americans. Images include women with large behinds, boys eating watermelon, and men with large lips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains five racist postcards. They contain images including boys eating watermelon and a cartooned black man stealing a chicken.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of three postcards and a pamphlet entitled \"Fun on the Run.\" The \"Fun on the Run\" pamphlet includes several racist and sexist caricatures.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePostcard containing an image of a cartooned black man and woman. The man has large lips and torn clothing. The woman's features are exaggerated.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis souvenir features common images of African Americans in the south, including picking cotton, eating watermelon, and playing the fiddle.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains three Happy Birthday and one Christmas card. The cards contain cartooned sketches of African Americans, with factors such as large lips and big eyes. One happy birthday card has a sketch of three black women riding in a large watermelon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains numerous happy birthday cards featuring cartooned sketches of African American girls. The girls' features include large eyes and curly hair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCards that promote the seven principles of Kwanzaa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublications from the Jim Crow era.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis is a book of rag-time melodies, which includes advertisements, sheet music, and lyrics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item is the yearbook of the African American high school in Essex County, Virginia. The yearbook includes photographs, poems, and advertisements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis travel guide of \"negro\" hotels was published by Afro-American Newspapers. The guide includes a map of the East Coast and advertisements from multiple hotels.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo advertisements promoting performances by African American musicians and artists.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe folder contains an item promoting the Lost Cause ideology, which conveys nostalgia for the Confederacy prior to the Civil War. Confederate norms are presented in the best possible light. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNatchez Pilgrimage Brochure, 1955 March 31, invites people to celebrate the Old South by touring Antebellum mansions in Natchez, Mississippi. The brochure contains multiple photographs and descriptions of the old Antebellum mansion. (Acc.2012.278)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains publications celebrating the accomplishments and contributions of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe booklet describes the history and curricula of Hampton Institute, now Hampton University.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe multiple brochures feature African American jubilee singers and performers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis brochure is for the Negro History Society of the Hampton Institute and their presentation of singer Dorothy Maynor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis calendar features the stories of famous African American inventors, politicians, and scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis flyer promotes the election of Arthur H. Vandenberg as senator of Michigan. It states that Vandenberg promises to outlaw the poll tax and favors an anti-lynching law. Vandenberg promises to support African American causes if elected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese comic strips  promote racial tolerance. One comic entitled \"Stand Up For Sportsmanship,\" features Batman stopping a fight between two boys, one white and one black. When Batman asks what happened, he discovers they're fighting because the white boy doesn't want the black boy to play with them because \"he don't belong, he ain't a real American.\" Batman responds with a lesson about racial tolerance, saying \"don't believe the crackpot lies about people who worship differently, or whose skin is of a different color, or whose parents come from another country... a nation divided by prejudice is like a football team without teamwork.\" The next one, featuring Batman, teaches the reader that a country divided by racial prejudice is the same as a football team without teamwork. The next comic encourages a baseball team to be accepting of players of different ethnicity. The last comic, featuring superman, promotes both racial and religious tolerance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReprint of an article from the American Legion magazine concerns the buying of Negro votes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a pamphlet published by the Independent Socialist Club promoting the black power movement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis pamphlet entitled \"Here's Proof of the Red Pro-Negro Plot Against South \u0026amp; USA.\" argues that communist are trying to stir up trouble between white and black races, promoting racial mixing, and eventually want to control America. Pamphlet includes a map of the south, which it states Communist want to turn into a Negro Communist Soviet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis flyier shows a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr. and other Civil Rights leaders at a supposed Communist training school. The flier states that these leaders have brought tension, disturbance, and violence while trying to promote these Communist ideals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis booklet was published by Robert Welch. He argues that the \"negro\" population is much better off than populations around the globe. He also states that the population has made great strides in the last hundred years. Welch believes that the Communists are trying to turn black people against white people in America.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis pamphlet was printed by the Communist Party of Cleveland.  The pamphlet states that black and white people work side and side, and therefore black and white children should be able to learn and live with each other.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA pamphlet from the Communist Party of California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn editorial from the Monroe, La. Morning World, concerns the author's fears that the United Nations is secretly a Communist plot.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA flyer created by the Bay Area Revoluntionary Union concerning streets that are still occupied by the National Guard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA pamphlet subtitled \"a voice and vote for every member in the UAW-CIO regardless of race, color or creed.\" The pamphlet states that whites and \"negroes\" are all members of the same family and should be employed to the same end. The UAW-CIO promotes the hiring of \"negroes\" in all fields.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA Labor Education Fund pamphlet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis pamphlet by Angelo Herndon describes the hardship of working in a southern mining town. Herndon describes how he fought the system and promoted fair pay to working class citizens.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe themes of these games range from satirizing to celebrating the progress and intellect of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e52 playing cards from the game \"In Dixie-Land\". Copyrighted 1896, L.D. Baldwin, by The Fireside Game Co.  The instructions are missing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains a set of playing cards.  The cards have a sketch and a brief biological summary of influential African American inventors, politicians, musicians, and activists. Rules for the game are included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis board game is a racially based Monopoly style game. White players are allowed to buy properties throughout the board while black players are restricted to center areas. The game exemplifies the difficulties of living in a racially segregated housing market. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B5 1970.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe game, which portrays public welfare and its recipients in a negative light, caused immediate controversy upon its publication. It was also perceived as racist and sexist and government agencies appealed to retailers to pull it off the shelves.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game is a quiz and trivia style game. The game tests players' knowledge of black athletes, musicians, and activists. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.96.F67 1988\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis board game tests players' knowledge of African American achievement in history, patents, inventions, sports, and entertainment. There is also a category of questions titled black awareness. Players answer questions to move along on a board, through the struggles of slavery and Jim Crow, eventually arriving back in Africa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game is a game of dice where players role to turn over face cards number one through twelve. The cards and box feature racist imagery, including African Americans with bulging eyes and huge lips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis board game is a trivia style game which tests players' knowledge of African American history. Players answer questions to receive an associates, bachelors, masters, and doctorate in black studies. The word \"funda\" comes from an African language and means to instruct.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFive various cards and Valentine's featuring caricatures of African Americans.  Most of the cards depict the individuals with over exaggerated features and stereotypes, such as one card showing an African American eating watermelon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e20 caricature and three photograph postcards of African Americans.  Most of the caricature postcards feature stereotypical cartoons and captions of African Americans.  The photographs show African Americans tilling in cotton fields and posing outside dilapidated homes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThree stereoviews showing African Americans picking cotton in Georgia and Mississippi cotton fields and sugar cane in Peurto Rico. The views were produced by Underwood and Underwood, and the Keystone Viewing Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis box contains VHS tapes that are notable for the original video cases. Most of the movies are from the Blaxploitation genre, a controversial film movement. Blaxploitation films contained many common stereotypes. The black community is often portrayed as violent and drug related. However, some people believed the films were examples of black expression and power.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a young man who accidently kills his brother and then becomes a preacher to seek amends.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFilm features gang life in Harlem, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features two men who work in Harlem. They get sent on a wild goose chase looking for money hidden in a barrel of cotton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a Harlem private eye hired to save teenagers kidnapped by the Mafia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a Harlem drug-dealer who wants to make one last sell before quitting the cocaine business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features Cleopatra Jones, drug traffickers' deadliest enemy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film takes Bruce Lee to the island fortress of a criminal warlord, whom Bruce Lee must overcome.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features Dracula's bloodbrother, Blacula.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features black CIA recruits from Chicago who become freedom fighters after their military training.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features Pop Boyd, a martial arts champion who opens a studio on land that the Mafia wants to use as a headquarters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFilm features two ex-Vietnam soldiers who pursue the elite drug dealing industries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a young black man who seeks revenge when he is arrested on false charges.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe f Film features black drug dealers, mobsters, and undercover cops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn this sequel to Dolemite, Rudy Ray Moore flees to California, where he helps Queen Bee and her Kung-Fu girls battle a local gangster.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a morally bankrupt man who can save his own life only if he marries the devil's ugly daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a man who owns a disco and declares war on the producers of Angel Dust, a drug corrupting his nephew.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a man who seeks revenge on his girlfriend's killer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFilm features a Detroit police sergeant who is pitted against brutal thugs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features friends who are hiding from the mob and hunting a gangster boss, who rigged a karate tournament.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features a man, just recently released from prison, who uses brains and muscles to survive in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features the Black Dragon, who teams up with kung fu dynamo Dragon Lee as they take on the Korean and Japanese mafias.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a man named Blade, who is the last hope for humanity, when a bloodthirsty lord declares war on the human race.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features a vampire slayer who fights to save humanity.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features a gang who goes from rags to riches, and then fights a knife-wielding, car stealing leprechaun.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film is the third in a trilogy. It features a vampire hunter who must join forces with a clan of other hunters to find and defeat Dracula.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Great Cataract or Waterfall of Niagara in North America, This folder contains a copperplate engraving of Niagara Falls on paper. The image depicts a group of Native Americans showing Europeans the beauty of the falls. In the background, there are several Native Americans hauling large stones.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePowhatan Applesauce Label. \nThis folder contains an advertising label for apple sauce named after the famed Native American chiefdom, the Powhatan. The advertisement includes a sketch of a Native American with a colorful head band and feather in his hair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIron King Cook Calendar. \nThis calendar features a scene in which white settlers shot Native Americans while hiding behind a large iron king stove.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 12 postcards that feature oil paintings of Native American imagery. The cards depict a variety of different scenes, including an Indian camp, a hunted buffalo, a tepee, and an Indian carrying an American flag after Custer's Last Stand. The postcards have a short description of each portrayed scene.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 28 postcards featuring images of Native Americans. The postcards represent tribes from all over the country, from the Iroquois to the Hopi. Common images are war dances and dwellings such as tepees and long houses. Many of the postcards have short descriptions of the scenes on the back.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 90 postcards that portray Indian life in the south western United States. Images include  young girls and boys, Indians in traditional tribal outfits, mountains, canyons, and pueblo houses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a souvenir folder that contains a description and multiple illustrations of Indian chiefs.  The chiefs depicted are all from Western tribes, including the Pueblos, Navajos, Apache, Sioux, and Blackfoot.  The description states that the Pueblos are the most civilized of the nations.  The illustrations include portraits of the leaders as well as scenes of the leaders in the picturesque mountains of the west.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a souvenir folder that describes and illustrates southwestern Native American life.  The author notes that native life is \"primitive\" with little industry and machinery.  The images contain various scenes, including a mother and child standing next to cactus brush, people gathered around a tepee, a pueblo village, and men creating wampum beads.  Also depicted are images of natives performing a variety of crafts and chores.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of trading cards that contain negative imagery of Native Americans.  Images include Native Americans being stabbed by white settler, a Native American man drinking too much, and misrepresentations of traditional Indian outfits.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe trading cards depict imagery of Native Americans, including totem poles, war dances, and stockades.  The cards have images on one side, and a short description of the scene on the other.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOversized trading that that have photographs and drawing of various Native American leaders.  The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.  This trading cards are housed separately due to their large size.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe trading cards have photographs and drawings of various Native American leaders. The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis set of 90 cards have images on one side of famous Native American leaders and of famous battles fought by various native tribes.  The backside has a short, skewed description of historical events.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains a box of bridge tally cards.  The cards have sketches of Native American people and scenery, along with the names and locations of different tribes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Wild West Gum cards contains 22 cards depicting colorized illustrations of Native Americans. The collection was part of a set of 24 cards manufactured by John H. Dockman and Son in the early twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Paragon Beef trading cards include negative images of Chinese men with long braids and stereotypical straw hats.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of advertising cards that promote the Chinese immigrant population in a negative way. Advertisers include Celluloid Corset Clasps, Kendall Manufacturing Company Soaps and Soapine, Henderson's Goods, and Gent's Furnishings and Fancy Goods Houses. The images depict Chinese men with long hair embarking on ships and men with over exaggerated eye features. The images often have little to do with the product being advertised.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of cards that depict a scene between two white boys and a Chinese man. The children pull the man's braid, snap it off, and project the Chinese man from his perch, thus solving the \"Chinese problem\". Another card shows Chinese men being bitten by a dog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of cards that depict Asian Americans in negative ways.  Images include men embarking on a boat for China, a sketch of Mun Wong, and a Chinese child holding an umbrella.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis Fourth of July postcard displays racist imagery towards Asian Americans. The card portrays an Asian woman running away from a fire cracker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis comic strip includes stereotypical images of a Chinese man who entrapped his long braid in a rail road track.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game includes a small box of sticks. Each player is to shake the box and the first stick that pops out is the one chosen.  Each stick has a number, and the numbers correspond to a booklet that contains fortunes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of two sided trading cards. One of the sides have images of aspects of Jewish life, such as lighting candles and dancing with the torah. The other sides have short bible verses and explanations of the images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game is an educational trivia game that features questions regarding different aspects of the Islamic Hajj. Categories include \"How to Perform Hajj,\" \"Places of Hajj,\" and \"General Questions on Hajj.\" The game is geared toward teaching children about the Muslim pilgrimage.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe postcard displays a derogatory image of a Cuban mother feeding her two small children, one of whom nurses from a goat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItems in this folder include pamphlets instructing men on how to be good Klan members, a pamphlet regarding the Klan's attitude toward immigration, the Klan's attitude toward the Jew and other letters of propaganda.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder include meeting minutes from a chapter of the Klu Klux Klan in Elkton, Maryland. The folder also includes the obituary of klansmen Raymond C. Fronk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a pamphlet published by the Equal Rights Congress in a national effort to outlaw the Nazis and the Klu Klux Klan.  The folder also contains fliers promoting integration and racial tolerance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a manuscript by an unknown author on the subject of foreign immigration into the United States of America. The author argues that foreign populations should be restricted from coming to the United States. The manuscript also discusses the various races and ethnicities that should be restricted, including the Irish, the Jewish population, Italians, and the African and Asian races. The document concludes with a list of prohibitions that the author would impose to keep the immigrant populations from entering the country.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis booklet is published by the Order United American Mechanics, a secret fraternity composed entirely of citizens born in the US.American citizens born. The booklet argues against competition for jobs with foreign-born immigrants.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCards with images and phrases that promote racial and religious equality.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.","Included are published items like travel guides, joke books, song books, story books, programs and handbills, comic strips, a yearbook, election fliers, political publications, pamphlets and calendars.","This fFolder contains three envelopes: Union patriotic envelope depicting a black man picking cotton, titled \"One of the Rebels\", (Acc.2014.123), Union patriotic envelope of a slave dressed as the \"King of the South,\" (Acc. 2014.124), Union patriotic envelope with a map of the south (Acc. 2014.125).","A booklet of twenty minor dramas, extravaganzas, and farces for the amateur stage.  The plays contain stereotypical typecasting of African Americans.","A story book entitled \"The Ten Little Niggers,\" with stereotypical illustrations. The layout of the book is similar to that of \"Ten Little Indians.\"","This songbook features stereotypical illustrations of African Americans including pompous dresses and large lips.","This joke book features jokes that promote racism and a negative view of African Americans.  The jokes are also anti-immigration and misogynistic.","The scrapbook dates from the late 1800's.  The pictures in the book vary, from paintings of flowers to advertising cards for household items.  One page in the book features several stereotypical images of African Americans.  Pictures of monkeys are also placed on this page, therefore stating that they are one in the same.","Advertising trade cards that contain stereotypically racist images of African Americans. The cards are for a clothier. The folder also contains an advertisement for Jos. J. Foley, Tailor, Boston MA, which has a November 1908 calendar alongside an illustration of African American children swinging and climbing trees.","This folder contains multiple advertising cards. The items advertised include soaps, clothing, and household goods. The cards contain stereotypical images of African Americans.","This folder contains advertising cards that depict African Americans in a negative light.  Common features are large lips and flouncy outfits.  The sketches on the cards often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Stereotypical black representations on three advertising trade cards. The cards for pancake batter and clothes depict African Americans with large eyes and mouths along with other stereotypical features.","Advertising cards for a clothier.  The cards depict an African American man trying to command and then falling off a horse-drawn wagon.","Advertisement card for Old Virginia Cheroots from the American Tobacco Company.  The advertisement has a sketch of an African American man.","Advertising label for Old Black Joe's blackeyed peas, showing a black man with a white beard.","Sketch for \"The Connoisseurs\", a popular advertising image for Cream of Wheat. The painting features a black man in a chef's hat, teaching a child about the taste and health benefits of cream of wheat.","Print of the painting by Edward V. Brewer entitled \"The Connoisseurs\" for the Cream of Wheat Company. The painting features an African American man in a chef costume tasting Cream of Wheat along with an African American boy in an apron and chef hat. Oversize item.","Five cards that have negative, stereotypical images of African Americans. Images include a black woman being compared to a donkey and young men playing craps.","Set of 22 racist postcards. Features include large lips and big eyes. Images also include depictions of African Americans stealing goods. Other cards include cartooned drawings of African Americans in flouncy clothing.","Set of 42 cards with racist imagery. Images include cartooned sketches of African Americans with big eyes and over exaggerated lips. Images depict African Americans as lazy and inept. They are shown stealing chickens, eating watermelon, and improperly serving white people.","A postcard with an image of an African American boy with a large mouth, kneeling next to two watermelons","Set of eight postcards that have negative, stereotypical sketches of African Americans. Images include women with large behinds, boys eating watermelon, and men with large lips.","This folder contains five racist postcards. They contain images including boys eating watermelon and a cartooned black man stealing a chicken.","Set of three postcards and a pamphlet entitled \"Fun on the Run.\" The \"Fun on the Run\" pamphlet includes several racist and sexist caricatures.","Postcard containing an image of a cartooned black man and woman. The man has large lips and torn clothing. The woman's features are exaggerated.","This souvenir features common images of African Americans in the south, including picking cotton, eating watermelon, and playing the fiddle.","This folder contains three Happy Birthday and one Christmas card. The cards contain cartooned sketches of African Americans, with factors such as large lips and big eyes. One happy birthday card has a sketch of three black women riding in a large watermelon.","This folder contains numerous happy birthday cards featuring cartooned sketches of African American girls. The girls' features include large eyes and curly hair.","Cards that promote the seven principles of Kwanzaa.","Publications from the Jim Crow era.","This is a book of rag-time melodies, which includes advertisements, sheet music, and lyrics.","This item is the yearbook of the African American high school in Essex County, Virginia. The yearbook includes photographs, poems, and advertisements.","This travel guide of \"negro\" hotels was published by Afro-American Newspapers. The guide includes a map of the East Coast and advertisements from multiple hotels.","Two advertisements promoting performances by African American musicians and artists.","The folder contains an item promoting the Lost Cause ideology, which conveys nostalgia for the Confederacy prior to the Civil War. Confederate norms are presented in the best possible light.","Natchez Pilgrimage Brochure, 1955 March 31, invites people to celebrate the Old South by touring Antebellum mansions in Natchez, Mississippi. The brochure contains multiple photographs and descriptions of the old Antebellum mansion. (Acc.2012.278)","This folder contains publications celebrating the accomplishments and contributions of African Americans.","The booklet describes the history and curricula of Hampton Institute, now Hampton University.","The multiple brochures feature African American jubilee singers and performers.","This brochure is for the Negro History Society of the Hampton Institute and their presentation of singer Dorothy Maynor.","This calendar features the stories of famous African American inventors, politicians, and scholars.","This flyer promotes the election of Arthur H. Vandenberg as senator of Michigan. It states that Vandenberg promises to outlaw the poll tax and favors an anti-lynching law. Vandenberg promises to support African American causes if elected.","These comic strips  promote racial tolerance. One comic entitled \"Stand Up For Sportsmanship,\" features Batman stopping a fight between two boys, one white and one black. When Batman asks what happened, he discovers they're fighting because the white boy doesn't want the black boy to play with them because \"he don't belong, he ain't a real American.\" Batman responds with a lesson about racial tolerance, saying \"don't believe the crackpot lies about people who worship differently, or whose skin is of a different color, or whose parents come from another country... a nation divided by prejudice is like a football team without teamwork.\" The next one, featuring Batman, teaches the reader that a country divided by racial prejudice is the same as a football team without teamwork. The next comic encourages a baseball team to be accepting of players of different ethnicity. The last comic, featuring superman, promotes both racial and religious tolerance.","Reprint of an article from the American Legion magazine concerns the buying of Negro votes.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Independent Socialist Club promoting the black power movement.","This pamphlet entitled \"Here's Proof of the Red Pro-Negro Plot Against South \u0026 USA.\" argues that communist are trying to stir up trouble between white and black races, promoting racial mixing, and eventually want to control America. Pamphlet includes a map of the south, which it states Communist want to turn into a Negro Communist Soviet.","This flyier shows a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr. and other Civil Rights leaders at a supposed Communist training school. The flier states that these leaders have brought tension, disturbance, and violence while trying to promote these Communist ideals.","This booklet was published by Robert Welch. He argues that the \"negro\" population is much better off than populations around the globe. He also states that the population has made great strides in the last hundred years. Welch believes that the Communists are trying to turn black people against white people in America.","This pamphlet was printed by the Communist Party of Cleveland.  The pamphlet states that black and white people work side and side, and therefore black and white children should be able to learn and live with each other.","A pamphlet from the Communist Party of California.","An editorial from the Monroe, La. Morning World, concerns the author's fears that the United Nations is secretly a Communist plot.","A flyer created by the Bay Area Revoluntionary Union concerning streets that are still occupied by the National Guard.","A pamphlet subtitled \"a voice and vote for every member in the UAW-CIO regardless of race, color or creed.\" The pamphlet states that whites and \"negroes\" are all members of the same family and should be employed to the same end. The UAW-CIO promotes the hiring of \"negroes\" in all fields.","A Labor Education Fund pamphlet.","This pamphlet by Angelo Herndon describes the hardship of working in a southern mining town. Herndon describes how he fought the system and promoted fair pay to working class citizens.","The themes of these games range from satirizing to celebrating the progress and intellect of African Americans.","52 playing cards from the game \"In Dixie-Land\". Copyrighted 1896, L.D. Baldwin, by The Fireside Game Co.  The instructions are missing.","This folder contains a set of playing cards.  The cards have a sketch and a brief biological summary of influential African American inventors, politicians, musicians, and activists. Rules for the game are included.","This board game is a racially based Monopoly style game. White players are allowed to buy properties throughout the board while black players are restricted to center areas. The game exemplifies the difficulties of living in a racially segregated housing market. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B5 1970.","The game, which portrays public welfare and its recipients in a negative light, caused immediate controversy upon its publication. It was also perceived as racist and sexist and government agencies appealed to retailers to pull it off the shelves.","This game is a quiz and trivia style game. The game tests players' knowledge of black athletes, musicians, and activists. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.96.F67 1988","This board game tests players' knowledge of African American achievement in history, patents, inventions, sports, and entertainment. There is also a category of questions titled black awareness. Players answer questions to move along on a board, through the struggles of slavery and Jim Crow, eventually arriving back in Africa.","This game is a game of dice where players role to turn over face cards number one through twelve. The cards and box feature racist imagery, including African Americans with bulging eyes and huge lips.","This board game is a trivia style game which tests players' knowledge of African American history. Players answer questions to receive an associates, bachelors, masters, and doctorate in black studies. The word \"funda\" comes from an African language and means to instruct.","Five various cards and Valentine's featuring caricatures of African Americans.  Most of the cards depict the individuals with over exaggerated features and stereotypes, such as one card showing an African American eating watermelon.","20 caricature and three photograph postcards of African Americans.  Most of the caricature postcards feature stereotypical cartoons and captions of African Americans.  The photographs show African Americans tilling in cotton fields and posing outside dilapidated homes.","Three stereoviews showing African Americans picking cotton in Georgia and Mississippi cotton fields and sugar cane in Peurto Rico. The views were produced by Underwood and Underwood, and the Keystone Viewing Company.","This box contains VHS tapes that are notable for the original video cases. Most of the movies are from the Blaxploitation genre, a controversial film movement. Blaxploitation films contained many common stereotypes. The black community is often portrayed as violent and drug related. However, some people believed the films were examples of black expression and power.","This film features a young man who accidently kills his brother and then becomes a preacher to seek amends.","This fFilm features gang life in Harlem, New York.","The film features two men who work in Harlem. They get sent on a wild goose chase looking for money hidden in a barrel of cotton.","The film features a Harlem private eye hired to save teenagers kidnapped by the Mafia.","This film features a Harlem drug-dealer who wants to make one last sell before quitting the cocaine business.","The film features Cleopatra Jones, drug traffickers' deadliest enemy.","The film takes Bruce Lee to the island fortress of a criminal warlord, whom Bruce Lee must overcome.","This film features Dracula's bloodbrother, Blacula.","The film features black CIA recruits from Chicago who become freedom fighters after their military training.","The fFilm features Pop Boyd, a martial arts champion who opens a studio on land that the Mafia wants to use as a headquarters.","This fFilm features two ex-Vietnam soldiers who pursue the elite drug dealing industries.","This film features a young black man who seeks revenge when he is arrested on false charges.","The f Film features black drug dealers, mobsters, and undercover cops.","In this sequel to Dolemite, Rudy Ray Moore flees to California, where he helps Queen Bee and her Kung-Fu girls battle a local gangster.","The film features a morally bankrupt man who can save his own life only if he marries the devil's ugly daughter.","The film features a man who owns a disco and declares war on the producers of Angel Dust, a drug corrupting his nephew.","This film features a man who seeks revenge on his girlfriend's killer.","This fFilm features a Detroit police sergeant who is pitted against brutal thugs.","The film features friends who are hiding from the mob and hunting a gangster boss, who rigged a karate tournament.","The fFilm features a man, just recently released from prison, who uses brains and muscles to survive in the city.","The fFilm features the Black Dragon, who teams up with kung fu dynamo Dragon Lee as they take on the Korean and Japanese mafias.","The film features a man named Blade, who is the last hope for humanity, when a bloodthirsty lord declares war on the human race.","The fFilm features a vampire slayer who fights to save humanity.","The fFilm features a gang who goes from rags to riches, and then fights a knife-wielding, car stealing leprechaun.","This film is the third in a trilogy. It features a vampire hunter who must join forces with a clan of other hunters to find and defeat Dracula.","The Great Cataract or Waterfall of Niagara in North America, This folder contains a copperplate engraving of Niagara Falls on paper. The image depicts a group of Native Americans showing Europeans the beauty of the falls. In the background, there are several Native Americans hauling large stones.","Powhatan Applesauce Label. \nThis folder contains an advertising label for apple sauce named after the famed Native American chiefdom, the Powhatan. The advertisement includes a sketch of a Native American with a colorful head band and feather in his hair.","Iron King Cook Calendar. \nThis calendar features a scene in which white settlers shot Native Americans while hiding behind a large iron king stove.","Set of 12 postcards that feature oil paintings of Native American imagery. The cards depict a variety of different scenes, including an Indian camp, a hunted buffalo, a tepee, and an Indian carrying an American flag after Custer's Last Stand. The postcards have a short description of each portrayed scene.","Set of 28 postcards featuring images of Native Americans. The postcards represent tribes from all over the country, from the Iroquois to the Hopi. Common images are war dances and dwellings such as tepees and long houses. Many of the postcards have short descriptions of the scenes on the back.","Set of 90 postcards that portray Indian life in the south western United States. Images include  young girls and boys, Indians in traditional tribal outfits, mountains, canyons, and pueblo houses.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that contains a description and multiple illustrations of Indian chiefs.  The chiefs depicted are all from Western tribes, including the Pueblos, Navajos, Apache, Sioux, and Blackfoot.  The description states that the Pueblos are the most civilized of the nations.  The illustrations include portraits of the leaders as well as scenes of the leaders in the picturesque mountains of the west.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that describes and illustrates southwestern Native American life.  The author notes that native life is \"primitive\" with little industry and machinery.  The images contain various scenes, including a mother and child standing next to cactus brush, people gathered around a tepee, a pueblo village, and men creating wampum beads.  Also depicted are images of natives performing a variety of crafts and chores.","Set of trading cards that contain negative imagery of Native Americans.  Images include Native Americans being stabbed by white settler, a Native American man drinking too much, and misrepresentations of traditional Indian outfits.","The trading cards depict imagery of Native Americans, including totem poles, war dances, and stockades.  The cards have images on one side, and a short description of the scene on the other.","Oversized trading that that have photographs and drawing of various Native American leaders.  The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.  This trading cards are housed separately due to their large size.","The trading cards have photographs and drawings of various Native American leaders. The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.","This set of 90 cards have images on one side of famous Native American leaders and of famous battles fought by various native tribes.  The backside has a short, skewed description of historical events.","This folder contains a box of bridge tally cards.  The cards have sketches of Native American people and scenery, along with the names and locations of different tribes.","The Wild West Gum cards contains 22 cards depicting colorized illustrations of Native Americans. The collection was part of a set of 24 cards manufactured by John H. Dockman and Son in the early twentieth century.","The Paragon Beef trading cards include negative images of Chinese men with long braids and stereotypical straw hats.","Series of advertising cards that promote the Chinese immigrant population in a negative way. Advertisers include Celluloid Corset Clasps, Kendall Manufacturing Company Soaps and Soapine, Henderson's Goods, and Gent's Furnishings and Fancy Goods Houses. The images depict Chinese men with long hair embarking on ships and men with over exaggerated eye features. The images often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Series of cards that depict a scene between two white boys and a Chinese man. The children pull the man's braid, snap it off, and project the Chinese man from his perch, thus solving the \"Chinese problem\". Another card shows Chinese men being bitten by a dog.","Set of cards that depict Asian Americans in negative ways.  Images include men embarking on a boat for China, a sketch of Mun Wong, and a Chinese child holding an umbrella.","This Fourth of July postcard displays racist imagery towards Asian Americans. The card portrays an Asian woman running away from a fire cracker.","This comic strip includes stereotypical images of a Chinese man who entrapped his long braid in a rail road track.","This game includes a small box of sticks. Each player is to shake the box and the first stick that pops out is the one chosen.  Each stick has a number, and the numbers correspond to a booklet that contains fortunes.","Series of two sided trading cards. One of the sides have images of aspects of Jewish life, such as lighting candles and dancing with the torah. The other sides have short bible verses and explanations of the images.","This game is an educational trivia game that features questions regarding different aspects of the Islamic Hajj. Categories include \"How to Perform Hajj,\" \"Places of Hajj,\" and \"General Questions on Hajj.\" The game is geared toward teaching children about the Muslim pilgrimage.","The postcard displays a derogatory image of a Cuban mother feeding her two small children, one of whom nurses from a goat.","Items in this folder include pamphlets instructing men on how to be good Klan members, a pamphlet regarding the Klan's attitude toward immigration, the Klan's attitude toward the Jew and other letters of propaganda.","This folder include meeting minutes from a chapter of the Klu Klux Klan in Elkton, Maryland. The folder also includes the obituary of klansmen Raymond C. Fronk.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Equal Rights Congress in a national effort to outlaw the Nazis and the Klu Klux Klan.  The folder also contains fliers promoting integration and racial tolerance.","This folder includes a manuscript by an unknown author on the subject of foreign immigration into the United States of America. The author argues that foreign populations should be restricted from coming to the United States. The manuscript also discusses the various races and ethnicities that should be restricted, including the Irish, the Jewish population, Italians, and the African and Asian races. The document concludes with a list of prohibitions that the author would impose to keep the immigrant populations from entering the country.","This booklet is published by the Order United American Mechanics, a secret fraternity composed entirely of citizens born in the US.American citizens born. The booklet argues against competition for jobs with foreign-born immigrants.","Cards with images and phrases that promote racial and religious equality."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","John H. Dockman and Son."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","John H. 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