{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026page=2","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026page=1","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026page=2"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":2,"next_page":null,"prev_page":1,"total_pages":2,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":10,"total_count":14,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1733","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Madeleine Coleman Roach papers, 1942/1945","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1733#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1733#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. 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Coleman enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943,began active service in September 1943. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945 and becoming one of the 855 women in the Triple Six Eight.","Madeleine Coleman was originally from a farm in Milstead, Alabama but was sent to New York by one of her aunts from South Carolina, who moved to Harlem. Prior to enlisting, she met John Roach, in the late 1930s at the Harlem Evening High School. He signed up for the armed services, as a Technical Sargent and stenographer in the 67th regiment stationed in England and France. She decided to sign up as well.  While Madeleine had an active social life in the Service Club and dated a lot, she knew that he would be the one man for her. They were married in Rouen, France in 1945 after the mail was cleared and she had sailed on the [RMS] Queens Elizabeth to Le Havre France where the 6888 cleared up more backlogs of mail.","The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was tasked with catching up a two-year backlog of 17 million pieces of mail, which left people in the military with low morale. The battalion consisted of stenographers, postal clerks and others who tracked, redirected and investigated mail in cold, dark and rat-infested warehouses with a six-month deadline. They encountered both racism and sexism from fellow American service members, according to multiple historical reports. However they created a mailing system and completed the task in half the time.","Her journey began on the SS Ile de France where there were air raids.\nAccording to historical accounts, the women felt hoodwinked when they initially joined up to serve their country only to be tasked with manual labor.","Once civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune got the support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the women were shipped off on February 3, 1945 and took a train to Birmingham, England, where they fixed the dilapidated former King Edward's School, which became their base, as seen in \"The Six Triple Eight\" war drama directed by Tyler Perry and streamed on Netflix.","Madeleine Coleman Roach became a secretary at the Woodrow Wilson Vocational School, which is called August Martin High School, and John Roach was employed at the Post office. Madeleine Roach also graduated with honors as an African-American Studies major in the early 1980s at York College.","Source:\nRose, Naeisha. \"Remembering a 6888 Veteran\". Queens Chronicle. Queens New York. 13 February 2025. Accessed 2/25/25\nhttps://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/remembering-a-6888-veteran/article_0ef47078-4275-5df5-ae74-4fb5f9c1e9f3.html","This material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","This collection contains photographs, diaries, a memory book, a prayer book, witness reports, scrapbook pages, photographs, certificates, newsletters, telegrams, menus, and ephemera belonging to Madeleine Coleman Roach during her service in the U.S. Women's Army Corps in the Second World War.","Of historical significance, Coleman was among the 855 Black women who served overseas in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion in England and France who were hired to clear up the backlog of mail to the World War II soldiers and officers.","Coleman was from New York City and enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943. She entered active service in September 1943 and was promoted to Corporal. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945. Included is her Separation Qualification Record proving that she served overseas in England and France with the 6888th Postal Directory Service. Included is a photograph of her commanding officer Colonel Charity Adams.","Her wartime diary features excerpts from her daily life in training, office and field work in the Army from 1943-1944. She writes about her exhaustion from overworking, her anxieties about army inspections,her private thoughts on the harsh treatment of Black women in the Corps, most especially during her time in Alabama. She also writes about her boyfriend, John Roach who was also in the Army. In addition to her duties, she describes her social life of dates and dances in the Service Club. The diary does not describe her work overseas in England and France in the 6888th Postal Service Directory. She would marry her boyfriend and fellow soldier, John Roach, while abroad in Roen, France.","She also describes her experiences with racism in the southern culture at Camp Sibert, Alabama, particularly from white women or as she called them, Southern crackers. She also describes the discrimination against women in the service. She encourages herself with endearing sayings such as \"what's next for you little girl\".","Of interest is an entry in her diary where she mentions that she had witnessed girls in the army who were in love with each other. She recorded that she never would have known about women having intimate relationships with women if it had not been for the army.","There are about thirty-five photos depicting Madeleine's service, showing women in uniform, many in Rouen and the French Riviera, and an identification photograph from her time as a hostess for the Harlem Defense Recreation Center. There are also documents of John Roach's military service in Texas, Italy, and at army bases in the South Pacific.","Coleman's \"Memory Book\" discusses the locations of her army service and her thoughts on the various places she lived and worked during her war. It includes signatures and messages from fellow soldiers.","Of particular note are three leaves of typescript, two of which are signed by WAC members. They contain the witness statements of Privates Roberta McKenzie and Gladys Blackmon and detail the abuse suffered at the hands of the police when they refused to give up their seats at the back of the bus for white people. The incident was referenced in a 1947 United States Senate hearing on the treatment of Black military members.","There are two complete and four partial issues of the camp newsletter \"Special Delivery\", which was created by the women of the 6888th Central Post Battalian in France. There are two 6888th church services programs, and a 1944 Thanksgiving menu from Camp Sibert, Alabama. Under miscellaneous there are some shorthand exams that Madeleine Coleman passed. She and her husband were stenographers during the war.","Shorthand exams; Church program; menu","World War II 67th Regiment of African American men (Texas) including Corporal John Roach","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. 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Coleman enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943,began active service in September 1943. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945 and becoming one of the 855 women in the Triple Six Eight.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nMadeleine Coleman was originally from a farm in Milstead, Alabama but was sent to New York by one of her aunts from South Carolina, who moved to Harlem. Prior to enlisting, she met John Roach, in the late 1930s at the Harlem Evening High School. He signed up for the armed services, as a Technical Sargent and stenographer in the 67th regiment stationed in England and France. She decided to sign up as well.  While Madeleine had an active social life in the Service Club and dated a lot, she knew that he would be the one man for her. They were married in Rouen, France in 1945 after the mail was cleared and she had sailed on the [RMS] Queens Elizabeth to Le Havre France where the 6888 cleared up more backlogs of mail.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was tasked with catching up a two-year backlog of 17 million pieces of mail, which left people in the military with low morale. The battalion consisted of stenographers, postal clerks and others who tracked, redirected and investigated mail in cold, dark and rat-infested warehouses with a six-month deadline. They encountered both racism and sexism from fellow American service members, according to multiple historical reports. However they created a mailing system and completed the task in half the time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHer journey began on the SS Ile de France where there were air raids.\nAccording to historical accounts, the women felt hoodwinked when they initially joined up to serve their country only to be tasked with manual labor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOnce civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune got the support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the women were shipped off on February 3, 1945 and took a train to Birmingham, England, where they fixed the dilapidated former King Edward's School, which became their base, as seen in \"The Six Triple Eight\" war drama directed by Tyler Perry and streamed on Netflix.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMadeleine Coleman Roach became a secretary at the Woodrow Wilson Vocational School, which is called August Martin High School, and John Roach was employed at the Post office. Madeleine Roach also graduated with honors as an African-American Studies major in the early 1980s at York College.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\nRose, Naeisha. \"Remembering a 6888 Veteran\". Queens Chronicle. Queens New York. 13 February 2025. Accessed 2/25/25\nhttps://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/remembering-a-6888-veteran/article_0ef47078-4275-5df5-ae74-4fb5f9c1e9f3.html\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Corporal Madeleine Coleman Roach, a South Ozone Park resident of Queens, New York and a member of the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion — an all-female and predominantly African-American women in the Army Corps — during World War II. Coleman enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943,began active service in September 1943. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945 and becoming one of the 855 women in the Triple Six Eight.","Madeleine Coleman was originally from a farm in Milstead, Alabama but was sent to New York by one of her aunts from South Carolina, who moved to Harlem. Prior to enlisting, she met John Roach, in the late 1930s at the Harlem Evening High School. He signed up for the armed services, as a Technical Sargent and stenographer in the 67th regiment stationed in England and France. She decided to sign up as well.  While Madeleine had an active social life in the Service Club and dated a lot, she knew that he would be the one man for her. They were married in Rouen, France in 1945 after the mail was cleared and she had sailed on the [RMS] Queens Elizabeth to Le Havre France where the 6888 cleared up more backlogs of mail.","The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was tasked with catching up a two-year backlog of 17 million pieces of mail, which left people in the military with low morale. The battalion consisted of stenographers, postal clerks and others who tracked, redirected and investigated mail in cold, dark and rat-infested warehouses with a six-month deadline. They encountered both racism and sexism from fellow American service members, according to multiple historical reports. However they created a mailing system and completed the task in half the time.","Her journey began on the SS Ile de France where there were air raids.\nAccording to historical accounts, the women felt hoodwinked when they initially joined up to serve their country only to be tasked with manual labor.","Once civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune got the support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the women were shipped off on February 3, 1945 and took a train to Birmingham, England, where they fixed the dilapidated former King Edward's School, which became their base, as seen in \"The Six Triple Eight\" war drama directed by Tyler Perry and streamed on Netflix.","Madeleine Coleman Roach became a secretary at the Woodrow Wilson Vocational School, which is called August Martin High School, and John Roach was employed at the Post office. Madeleine Roach also graduated with honors as an African-American Studies major in the early 1980s at York College.","Source:\nRose, Naeisha. \"Remembering a 6888 Veteran\". Queens Chronicle. Queens New York. 13 February 2025. Accessed 2/25/25\nhttps://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/remembering-a-6888-veteran/article_0ef47078-4275-5df5-ae74-4fb5f9c1e9f3.html"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16869, Madeleine Coleman papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16869, Madeleine Coleman papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains photographs, diaries, a memory book, a prayer book, witness reports, scrapbook pages, photographs, certificates, newsletters, telegrams, menus, and ephemera belonging to Madeleine Coleman Roach during her service in the U.S. Women's Army Corps in the Second World War. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOf historical significance, Coleman was among the 855 Black women who served overseas in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion in England and France who were hired to clear up the backlog of mail to the World War II soldiers and officers. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColeman was from New York City and enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943. She entered active service in September 1943 and was promoted to Corporal. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945. Included is her Separation Qualification Record proving that she served overseas in England and France with the 6888th Postal Directory Service. Included is a photograph of her commanding officer Colonel Charity Adams.\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHer wartime diary features excerpts from her daily life in training, office and field work in the Army from 1943-1944. She writes about her exhaustion from overworking, her anxieties about army inspections,her private thoughts on the harsh treatment of Black women in the Corps, most especially during her time in Alabama. She also writes about her boyfriend, John Roach who was also in the Army. In addition to her duties, she describes her social life of dates and dances in the Service Club. The diary does not describe her work overseas in England and France in the 6888th Postal Service Directory. She would marry her boyfriend and fellow soldier, John Roach, while abroad in Roen, France.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe also describes her experiences with racism in the southern culture at Camp Sibert, Alabama, particularly from white women or as she called them, Southern crackers. She also describes the discrimination against women in the service. She encourages herself with endearing sayings such as \"what's next for you little girl\". \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOf interest is an entry in her diary where she mentions that she had witnessed girls in the army who were in love with each other. She recorded that she never would have known about women having intimate relationships with women if it had not been for the army.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThere are about thirty-five photos depicting Madeleine's service, showing women in uniform, many in Rouen and the French Riviera, and an identification photograph from her time as a hostess for the Harlem Defense Recreation Center. There are also documents of John Roach's military service in Texas, Italy, and at army bases in the South Pacific.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColeman's \"Memory Book\" discusses the locations of her army service and her thoughts on the various places she lived and worked during her war. It includes signatures and messages from fellow soldiers. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \nOf particular note are three leaves of typescript, two of which are signed by WAC members. They contain the witness statements of Privates Roberta McKenzie and Gladys Blackmon and detail the abuse suffered at the hands of the police when they refused to give up their seats at the back of the bus for white people. The incident was referenced in a 1947 United States Senate hearing on the treatment of Black military members. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThere are two complete and four partial issues of the camp newsletter \"Special Delivery\", which was created by the women of the 6888th Central Post Battalian in France. There are two 6888th church services programs, and a 1944 Thanksgiving menu from Camp Sibert, Alabama. Under miscellaneous there are some shorthand exams that Madeleine Coleman passed. She and her husband were stenographers during the war. \u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eShorthand exams; Church program; menu\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War II 67th Regiment of African American men (Texas) including Corporal John Roach\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","This collection contains photographs, diaries, a memory book, a prayer book, witness reports, scrapbook pages, photographs, certificates, newsletters, telegrams, menus, and ephemera belonging to Madeleine Coleman Roach during her service in the U.S. Women's Army Corps in the Second World War.","Of historical significance, Coleman was among the 855 Black women who served overseas in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion in England and France who were hired to clear up the backlog of mail to the World War II soldiers and officers.","Coleman was from New York City and enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943. She entered active service in September 1943 and was promoted to Corporal. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945. Included is her Separation Qualification Record proving that she served overseas in England and France with the 6888th Postal Directory Service. Included is a photograph of her commanding officer Colonel Charity Adams.","Her wartime diary features excerpts from her daily life in training, office and field work in the Army from 1943-1944. She writes about her exhaustion from overworking, her anxieties about army inspections,her private thoughts on the harsh treatment of Black women in the Corps, most especially during her time in Alabama. She also writes about her boyfriend, John Roach who was also in the Army. In addition to her duties, she describes her social life of dates and dances in the Service Club. The diary does not describe her work overseas in England and France in the 6888th Postal Service Directory. She would marry her boyfriend and fellow soldier, John Roach, while abroad in Roen, France.","She also describes her experiences with racism in the southern culture at Camp Sibert, Alabama, particularly from white women or as she called them, Southern crackers. She also describes the discrimination against women in the service. She encourages herself with endearing sayings such as \"what's next for you little girl\".","Of interest is an entry in her diary where she mentions that she had witnessed girls in the army who were in love with each other. She recorded that she never would have known about women having intimate relationships with women if it had not been for the army.","There are about thirty-five photos depicting Madeleine's service, showing women in uniform, many in Rouen and the French Riviera, and an identification photograph from her time as a hostess for the Harlem Defense Recreation Center. There are also documents of John Roach's military service in Texas, Italy, and at army bases in the South Pacific.","Coleman's \"Memory Book\" discusses the locations of her army service and her thoughts on the various places she lived and worked during her war. It includes signatures and messages from fellow soldiers.","Of particular note are three leaves of typescript, two of which are signed by WAC members. They contain the witness statements of Privates Roberta McKenzie and Gladys Blackmon and detail the abuse suffered at the hands of the police when they refused to give up their seats at the back of the bus for white people. The incident was referenced in a 1947 United States Senate hearing on the treatment of Black military members.","There are two complete and four partial issues of the camp newsletter \"Special Delivery\", which was created by the women of the 6888th Central Post Battalian in France. There are two 6888th church services programs, and a 1944 Thanksgiving menu from Camp Sibert, Alabama. Under miscellaneous there are some shorthand exams that Madeleine Coleman passed. She and her husband were stenographers during the war.","Shorthand exams; Church program; menu","World War II 67th Regiment of African American men (Texas) including Corporal John Roach"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps"],"names_coll_ssim":["Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps"],"persname_ssim":["Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. 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Coleman enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943,began active service in September 1943. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945 and becoming one of the 855 women in the Triple Six Eight.","Madeleine Coleman was originally from a farm in Milstead, Alabama but was sent to New York by one of her aunts from South Carolina, who moved to Harlem. Prior to enlisting, she met John Roach, in the late 1930s at the Harlem Evening High School. He signed up for the armed services, as a Technical Sargent and stenographer in the 67th regiment stationed in England and France. She decided to sign up as well.  While Madeleine had an active social life in the Service Club and dated a lot, she knew that he would be the one man for her. They were married in Rouen, France in 1945 after the mail was cleared and she had sailed on the [RMS] Queens Elizabeth to Le Havre France where the 6888 cleared up more backlogs of mail.","The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was tasked with catching up a two-year backlog of 17 million pieces of mail, which left people in the military with low morale. The battalion consisted of stenographers, postal clerks and others who tracked, redirected and investigated mail in cold, dark and rat-infested warehouses with a six-month deadline. They encountered both racism and sexism from fellow American service members, according to multiple historical reports. However they created a mailing system and completed the task in half the time.","Her journey began on the SS Ile de France where there were air raids.\nAccording to historical accounts, the women felt hoodwinked when they initially joined up to serve their country only to be tasked with manual labor.","Once civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune got the support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the women were shipped off on February 3, 1945 and took a train to Birmingham, England, where they fixed the dilapidated former King Edward's School, which became their base, as seen in \"The Six Triple Eight\" war drama directed by Tyler Perry and streamed on Netflix.","Madeleine Coleman Roach became a secretary at the Woodrow Wilson Vocational School, which is called August Martin High School, and John Roach was employed at the Post office. Madeleine Roach also graduated with honors as an African-American Studies major in the early 1980s at York College.","Source:\nRose, Naeisha. \"Remembering a 6888 Veteran\". Queens Chronicle. Queens New York. 13 February 2025. Accessed 2/25/25\nhttps://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/remembering-a-6888-veteran/article_0ef47078-4275-5df5-ae74-4fb5f9c1e9f3.html","This material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","This collection contains photographs, diaries, a memory book, a prayer book, witness reports, scrapbook pages, photographs, certificates, newsletters, telegrams, menus, and ephemera belonging to Madeleine Coleman Roach during her service in the U.S. Women's Army Corps in the Second World War.","Of historical significance, Coleman was among the 855 Black women who served overseas in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion in England and France who were hired to clear up the backlog of mail to the World War II soldiers and officers.","Coleman was from New York City and enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943. She entered active service in September 1943 and was promoted to Corporal. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945. Included is her Separation Qualification Record proving that she served overseas in England and France with the 6888th Postal Directory Service. Included is a photograph of her commanding officer Colonel Charity Adams.","Her wartime diary features excerpts from her daily life in training, office and field work in the Army from 1943-1944. She writes about her exhaustion from overworking, her anxieties about army inspections,her private thoughts on the harsh treatment of Black women in the Corps, most especially during her time in Alabama. She also writes about her boyfriend, John Roach who was also in the Army. In addition to her duties, she describes her social life of dates and dances in the Service Club. The diary does not describe her work overseas in England and France in the 6888th Postal Service Directory. She would marry her boyfriend and fellow soldier, John Roach, while abroad in Roen, France.","She also describes her experiences with racism in the southern culture at Camp Sibert, Alabama, particularly from white women or as she called them, Southern crackers. She also describes the discrimination against women in the service. She encourages herself with endearing sayings such as \"what's next for you little girl\".","Of interest is an entry in her diary where she mentions that she had witnessed girls in the army who were in love with each other. She recorded that she never would have known about women having intimate relationships with women if it had not been for the army.","There are about thirty-five photos depicting Madeleine's service, showing women in uniform, many in Rouen and the French Riviera, and an identification photograph from her time as a hostess for the Harlem Defense Recreation Center. There are also documents of John Roach's military service in Texas, Italy, and at army bases in the South Pacific.","Coleman's \"Memory Book\" discusses the locations of her army service and her thoughts on the various places she lived and worked during her war. It includes signatures and messages from fellow soldiers.","Of particular note are three leaves of typescript, two of which are signed by WAC members. They contain the witness statements of Privates Roberta McKenzie and Gladys Blackmon and detail the abuse suffered at the hands of the police when they refused to give up their seats at the back of the bus for white people. The incident was referenced in a 1947 United States Senate hearing on the treatment of Black military members.","There are two complete and four partial issues of the camp newsletter \"Special Delivery\", which was created by the women of the 6888th Central Post Battalian in France. There are two 6888th church services programs, and a 1944 Thanksgiving menu from Camp Sibert, Alabama. Under miscellaneous there are some shorthand exams that Madeleine Coleman passed. She and her husband were stenographers during the war.","Shorthand exams; Church program; menu","World War II 67th Regiment of African American men (Texas) including Corporal John Roach","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps","Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Madeleine Coleman Roach papers, 1942/1945"],"collection_ssim":["Madeleine Coleman Roach papers, 1942/1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16869","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1733"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16869","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1733"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-","Langdon Manor Books"],"creator_ssim":["Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-","Langdon Manor Books"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps"],"creators_ssim":["Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Langdon Manor to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 18 September 2024"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American women","African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American women","African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".58 Cubic Feet 1 legal document box, 1 Oversize Folder (Small, OS S)"],"extent_tesim":[".58 Cubic Feet 1 legal document box, 1 Oversize Folder (Small, OS S)"],"date_range_isim":[1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorporal Madeleine Coleman Roach, a South Ozone Park resident of Queens, New York and a member of the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion — an all-female and predominantly African-American women in the Army Corps — during World War II. Coleman enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943,began active service in September 1943. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945 and becoming one of the 855 women in the Triple Six Eight.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nMadeleine Coleman was originally from a farm in Milstead, Alabama but was sent to New York by one of her aunts from South Carolina, who moved to Harlem. Prior to enlisting, she met John Roach, in the late 1930s at the Harlem Evening High School. He signed up for the armed services, as a Technical Sargent and stenographer in the 67th regiment stationed in England and France. She decided to sign up as well.  While Madeleine had an active social life in the Service Club and dated a lot, she knew that he would be the one man for her. They were married in Rouen, France in 1945 after the mail was cleared and she had sailed on the [RMS] Queens Elizabeth to Le Havre France where the 6888 cleared up more backlogs of mail.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was tasked with catching up a two-year backlog of 17 million pieces of mail, which left people in the military with low morale. The battalion consisted of stenographers, postal clerks and others who tracked, redirected and investigated mail in cold, dark and rat-infested warehouses with a six-month deadline. They encountered both racism and sexism from fellow American service members, according to multiple historical reports. However they created a mailing system and completed the task in half the time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHer journey began on the SS Ile de France where there were air raids.\nAccording to historical accounts, the women felt hoodwinked when they initially joined up to serve their country only to be tasked with manual labor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOnce civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune got the support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the women were shipped off on February 3, 1945 and took a train to Birmingham, England, where they fixed the dilapidated former King Edward's School, which became their base, as seen in \"The Six Triple Eight\" war drama directed by Tyler Perry and streamed on Netflix.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMadeleine Coleman Roach became a secretary at the Woodrow Wilson Vocational School, which is called August Martin High School, and John Roach was employed at the Post office. Madeleine Roach also graduated with honors as an African-American Studies major in the early 1980s at York College.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\nRose, Naeisha. \"Remembering a 6888 Veteran\". Queens Chronicle. Queens New York. 13 February 2025. Accessed 2/25/25\nhttps://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/remembering-a-6888-veteran/article_0ef47078-4275-5df5-ae74-4fb5f9c1e9f3.html\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Corporal Madeleine Coleman Roach, a South Ozone Park resident of Queens, New York and a member of the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion — an all-female and predominantly African-American women in the Army Corps — during World War II. Coleman enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943,began active service in September 1943. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945 and becoming one of the 855 women in the Triple Six Eight.","Madeleine Coleman was originally from a farm in Milstead, Alabama but was sent to New York by one of her aunts from South Carolina, who moved to Harlem. Prior to enlisting, she met John Roach, in the late 1930s at the Harlem Evening High School. He signed up for the armed services, as a Technical Sargent and stenographer in the 67th regiment stationed in England and France. She decided to sign up as well.  While Madeleine had an active social life in the Service Club and dated a lot, she knew that he would be the one man for her. They were married in Rouen, France in 1945 after the mail was cleared and she had sailed on the [RMS] Queens Elizabeth to Le Havre France where the 6888 cleared up more backlogs of mail.","The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was tasked with catching up a two-year backlog of 17 million pieces of mail, which left people in the military with low morale. The battalion consisted of stenographers, postal clerks and others who tracked, redirected and investigated mail in cold, dark and rat-infested warehouses with a six-month deadline. They encountered both racism and sexism from fellow American service members, according to multiple historical reports. However they created a mailing system and completed the task in half the time.","Her journey began on the SS Ile de France where there were air raids.\nAccording to historical accounts, the women felt hoodwinked when they initially joined up to serve their country only to be tasked with manual labor.","Once civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune got the support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the women were shipped off on February 3, 1945 and took a train to Birmingham, England, where they fixed the dilapidated former King Edward's School, which became their base, as seen in \"The Six Triple Eight\" war drama directed by Tyler Perry and streamed on Netflix.","Madeleine Coleman Roach became a secretary at the Woodrow Wilson Vocational School, which is called August Martin High School, and John Roach was employed at the Post office. Madeleine Roach also graduated with honors as an African-American Studies major in the early 1980s at York College.","Source:\nRose, Naeisha. \"Remembering a 6888 Veteran\". Queens Chronicle. Queens New York. 13 February 2025. Accessed 2/25/25\nhttps://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/remembering-a-6888-veteran/article_0ef47078-4275-5df5-ae74-4fb5f9c1e9f3.html"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16869, Madeleine Coleman papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16869, Madeleine Coleman papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains photographs, diaries, a memory book, a prayer book, witness reports, scrapbook pages, photographs, certificates, newsletters, telegrams, menus, and ephemera belonging to Madeleine Coleman Roach during her service in the U.S. Women's Army Corps in the Second World War. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOf historical significance, Coleman was among the 855 Black women who served overseas in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion in England and France who were hired to clear up the backlog of mail to the World War II soldiers and officers. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColeman was from New York City and enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943. She entered active service in September 1943 and was promoted to Corporal. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945. Included is her Separation Qualification Record proving that she served overseas in England and France with the 6888th Postal Directory Service. Included is a photograph of her commanding officer Colonel Charity Adams.\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHer wartime diary features excerpts from her daily life in training, office and field work in the Army from 1943-1944. She writes about her exhaustion from overworking, her anxieties about army inspections,her private thoughts on the harsh treatment of Black women in the Corps, most especially during her time in Alabama. She also writes about her boyfriend, John Roach who was also in the Army. In addition to her duties, she describes her social life of dates and dances in the Service Club. The diary does not describe her work overseas in England and France in the 6888th Postal Service Directory. She would marry her boyfriend and fellow soldier, John Roach, while abroad in Roen, France.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe also describes her experiences with racism in the southern culture at Camp Sibert, Alabama, particularly from white women or as she called them, Southern crackers. She also describes the discrimination against women in the service. She encourages herself with endearing sayings such as \"what's next for you little girl\". \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOf interest is an entry in her diary where she mentions that she had witnessed girls in the army who were in love with each other. She recorded that she never would have known about women having intimate relationships with women if it had not been for the army.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThere are about thirty-five photos depicting Madeleine's service, showing women in uniform, many in Rouen and the French Riviera, and an identification photograph from her time as a hostess for the Harlem Defense Recreation Center. There are also documents of John Roach's military service in Texas, Italy, and at army bases in the South Pacific.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColeman's \"Memory Book\" discusses the locations of her army service and her thoughts on the various places she lived and worked during her war. It includes signatures and messages from fellow soldiers. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \nOf particular note are three leaves of typescript, two of which are signed by WAC members. They contain the witness statements of Privates Roberta McKenzie and Gladys Blackmon and detail the abuse suffered at the hands of the police when they refused to give up their seats at the back of the bus for white people. The incident was referenced in a 1947 United States Senate hearing on the treatment of Black military members. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThere are two complete and four partial issues of the camp newsletter \"Special Delivery\", which was created by the women of the 6888th Central Post Battalian in France. There are two 6888th church services programs, and a 1944 Thanksgiving menu from Camp Sibert, Alabama. Under miscellaneous there are some shorthand exams that Madeleine Coleman passed. She and her husband were stenographers during the war. \u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eShorthand exams; Church program; menu\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War II 67th Regiment of African American men (Texas) including Corporal John Roach\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","This collection contains photographs, diaries, a memory book, a prayer book, witness reports, scrapbook pages, photographs, certificates, newsletters, telegrams, menus, and ephemera belonging to Madeleine Coleman Roach during her service in the U.S. Women's Army Corps in the Second World War.","Of historical significance, Coleman was among the 855 Black women who served overseas in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion in England and France who were hired to clear up the backlog of mail to the World War II soldiers and officers.","Coleman was from New York City and enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943. She entered active service in September 1943 and was promoted to Corporal. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945. Included is her Separation Qualification Record proving that she served overseas in England and France with the 6888th Postal Directory Service. Included is a photograph of her commanding officer Colonel Charity Adams.","Her wartime diary features excerpts from her daily life in training, office and field work in the Army from 1943-1944. She writes about her exhaustion from overworking, her anxieties about army inspections,her private thoughts on the harsh treatment of Black women in the Corps, most especially during her time in Alabama. She also writes about her boyfriend, John Roach who was also in the Army. In addition to her duties, she describes her social life of dates and dances in the Service Club. The diary does not describe her work overseas in England and France in the 6888th Postal Service Directory. She would marry her boyfriend and fellow soldier, John Roach, while abroad in Roen, France.","She also describes her experiences with racism in the southern culture at Camp Sibert, Alabama, particularly from white women or as she called them, Southern crackers. She also describes the discrimination against women in the service. She encourages herself with endearing sayings such as \"what's next for you little girl\".","Of interest is an entry in her diary where she mentions that she had witnessed girls in the army who were in love with each other. She recorded that she never would have known about women having intimate relationships with women if it had not been for the army.","There are about thirty-five photos depicting Madeleine's service, showing women in uniform, many in Rouen and the French Riviera, and an identification photograph from her time as a hostess for the Harlem Defense Recreation Center. There are also documents of John Roach's military service in Texas, Italy, and at army bases in the South Pacific.","Coleman's \"Memory Book\" discusses the locations of her army service and her thoughts on the various places she lived and worked during her war. It includes signatures and messages from fellow soldiers.","Of particular note are three leaves of typescript, two of which are signed by WAC members. They contain the witness statements of Privates Roberta McKenzie and Gladys Blackmon and detail the abuse suffered at the hands of the police when they refused to give up their seats at the back of the bus for white people. The incident was referenced in a 1947 United States Senate hearing on the treatment of Black military members.","There are two complete and four partial issues of the camp newsletter \"Special Delivery\", which was created by the women of the 6888th Central Post Battalian in France. There are two 6888th church services programs, and a 1944 Thanksgiving menu from Camp Sibert, Alabama. Under miscellaneous there are some shorthand exams that Madeleine Coleman passed. She and her husband were stenographers during the war.","Shorthand exams; Church program; menu","World War II 67th Regiment of African American men (Texas) including Corporal John Roach"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps"],"names_coll_ssim":["Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps"],"persname_ssim":["Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. 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The album includes photographs of fellow squadron members stationed at Merrell Barracks. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1522#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1522","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1522","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1522","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1522","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1522.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189454","title_filing_ssi":"Nürnberg Memories photo album","title_ssm":["Nürnberg Memories photo album"],"title_tesim":["Nürnberg Memories photo album"],"unitdate_ssm":["Undated, c.1950s"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Undated, c.1950s"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1950"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Nürnberg Memories photo album, 1950"],"text":["Nürnberg Memories photo album, 1950","MSS 16782","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1522","Germany (West) -- Politics and government","Nuremberg (Germany)","African American young men","African American soldiers","The collection is open for research use.","This collection contains a photo album of an unidentified African American U.S. Army soldier in Nürnberg during the post-WWII Allied occupation of West Germany. The album includes photographs of fellow squadron members stationed at Merrell Barracks.","The album's compiler was a car enthusiast, and several pictures depict a German soap box derby. Subjects of the photographs also include shots of the town and environs, animals at a zoo, soldiers in uniform, tanks, jeeps, a baseball game, and track and field races.","Racial segregation of Army units was officially enforced until Truman's 1948 executive order and unofficially for some time afterward. The European Command, a single-service United States Army Command, began phased integration in 1952.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Nürnberg Memories photo album, 1950"],"collection_ssim":["Nürnberg Memories photo album, 1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16782","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1522"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16782","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1522"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Germany (West) -- Politics and government","Nuremberg (Germany)"],"geogname_ssim":["Germany (West) -- Politics and government","Nuremberg (Germany)"],"places_ssim":["Germany (West) -- Politics and government","Nuremberg (Germany)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Type punch Matrix by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on  18 January, 2023"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American young men","African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American young men","African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter-sized folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter-sized folder"],"date_range_isim":[1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16782, Nürnberg Memories album, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16782, Nürnberg Memories album, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a photo album of an unidentified African American U.S. Army soldier in Nürnberg during the post-WWII Allied occupation of West Germany. 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The European Command, a single-service United States Army Command, began phased integration in 1952."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1522","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1522","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1522","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1522","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1522.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189454","title_filing_ssi":"Nürnberg Memories photo album","title_ssm":["Nürnberg Memories photo album"],"title_tesim":["Nürnberg Memories photo album"],"unitdate_ssm":["Undated, c.1950s"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Undated, c.1950s"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1950"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Nürnberg Memories photo album, 1950"],"text":["Nürnberg Memories photo album, 1950","MSS 16782","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1522","Germany (West) -- Politics and government","Nuremberg (Germany)","African American young men","African American soldiers","The collection is open for research use.","This collection contains a photo album of an unidentified African American U.S. Army soldier in Nürnberg during the post-WWII Allied occupation of West Germany. The album includes photographs of fellow squadron members stationed at Merrell Barracks.","The album's compiler was a car enthusiast, and several pictures depict a German soap box derby. Subjects of the photographs also include shots of the town and environs, animals at a zoo, soldiers in uniform, tanks, jeeps, a baseball game, and track and field races.","Racial segregation of Army units was officially enforced until Truman's 1948 executive order and unofficially for some time afterward. The European Command, a single-service United States Army Command, began phased integration in 1952.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Nürnberg Memories photo album, 1950"],"collection_ssim":["Nürnberg Memories photo album, 1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16782","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1522"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16782","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1522"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Germany (West) -- Politics and government","Nuremberg (Germany)"],"geogname_ssim":["Germany (West) -- Politics and government","Nuremberg (Germany)"],"places_ssim":["Germany (West) -- Politics and government","Nuremberg (Germany)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Type punch Matrix by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on  18 January, 2023"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American young men","African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American young men","African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter-sized folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter-sized folder"],"date_range_isim":[1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16782, Nürnberg Memories album, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16782, Nürnberg Memories album, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a photo album of an unidentified African American U.S. Army soldier in Nürnberg during the post-WWII Allied occupation of West Germany. The album includes photographs of fellow squadron members stationed at Merrell Barracks. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe album's compiler was a car enthusiast, and several pictures depict a German soap box derby. Subjects of the photographs also include shots of the town and environs, animals at a zoo, soldiers in uniform, tanks, jeeps, a baseball game, and track and field races. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRacial segregation of Army units was officially enforced until Truman's 1948 executive order and unofficially for some time afterward. The European Command, a single-service United States Army Command, began phased integration in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a photo album of an unidentified African American U.S. Army soldier in Nürnberg during the post-WWII Allied occupation of West Germany. The album includes photographs of fellow squadron members stationed at Merrell Barracks.","The album's compiler was a car enthusiast, and several pictures depict a German soap box derby. Subjects of the photographs also include shots of the town and environs, animals at a zoo, soldiers in uniform, tanks, jeeps, a baseball game, and track and field races.","Racial segregation of Army units was officially enforced until Truman's 1948 executive order and unofficially for some time afterward. The European Command, a single-service United States Army Command, began phased integration in 1952."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1522"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1670","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"[Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, 1935/1943","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1670#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003ePhotograph album of [Rheuben Allen] who could be from the Comanche tribe or African American], consists of approximately 120 black and white photographs taken in and around Fort Sill, Oklahoma where [Allan] was a member of the U.S. Army Air Corps 1st Balloon Squadron.The album is covered in patterned black cloth and stamped \"1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma\" in gold on the front cover.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1670#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1670","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1670","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1670","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1670","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1670.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196786","title_filing_ssi":"[Allen, Rheuben] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma","title_ssm":["[Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma"],"title_tesim":["[Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma"],"unitdate_ssm":["1935-1943"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1935-1943"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1935/1943"],"normalized_title_ssm":["[Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, 1935/1943"],"text":["[Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, 1935/1943","MSS 16220","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1670","World War, 1914-1918","African American soldiers","Black-and-white photographs","Scrapbooks","The collection is open for research use.","Photograph album of [Rheuben Allen] who could be from the Comanche tribe or African American], consists of approximately 120 black and white photographs taken in and around Fort Sill, Oklahoma where [Allan] was a member of the U.S. Army Air Corps 1st Balloon Squadron.The album is covered in patterned black cloth and stamped \"1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma\" in gold on the front cover.","There are also some photographs at the end of the album of bases in New Mexico, California, Kansas, George, and Florida. Most of the images are identified.","Images include various balloons in flight and on land, including an English barrage balloon, and experimental balloon, kite balloons, and one image captioned \"this balloon exploded \u0026 killed Sgt. Tucker \u0026 Sgt. Rumple, 1936.\"","There are also images of a \"balloon beded [sic] in a hangar\", interior and exterior views of hangars and other aircraft including bombers and training planes. There are many images of base life and of members of the unit; almost all are identified.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["[Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, 1935/1943"],"collection_ssim":["[Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, 1935/1943"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16220","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1670"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16220","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1670"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Between the Covers by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 7 April, 2015."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918","African American soldiers","Black-and-white photographs","Scrapbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918","African American soldiers","Black-and-white photographs","Scrapbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 items scrapbook"],"extent_tesim":["1 items scrapbook"],"genreform_ssim":["Black-and-white photographs","Scrapbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16220, [Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16220, [Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhotograph album of [Rheuben Allen] who could be from the Comanche tribe or African American], consists of approximately 120 black and white photographs taken in and around Fort Sill, Oklahoma where [Allan] was a member of the U.S. Army Air Corps 1st Balloon Squadron.The album is covered in patterned black cloth and stamped \"1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma\" in gold on the front cover.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also some photographs at the end of the album of bases in New Mexico, California, Kansas, George, and Florida. Most of the images are identified. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImages include various balloons in flight and on land, including an English barrage balloon, and experimental balloon, kite balloons, and one image captioned \"this balloon exploded \u0026amp; killed Sgt. Tucker \u0026amp; Sgt. Rumple, 1936.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also images of a \"balloon beded [sic] in a hangar\", interior and exterior views of hangars and other aircraft including bombers and training planes. There are many images of base life and of members of the unit; almost all are identified.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Photograph album of [Rheuben Allen] who could be from the Comanche tribe or African American], consists of approximately 120 black and white photographs taken in and around Fort Sill, Oklahoma where [Allan] was a member of the U.S. Army Air Corps 1st Balloon Squadron.The album is covered in patterned black cloth and stamped \"1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma\" in gold on the front cover.","There are also some photographs at the end of the album of bases in New Mexico, California, Kansas, George, and Florida. Most of the images are identified.","Images include various balloons in flight and on land, including an English barrage balloon, and experimental balloon, kite balloons, and one image captioned \"this balloon exploded \u0026 killed Sgt. Tucker \u0026 Sgt. Rumple, 1936.\"","There are also images of a \"balloon beded [sic] in a hangar\", interior and exterior views of hangars and other aircraft including bombers and training planes. There are many images of base life and of members of the unit; almost all are identified."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1670","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1670","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1670","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1670","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1670.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196786","title_filing_ssi":"[Allen, Rheuben] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma","title_ssm":["[Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma"],"title_tesim":["[Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma"],"unitdate_ssm":["1935-1943"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1935-1943"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1935/1943"],"normalized_title_ssm":["[Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, 1935/1943"],"text":["[Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, 1935/1943","MSS 16220","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1670","World War, 1914-1918","African American soldiers","Black-and-white photographs","Scrapbooks","The collection is open for research use.","Photograph album of [Rheuben Allen] who could be from the Comanche tribe or African American], consists of approximately 120 black and white photographs taken in and around Fort Sill, Oklahoma where [Allan] was a member of the U.S. Army Air Corps 1st Balloon Squadron.The album is covered in patterned black cloth and stamped \"1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma\" in gold on the front cover.","There are also some photographs at the end of the album of bases in New Mexico, California, Kansas, George, and Florida. Most of the images are identified.","Images include various balloons in flight and on land, including an English barrage balloon, and experimental balloon, kite balloons, and one image captioned \"this balloon exploded \u0026 killed Sgt. Tucker \u0026 Sgt. Rumple, 1936.\"","There are also images of a \"balloon beded [sic] in a hangar\", interior and exterior views of hangars and other aircraft including bombers and training planes. There are many images of base life and of members of the unit; almost all are identified.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["[Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, 1935/1943"],"collection_ssim":["[Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, 1935/1943"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16220","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1670"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16220","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1670"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Between the Covers by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 7 April, 2015."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918","African American soldiers","Black-and-white photographs","Scrapbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918","African American soldiers","Black-and-white photographs","Scrapbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 items scrapbook"],"extent_tesim":["1 items scrapbook"],"genreform_ssim":["Black-and-white photographs","Scrapbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16220, [Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16220, [Rheuben Allen] photograph album, 1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhotograph album of [Rheuben Allen] who could be from the Comanche tribe or African American], consists of approximately 120 black and white photographs taken in and around Fort Sill, Oklahoma where [Allan] was a member of the U.S. Army Air Corps 1st Balloon Squadron.The album is covered in patterned black cloth and stamped \"1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma\" in gold on the front cover.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also some photographs at the end of the album of bases in New Mexico, California, Kansas, George, and Florida. Most of the images are identified. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImages include various balloons in flight and on land, including an English barrage balloon, and experimental balloon, kite balloons, and one image captioned \"this balloon exploded \u0026amp; killed Sgt. Tucker \u0026amp; Sgt. Rumple, 1936.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also images of a \"balloon beded [sic] in a hangar\", interior and exterior views of hangars and other aircraft including bombers and training planes. There are many images of base life and of members of the unit; almost all are identified.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Photograph album of [Rheuben Allen] who could be from the Comanche tribe or African American], consists of approximately 120 black and white photographs taken in and around Fort Sill, Oklahoma where [Allan] was a member of the U.S. Army Air Corps 1st Balloon Squadron.The album is covered in patterned black cloth and stamped \"1st Balloon Squadron, Fort Sill, Oklahoma\" in gold on the front cover.","There are also some photographs at the end of the album of bases in New Mexico, California, Kansas, George, and Florida. Most of the images are identified.","Images include various balloons in flight and on land, including an English barrage balloon, and experimental balloon, kite balloons, and one image captioned \"this balloon exploded \u0026 killed Sgt. Tucker \u0026 Sgt. Rumple, 1936.\"","There are also images of a \"balloon beded [sic] in a hangar\", interior and exterior views of hangars and other aircraft including bombers and training planes. There are many images of base life and of members of the unit; almost all are identified."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1670"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1919","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia, 1865","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1919#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains two muster rolls documenting the officers and enlisted men of Company A, 19th Regiment of United States Colored Troops (USCT), while stationed at Chaffins Farm, Virginia, during the final year of the Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1919#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1919","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1919","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1919","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1919","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1919.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/241644","title_filing_ssi":"United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia","title_ssm":["United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia"],"title_tesim":["United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia"],"unitdate_ssm":["1865"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1865"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1865"],"normalized_title_ssm":["United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia, 1865"],"text":["United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia, 1865","MSS 16963","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1919","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African Americans","muster rolls","African American soldiers","African Americans -- Virginia","This collection is open for research.","In late 1863, Brigadier General William Birney and Colonel Samuel Bowman (promoted to Brevet Brigadier General) were stationed at Benedict, Maryland to superintend the recruitment and organization of African American soldiers. On December 15, 1863, Brigadier General Birney organized the 19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, which primarily consisted of enslaved men from Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore. According to the muster rolls in this collection, some of the men were from Chaffin Farm, Virginia. The operation at Benedict was heavily tied to the enlistment and liberation of Black troops:","The Location: Training and organizing took place at Camp Stanton (also referred to as Camp Birney), located on the Patuxent River in Benedict, Maryland.","The Recruitment: General Birney was tasked by the U.S. War Department to raise Black regiments. Enslaved men were liberated from regional slave prisons and used Benedict as a staging point to build up their ranks.","The Regiment's Future: After organizing the 19th USCT, the regiment remained at Benedict for basic training until March 1, 1864, before deploying to Baltimore and eventually joining the Army of the Potomac.(1) The regiment was present at the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House on April 9–10, 1865.","USCT were Union Army regiments during the American Civil War that primarily comprised African Americans, with soldiers from other ethnic groups also serving in USCT units. Established in response to a demand for more units from Union Army commanders, USCT regiments, which totaled 175 by the end of the war in 1865, constituted about one-tenth of the manpower of the army, according to historian Kelly Mezurek, author of For Their Own Cause: The 27th United States Colored Troops (The Kent State University Press, 2016). \"They served in infantry, artillery, and cavalry.\" Approximately 20 percent of USCT soldiers were killed in action or died of disease and other causes, a rate about 35 percent higher than that of white Union troops. Numerous USCT soldiers fought with distinction, with 16 receiving the Medal of Honor.","The courage displayed by Blacks during the Civil War played an important role in African Americans gaining new rights. As Frederick Douglass said in an 1863 speech:","Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters U.S.; let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder, and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on the earth or under the earth which can deny that he has earned the right of citizenship in the United States.(2)","The 19th Regiment USCT were among the first Union soldiers to enter and capture Richmond when the Confederate capital fell on April 3, 1865.  In fact, the soldiers of both the 19th (and 39th) Regiments played a central role in the Appomattox campaign leading to General Lee's April 9, 1865 surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.(3)","Source:\n1\"United States Colored Troop, 19th Regiment Company A\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_United_States_Colored_Infantry_Regiment","2. \"United States Colored Troops\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops","3. The 19th Regiment US Colored Troops from Queen Anne's County. Queen Anne's County Maryland website. August 12, 2025\nhttps://visitqueenannes.com/the-19th-regiment-us-colored-troops-from-queen-annes-county/","For more information\n\"William Birney\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Birney","\"Colonel Samuel Bowman 19th Regiment\" \nhttps://colcohist-gensoc.org/wp-content/uploads/A_Civil_War_General_Bowman.pdf","This collection contains two muster rolls documenting the officers and enlisted men of Company A, 19th Regiment of United States Colored Troops (USCT), while stationed at Chaffins Farm, Virginia, during the final year of the Civil War.","The first muster roll records details for seven officers, a surgeon, a chaplain, and four sergeants at Chaffin's Farm. Muster rolls reveal the place and date of enlistment; mustering details; last date of pay; and comments on the current status of each individual, including promotions, demotions, absences due to sickness, detached duty, and leave.","The second muster roll documents two months of Company A's activity from December 31, 1864 through February 28, 1865, also at Chaffin's Farm. It lists three officers, five sergeants, seven corporals, and approximately eighty privates, including one soldier who died of pneumonia in January 1865. Enlisted men were recruited from various counties throughout Maryland, as well as Accomack County, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., for three-year terms under a variety of colonels. An inspection report on the verso rates the company \"Good\" across all six evaluated categories: discipline, instruction, military appearance, arms, accoutrements, and clothing.","The 19th Regiment USCT was organized at Camp Stanton, Maryland on December 25, 1863, and served primarily in Maryland and Virginia before mustering out on January 25, 1867. The regiment was present at the surrender of Lee's Confederacy at Appomattox Court House in April 1865.","Muster roll records details for seven officers, a surgeon, a chaplain, and four sergeants at Chaffin's Farm. Muster rolls reveal the place and date of enlistment; mustering details; last date of pay; and comments on the current status of each individual, including promotions, demotions, absences due to sickness, detached duty, and leave.","Muster roll records for three officers, five sergeants, seven corporals, and approximately eighty privates, including one soldier who died of pneumonia in January 1865. Enlisted men were recruited from various counties throughout Maryland, as well as Accomack County, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., for three-year terms under a variety of colonels. An inspection report on the verso rates the company \"Good\" across all six evaluated categories: discipline, instruction, military appearance, arms, accoutrements, and clothing.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","United States. Army. Colored Infantry Regiment, 19th (1863-1867)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia, 1865"],"collection_ssim":["United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia, 1865"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16963","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1919"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16963","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1919"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African Americans"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African Americans"],"places_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African Americans"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","United States. Army. Colored Infantry Regiment, 19th (1863-1867)"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","United States. Army. Colored Infantry Regiment, 19th (1863-1867)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from McBride Rare Books to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 9 March 2026"],"access_subjects_ssim":["muster rolls","African American soldiers","African Americans -- Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["muster rolls","African American soldiers","African Americans -- Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.25 Cubic Feet 1 small oversize folder (24x36)"],"extent_tesim":["0.25 Cubic Feet 1 small oversize folder (24x36)"],"physfacet_tesim":["2 unfolded muster rolls (going to Preservation)"],"date_range_isim":[1865],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn late 1863, Brigadier General William Birney and Colonel Samuel Bowman (promoted to Brevet Brigadier General) were stationed at Benedict, Maryland to superintend the recruitment and organization of African American soldiers. On December 15, 1863, Brigadier General Birney organized the 19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, which primarily consisted of enslaved men from Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore. According to the muster rolls in this collection, some of the men were from Chaffin Farm, Virginia. The operation at Benedict was heavily tied to the enlistment and liberation of Black troops:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Location: Training and organizing took place at Camp Stanton (also referred to as Camp Birney), located on the Patuxent River in Benedict, Maryland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Recruitment: General Birney was tasked by the U.S. War Department to raise Black regiments. Enslaved men were liberated from regional slave prisons and used Benedict as a staging point to build up their ranks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Regiment's Future: After organizing the 19th USCT, the regiment remained at Benedict for basic training until March 1, 1864, before deploying to Baltimore and eventually joining the Army of the Potomac.(1) The regiment was present at the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House on April 9–10, 1865.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUSCT were Union Army regiments during the American Civil War that primarily comprised African Americans, with soldiers from other ethnic groups also serving in USCT units. Established in response to a demand for more units from Union Army commanders, USCT regiments, which totaled 175 by the end of the war in 1865, constituted about one-tenth of the manpower of the army, according to historian Kelly Mezurek, author of For Their Own Cause: The 27th United States Colored Troops (The Kent State University Press, 2016). \"They served in infantry, artillery, and cavalry.\" Approximately 20 percent of USCT soldiers were killed in action or died of disease and other causes, a rate about 35 percent higher than that of white Union troops. Numerous USCT soldiers fought with distinction, with 16 receiving the Medal of Honor. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe courage displayed by Blacks during the Civil War played an important role in African Americans gaining new rights. As Frederick Douglass said in an 1863 speech:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e    Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters U.S.; let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder, and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on the earth or under the earth which can deny that he has earned the right of citizenship in the United States.(2)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 19th Regiment USCT were among the first Union soldiers to enter and capture Richmond when the Confederate capital fell on April 3, 1865.  In fact, the soldiers of both the 19th (and 39th) Regiments played a central role in the Appomattox campaign leading to General Lee's April 9, 1865 surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.(3)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\n1\"United States Colored Troop, 19th Regiment Company A\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_United_States_Colored_Infantry_Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2. \"United States Colored Troops\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3. The 19th Regiment US Colored Troops from Queen Anne's County. Queen Anne's County Maryland website. August 12, 2025\nhttps://visitqueenannes.com/the-19th-regiment-us-colored-troops-from-queen-annes-county/\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor more information\n\"William Birney\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Birney\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Colonel Samuel Bowman 19th Regiment\" \nhttps://colcohist-gensoc.org/wp-content/uploads/A_Civil_War_General_Bowman.pdf\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["In late 1863, Brigadier General William Birney and Colonel Samuel Bowman (promoted to Brevet Brigadier General) were stationed at Benedict, Maryland to superintend the recruitment and organization of African American soldiers. On December 15, 1863, Brigadier General Birney organized the 19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, which primarily consisted of enslaved men from Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore. According to the muster rolls in this collection, some of the men were from Chaffin Farm, Virginia. The operation at Benedict was heavily tied to the enlistment and liberation of Black troops:","The Location: Training and organizing took place at Camp Stanton (also referred to as Camp Birney), located on the Patuxent River in Benedict, Maryland.","The Recruitment: General Birney was tasked by the U.S. War Department to raise Black regiments. Enslaved men were liberated from regional slave prisons and used Benedict as a staging point to build up their ranks.","The Regiment's Future: After organizing the 19th USCT, the regiment remained at Benedict for basic training until March 1, 1864, before deploying to Baltimore and eventually joining the Army of the Potomac.(1) The regiment was present at the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House on April 9–10, 1865.","USCT were Union Army regiments during the American Civil War that primarily comprised African Americans, with soldiers from other ethnic groups also serving in USCT units. Established in response to a demand for more units from Union Army commanders, USCT regiments, which totaled 175 by the end of the war in 1865, constituted about one-tenth of the manpower of the army, according to historian Kelly Mezurek, author of For Their Own Cause: The 27th United States Colored Troops (The Kent State University Press, 2016). \"They served in infantry, artillery, and cavalry.\" Approximately 20 percent of USCT soldiers were killed in action or died of disease and other causes, a rate about 35 percent higher than that of white Union troops. Numerous USCT soldiers fought with distinction, with 16 receiving the Medal of Honor.","The courage displayed by Blacks during the Civil War played an important role in African Americans gaining new rights. As Frederick Douglass said in an 1863 speech:","Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters U.S.; let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder, and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on the earth or under the earth which can deny that he has earned the right of citizenship in the United States.(2)","The 19th Regiment USCT were among the first Union soldiers to enter and capture Richmond when the Confederate capital fell on April 3, 1865.  In fact, the soldiers of both the 19th (and 39th) Regiments played a central role in the Appomattox campaign leading to General Lee's April 9, 1865 surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.(3)","Source:\n1\"United States Colored Troop, 19th Regiment Company A\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_United_States_Colored_Infantry_Regiment","2. \"United States Colored Troops\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops","3. The 19th Regiment US Colored Troops from Queen Anne's County. Queen Anne's County Maryland website. August 12, 2025\nhttps://visitqueenannes.com/the-19th-regiment-us-colored-troops-from-queen-annes-county/","For more information\n\"William Birney\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Birney","\"Colonel Samuel Bowman 19th Regiment\" \nhttps://colcohist-gensoc.org/wp-content/uploads/A_Civil_War_General_Bowman.pdf"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16963, United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16963, United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains two muster rolls documenting the officers and enlisted men of Company A, 19th Regiment of United States Colored Troops (USCT), while stationed at Chaffins Farm, Virginia, during the final year of the Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first muster roll records details for seven officers, a surgeon, a chaplain, and four sergeants at Chaffin's Farm. Muster rolls reveal the place and date of enlistment; mustering details; last date of pay; and comments on the current status of each individual, including promotions, demotions, absences due to sickness, detached duty, and leave. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second muster roll documents two months of Company A's activity from December 31, 1864 through February 28, 1865, also at Chaffin's Farm. It lists three officers, five sergeants, seven corporals, and approximately eighty privates, including one soldier who died of pneumonia in January 1865. Enlisted men were recruited from various counties throughout Maryland, as well as Accomack County, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., for three-year terms under a variety of colonels. An inspection report on the verso rates the company \"Good\" across all six evaluated categories: discipline, instruction, military appearance, arms, accoutrements, and clothing. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 19th Regiment USCT was organized at Camp Stanton, Maryland on December 25, 1863, and served primarily in Maryland and Virginia before mustering out on January 25, 1867. The regiment was present at the surrender of Lee's Confederacy at Appomattox Court House in April 1865. \u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eMuster roll records details for seven officers, a surgeon, a chaplain, and four sergeants at Chaffin's Farm. Muster rolls reveal the place and date of enlistment; mustering details; last date of pay; and comments on the current status of each individual, including promotions, demotions, absences due to sickness, detached duty, and leave.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMuster roll records for three officers, five sergeants, seven corporals, and approximately eighty privates, including one soldier who died of pneumonia in January 1865. Enlisted men were recruited from various counties throughout Maryland, as well as Accomack County, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., for three-year terms under a variety of colonels. An inspection report on the verso rates the company \"Good\" across all six evaluated categories: discipline, instruction, military appearance, arms, accoutrements, and clothing.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains two muster rolls documenting the officers and enlisted men of Company A, 19th Regiment of United States Colored Troops (USCT), while stationed at Chaffins Farm, Virginia, during the final year of the Civil War.","The first muster roll records details for seven officers, a surgeon, a chaplain, and four sergeants at Chaffin's Farm. Muster rolls reveal the place and date of enlistment; mustering details; last date of pay; and comments on the current status of each individual, including promotions, demotions, absences due to sickness, detached duty, and leave.","The second muster roll documents two months of Company A's activity from December 31, 1864 through February 28, 1865, also at Chaffin's Farm. It lists three officers, five sergeants, seven corporals, and approximately eighty privates, including one soldier who died of pneumonia in January 1865. Enlisted men were recruited from various counties throughout Maryland, as well as Accomack County, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., for three-year terms under a variety of colonels. An inspection report on the verso rates the company \"Good\" across all six evaluated categories: discipline, instruction, military appearance, arms, accoutrements, and clothing.","The 19th Regiment USCT was organized at Camp Stanton, Maryland on December 25, 1863, and served primarily in Maryland and Virginia before mustering out on January 25, 1867. The regiment was present at the surrender of Lee's Confederacy at Appomattox Court House in April 1865.","Muster roll records details for seven officers, a surgeon, a chaplain, and four sergeants at Chaffin's Farm. Muster rolls reveal the place and date of enlistment; mustering details; last date of pay; and comments on the current status of each individual, including promotions, demotions, absences due to sickness, detached duty, and leave.","Muster roll records for three officers, five sergeants, seven corporals, and approximately eighty privates, including one soldier who died of pneumonia in January 1865. Enlisted men were recruited from various counties throughout Maryland, as well as Accomack County, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., for three-year terms under a variety of colonels. An inspection report on the verso rates the company \"Good\" across all six evaluated categories: discipline, instruction, military appearance, arms, accoutrements, and clothing."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","United States. Army. Colored Infantry Regiment, 19th (1863-1867)"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Army. Colored Infantry Regiment, 19th (1863-1867)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","United States. Army. Colored Infantry Regiment, 19th (1863-1867)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:59.529Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1919","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1919","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1919","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1919","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1919.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/241644","title_filing_ssi":"United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia","title_ssm":["United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia"],"title_tesim":["United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia"],"unitdate_ssm":["1865"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1865"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1865"],"normalized_title_ssm":["United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia, 1865"],"text":["United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia, 1865","MSS 16963","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1919","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African Americans","muster rolls","African American soldiers","African Americans -- Virginia","This collection is open for research.","In late 1863, Brigadier General William Birney and Colonel Samuel Bowman (promoted to Brevet Brigadier General) were stationed at Benedict, Maryland to superintend the recruitment and organization of African American soldiers. On December 15, 1863, Brigadier General Birney organized the 19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, which primarily consisted of enslaved men from Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore. According to the muster rolls in this collection, some of the men were from Chaffin Farm, Virginia. The operation at Benedict was heavily tied to the enlistment and liberation of Black troops:","The Location: Training and organizing took place at Camp Stanton (also referred to as Camp Birney), located on the Patuxent River in Benedict, Maryland.","The Recruitment: General Birney was tasked by the U.S. War Department to raise Black regiments. Enslaved men were liberated from regional slave prisons and used Benedict as a staging point to build up their ranks.","The Regiment's Future: After organizing the 19th USCT, the regiment remained at Benedict for basic training until March 1, 1864, before deploying to Baltimore and eventually joining the Army of the Potomac.(1) The regiment was present at the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House on April 9–10, 1865.","USCT were Union Army regiments during the American Civil War that primarily comprised African Americans, with soldiers from other ethnic groups also serving in USCT units. Established in response to a demand for more units from Union Army commanders, USCT regiments, which totaled 175 by the end of the war in 1865, constituted about one-tenth of the manpower of the army, according to historian Kelly Mezurek, author of For Their Own Cause: The 27th United States Colored Troops (The Kent State University Press, 2016). \"They served in infantry, artillery, and cavalry.\" Approximately 20 percent of USCT soldiers were killed in action or died of disease and other causes, a rate about 35 percent higher than that of white Union troops. Numerous USCT soldiers fought with distinction, with 16 receiving the Medal of Honor.","The courage displayed by Blacks during the Civil War played an important role in African Americans gaining new rights. As Frederick Douglass said in an 1863 speech:","Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters U.S.; let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder, and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on the earth or under the earth which can deny that he has earned the right of citizenship in the United States.(2)","The 19th Regiment USCT were among the first Union soldiers to enter and capture Richmond when the Confederate capital fell on April 3, 1865.  In fact, the soldiers of both the 19th (and 39th) Regiments played a central role in the Appomattox campaign leading to General Lee's April 9, 1865 surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.(3)","Source:\n1\"United States Colored Troop, 19th Regiment Company A\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_United_States_Colored_Infantry_Regiment","2. \"United States Colored Troops\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops","3. The 19th Regiment US Colored Troops from Queen Anne's County. Queen Anne's County Maryland website. August 12, 2025\nhttps://visitqueenannes.com/the-19th-regiment-us-colored-troops-from-queen-annes-county/","For more information\n\"William Birney\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Birney","\"Colonel Samuel Bowman 19th Regiment\" \nhttps://colcohist-gensoc.org/wp-content/uploads/A_Civil_War_General_Bowman.pdf","This collection contains two muster rolls documenting the officers and enlisted men of Company A, 19th Regiment of United States Colored Troops (USCT), while stationed at Chaffins Farm, Virginia, during the final year of the Civil War.","The first muster roll records details for seven officers, a surgeon, a chaplain, and four sergeants at Chaffin's Farm. Muster rolls reveal the place and date of enlistment; mustering details; last date of pay; and comments on the current status of each individual, including promotions, demotions, absences due to sickness, detached duty, and leave.","The second muster roll documents two months of Company A's activity from December 31, 1864 through February 28, 1865, also at Chaffin's Farm. It lists three officers, five sergeants, seven corporals, and approximately eighty privates, including one soldier who died of pneumonia in January 1865. Enlisted men were recruited from various counties throughout Maryland, as well as Accomack County, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., for three-year terms under a variety of colonels. An inspection report on the verso rates the company \"Good\" across all six evaluated categories: discipline, instruction, military appearance, arms, accoutrements, and clothing.","The 19th Regiment USCT was organized at Camp Stanton, Maryland on December 25, 1863, and served primarily in Maryland and Virginia before mustering out on January 25, 1867. The regiment was present at the surrender of Lee's Confederacy at Appomattox Court House in April 1865.","Muster roll records details for seven officers, a surgeon, a chaplain, and four sergeants at Chaffin's Farm. Muster rolls reveal the place and date of enlistment; mustering details; last date of pay; and comments on the current status of each individual, including promotions, demotions, absences due to sickness, detached duty, and leave.","Muster roll records for three officers, five sergeants, seven corporals, and approximately eighty privates, including one soldier who died of pneumonia in January 1865. Enlisted men were recruited from various counties throughout Maryland, as well as Accomack County, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., for three-year terms under a variety of colonels. An inspection report on the verso rates the company \"Good\" across all six evaluated categories: discipline, instruction, military appearance, arms, accoutrements, and clothing.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","United States. Army. Colored Infantry Regiment, 19th (1863-1867)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia, 1865"],"collection_ssim":["United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia, 1865"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16963","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1919"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16963","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1919"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African Americans"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African Americans"],"places_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African Americans"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","United States. Army. Colored Infantry Regiment, 19th (1863-1867)"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","United States. Army. Colored Infantry Regiment, 19th (1863-1867)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from McBride Rare Books to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 9 March 2026"],"access_subjects_ssim":["muster rolls","African American soldiers","African Americans -- Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["muster rolls","African American soldiers","African Americans -- Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.25 Cubic Feet 1 small oversize folder (24x36)"],"extent_tesim":["0.25 Cubic Feet 1 small oversize folder (24x36)"],"physfacet_tesim":["2 unfolded muster rolls (going to Preservation)"],"date_range_isim":[1865],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn late 1863, Brigadier General William Birney and Colonel Samuel Bowman (promoted to Brevet Brigadier General) were stationed at Benedict, Maryland to superintend the recruitment and organization of African American soldiers. On December 15, 1863, Brigadier General Birney organized the 19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, which primarily consisted of enslaved men from Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore. According to the muster rolls in this collection, some of the men were from Chaffin Farm, Virginia. The operation at Benedict was heavily tied to the enlistment and liberation of Black troops:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Location: Training and organizing took place at Camp Stanton (also referred to as Camp Birney), located on the Patuxent River in Benedict, Maryland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Recruitment: General Birney was tasked by the U.S. War Department to raise Black regiments. Enslaved men were liberated from regional slave prisons and used Benedict as a staging point to build up their ranks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Regiment's Future: After organizing the 19th USCT, the regiment remained at Benedict for basic training until March 1, 1864, before deploying to Baltimore and eventually joining the Army of the Potomac.(1) The regiment was present at the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House on April 9–10, 1865.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUSCT were Union Army regiments during the American Civil War that primarily comprised African Americans, with soldiers from other ethnic groups also serving in USCT units. Established in response to a demand for more units from Union Army commanders, USCT regiments, which totaled 175 by the end of the war in 1865, constituted about one-tenth of the manpower of the army, according to historian Kelly Mezurek, author of For Their Own Cause: The 27th United States Colored Troops (The Kent State University Press, 2016). \"They served in infantry, artillery, and cavalry.\" Approximately 20 percent of USCT soldiers were killed in action or died of disease and other causes, a rate about 35 percent higher than that of white Union troops. Numerous USCT soldiers fought with distinction, with 16 receiving the Medal of Honor. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe courage displayed by Blacks during the Civil War played an important role in African Americans gaining new rights. As Frederick Douglass said in an 1863 speech:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e    Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters U.S.; let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder, and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on the earth or under the earth which can deny that he has earned the right of citizenship in the United States.(2)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 19th Regiment USCT were among the first Union soldiers to enter and capture Richmond when the Confederate capital fell on April 3, 1865.  In fact, the soldiers of both the 19th (and 39th) Regiments played a central role in the Appomattox campaign leading to General Lee's April 9, 1865 surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.(3)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\n1\"United States Colored Troop, 19th Regiment Company A\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_United_States_Colored_Infantry_Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2. \"United States Colored Troops\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3. The 19th Regiment US Colored Troops from Queen Anne's County. Queen Anne's County Maryland website. August 12, 2025\nhttps://visitqueenannes.com/the-19th-regiment-us-colored-troops-from-queen-annes-county/\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor more information\n\"William Birney\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Birney\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Colonel Samuel Bowman 19th Regiment\" \nhttps://colcohist-gensoc.org/wp-content/uploads/A_Civil_War_General_Bowman.pdf\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["In late 1863, Brigadier General William Birney and Colonel Samuel Bowman (promoted to Brevet Brigadier General) were stationed at Benedict, Maryland to superintend the recruitment and organization of African American soldiers. On December 15, 1863, Brigadier General Birney organized the 19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, which primarily consisted of enslaved men from Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore. According to the muster rolls in this collection, some of the men were from Chaffin Farm, Virginia. The operation at Benedict was heavily tied to the enlistment and liberation of Black troops:","The Location: Training and organizing took place at Camp Stanton (also referred to as Camp Birney), located on the Patuxent River in Benedict, Maryland.","The Recruitment: General Birney was tasked by the U.S. War Department to raise Black regiments. Enslaved men were liberated from regional slave prisons and used Benedict as a staging point to build up their ranks.","The Regiment's Future: After organizing the 19th USCT, the regiment remained at Benedict for basic training until March 1, 1864, before deploying to Baltimore and eventually joining the Army of the Potomac.(1) The regiment was present at the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House on April 9–10, 1865.","USCT were Union Army regiments during the American Civil War that primarily comprised African Americans, with soldiers from other ethnic groups also serving in USCT units. Established in response to a demand for more units from Union Army commanders, USCT regiments, which totaled 175 by the end of the war in 1865, constituted about one-tenth of the manpower of the army, according to historian Kelly Mezurek, author of For Their Own Cause: The 27th United States Colored Troops (The Kent State University Press, 2016). \"They served in infantry, artillery, and cavalry.\" Approximately 20 percent of USCT soldiers were killed in action or died of disease and other causes, a rate about 35 percent higher than that of white Union troops. Numerous USCT soldiers fought with distinction, with 16 receiving the Medal of Honor.","The courage displayed by Blacks during the Civil War played an important role in African Americans gaining new rights. As Frederick Douglass said in an 1863 speech:","Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters U.S.; let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder, and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on the earth or under the earth which can deny that he has earned the right of citizenship in the United States.(2)","The 19th Regiment USCT were among the first Union soldiers to enter and capture Richmond when the Confederate capital fell on April 3, 1865.  In fact, the soldiers of both the 19th (and 39th) Regiments played a central role in the Appomattox campaign leading to General Lee's April 9, 1865 surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.(3)","Source:\n1\"United States Colored Troop, 19th Regiment Company A\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_United_States_Colored_Infantry_Regiment","2. \"United States Colored Troops\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops","3. The 19th Regiment US Colored Troops from Queen Anne's County. Queen Anne's County Maryland website. August 12, 2025\nhttps://visitqueenannes.com/the-19th-regiment-us-colored-troops-from-queen-annes-county/","For more information\n\"William Birney\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/29/2026\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Birney","\"Colonel Samuel Bowman 19th Regiment\" \nhttps://colcohist-gensoc.org/wp-content/uploads/A_Civil_War_General_Bowman.pdf"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16963, United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16963, United States Colored Troops, 19th Regiment, Company A muster rolls, Chaffin Farm, Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains two muster rolls documenting the officers and enlisted men of Company A, 19th Regiment of United States Colored Troops (USCT), while stationed at Chaffins Farm, Virginia, during the final year of the Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first muster roll records details for seven officers, a surgeon, a chaplain, and four sergeants at Chaffin's Farm. Muster rolls reveal the place and date of enlistment; mustering details; last date of pay; and comments on the current status of each individual, including promotions, demotions, absences due to sickness, detached duty, and leave. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second muster roll documents two months of Company A's activity from December 31, 1864 through February 28, 1865, also at Chaffin's Farm. It lists three officers, five sergeants, seven corporals, and approximately eighty privates, including one soldier who died of pneumonia in January 1865. Enlisted men were recruited from various counties throughout Maryland, as well as Accomack County, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., for three-year terms under a variety of colonels. An inspection report on the verso rates the company \"Good\" across all six evaluated categories: discipline, instruction, military appearance, arms, accoutrements, and clothing. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 19th Regiment USCT was organized at Camp Stanton, Maryland on December 25, 1863, and served primarily in Maryland and Virginia before mustering out on January 25, 1867. The regiment was present at the surrender of Lee's Confederacy at Appomattox Court House in April 1865. \u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eMuster roll records details for seven officers, a surgeon, a chaplain, and four sergeants at Chaffin's Farm. Muster rolls reveal the place and date of enlistment; mustering details; last date of pay; and comments on the current status of each individual, including promotions, demotions, absences due to sickness, detached duty, and leave.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMuster roll records for three officers, five sergeants, seven corporals, and approximately eighty privates, including one soldier who died of pneumonia in January 1865. Enlisted men were recruited from various counties throughout Maryland, as well as Accomack County, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., for three-year terms under a variety of colonels. An inspection report on the verso rates the company \"Good\" across all six evaluated categories: discipline, instruction, military appearance, arms, accoutrements, and clothing.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains two muster rolls documenting the officers and enlisted men of Company A, 19th Regiment of United States Colored Troops (USCT), while stationed at Chaffins Farm, Virginia, during the final year of the Civil War.","The first muster roll records details for seven officers, a surgeon, a chaplain, and four sergeants at Chaffin's Farm. Muster rolls reveal the place and date of enlistment; mustering details; last date of pay; and comments on the current status of each individual, including promotions, demotions, absences due to sickness, detached duty, and leave.","The second muster roll documents two months of Company A's activity from December 31, 1864 through February 28, 1865, also at Chaffin's Farm. It lists three officers, five sergeants, seven corporals, and approximately eighty privates, including one soldier who died of pneumonia in January 1865. Enlisted men were recruited from various counties throughout Maryland, as well as Accomack County, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., for three-year terms under a variety of colonels. An inspection report on the verso rates the company \"Good\" across all six evaluated categories: discipline, instruction, military appearance, arms, accoutrements, and clothing.","The 19th Regiment USCT was organized at Camp Stanton, Maryland on December 25, 1863, and served primarily in Maryland and Virginia before mustering out on January 25, 1867. The regiment was present at the surrender of Lee's Confederacy at Appomattox Court House in April 1865.","Muster roll records details for seven officers, a surgeon, a chaplain, and four sergeants at Chaffin's Farm. Muster rolls reveal the place and date of enlistment; mustering details; last date of pay; and comments on the current status of each individual, including promotions, demotions, absences due to sickness, detached duty, and leave.","Muster roll records for three officers, five sergeants, seven corporals, and approximately eighty privates, including one soldier who died of pneumonia in January 1865. Enlisted men were recruited from various counties throughout Maryland, as well as Accomack County, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., for three-year terms under a variety of colonels. An inspection report on the verso rates the company \"Good\" across all six evaluated categories: discipline, instruction, military appearance, arms, accoutrements, and clothing."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","United States. Army. Colored Infantry Regiment, 19th (1863-1867)"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Army. Colored Infantry Regiment, 19th (1863-1867)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","United States. Army. Colored Infantry Regiment, 19th (1863-1867)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:59.529Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1919"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","value":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=The+George+Washington+Presidential+Library+at+Mount+Vernon"}},{"attributes":{"label":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","value":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","hits":8},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia Military Institute Archives","value":"Virginia Military Institute Archives","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Military+Institute+Archives"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library","value":"Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Washington+and+Lee+University%2C+Leyburn+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"West Virginia and Regional History Center","value":"West Virginia and Regional History Center","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=West+Virginia+and+Regional+History+Center"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"165th Depot Brigade Band photograph, 1914/1918","value":"165th Depot Brigade Band photograph, 1914/1918","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=165th+Depot+Brigade+Band+photograph%2C+1914%2F1918"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945","value":"African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=African+and+African+American+photograph+collection%2C+1850%2F1945"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, 1942/1945","value":"Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, 1942/1945","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Ancella+Bickley%2C+Historian%2C+Photographic+Portraits+of+African-American+Soldiers%2C+1942%2F1945"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook, 1939/1949","value":"Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook, 1939/1949","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Captain+Clark+McRay+Valentine%27s+photograph+scrapbook%2C+1939%2F1949"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789","value":"Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Cuff+Liberty+pay+voucher%2C+1782%2F1789"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ernest Butler photograph album, 1942/1945","value":"Ernest Butler photograph album, 1942/1945","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Ernest+Butler+photograph+album%2C+1942%2F1945"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Washington collection, 1654/1799","value":"George Washington collection, 1654/1799","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+soldiers\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=George+Washington+collection%2C+1654%2F1799"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Herbert R. 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