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Texas State Historical Association. \u003cextref\u003ehttps://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/camp-travis\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e162d Depot Brigade (United States). (2024). Wikipedia. \u003cextref\u003ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/162d_Depot_Brigade_(United_States)\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The role of depot brigades was to receive and organize recruits, provide them with uniforms, equipment and initial military training, and then send them to France fight on the front lines. The depot brigades also received soldiers returning home at the end of the war and completed their demobilization. There were seventeen major U.S. depot brigades organized for World War I that remained active until after post-war demobilizationactive, eight of which were in the south and included the 165th at Camp Travis, Texas.","While Latinos and Native Americans were intermixed with the white soldiers, the African American soldiers at Camp Travis were segregated, being assigned to the camp depot brigade. The 165th Depot Brigade at Camp Travis was an all African American brigade. Because of systemic racism and discrimination, most African American troops were assigned to support roles and did not participate in combat.","The 165th Depot Brigade included a band which was known at the time as \"the First Group Colored Minstrel 165 Depot Brigade\". While this band was meant to be devoted exclusively to African-American troops, other photographs exist in which several members of the group appear in blackface.","Reference List:","E. O. (Eugene Omar) Goldbeck Papers and Photography Collection: Banquet Negatives and Prints finding aid. (2016). E. O. (Eugene Omar) Goldbeck: An Inventory of His Banquet Negatives and Prints at the Harry Ransom Center. Harry Ransom Center. https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=01136","Fahey-Flynn, A. (2015). Patriotic Labor: America during World War I, African American Soldiers. Digital Public Library of America. https://dp.la/exhibitions/america-world-war-i/building-army/african-american-soldiers","White, L.J. (2020). Camp Travis: A Historical Overview of Its Role in World War I. Texas State Historical Association. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/camp-travis","162d Depot Brigade (United States). (2024). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/162d_Depot_Brigade_(United_States)"],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material may contain offensive or harmful language or imagery. This material contains references to outdated terminology for African Americans. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Content Warning"],"odd_tesim":["This material may contain offensive or harmful language or imagery. This material contains references to outdated terminology for African Americans. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16896, 165th Depot Brigade Band photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16896, 165th Depot Brigade Band photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe same print is found in the University of Minnesota Libraries in a collection of images of the Y.M.C.A. building.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The same print is found in the University of Minnesota Libraries in a collection of images of the Y.M.C.A. building."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a black and white photograph of Black army musicians of the 165 Depot Brigade, Camp Travis, Texas. A typed caption pasted on the back of the photo reads, \"#263 Negro Band, Frist [sic] Group, 165 Depot Brigade, Camp Travis, Texas. Taken just outside Army Y.M.C.A. Building No. 1, devoted exclusively to negro troops. (Negro Secretaries in charge.)\" Publicity Bureau National War Work Council, Y.M.C.A. Northeastern Dept. 352 Little Bldg. Boston, Mass is stamped in ink on the back. The picture depicts twenty-one men seated and two standing in uniform outside the Y.M.C.A building. The men hold their instruments, which include trumpets, French horns, saxophones, clarinets, trombones, tuba, and drums. The role of Depot Brigades was to receive and organize recruits, provide them with uniforms, equipment, and initial military training, and then send them to France to fight on the front lines. The depot brigades also received soldiers returning home at the war's end and completed their outprocessing and discharges.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a black and white photograph of Black army musicians of the 165 Depot Brigade, Camp Travis, Texas. A typed caption pasted on the back of the photo reads, \"#263 Negro Band, Frist [sic] Group, 165 Depot Brigade, Camp Travis, Texas. Taken just outside Army Y.M.C.A. Building No. 1, devoted exclusively to negro troops. (Negro Secretaries in charge.)\" Publicity Bureau National War Work Council, Y.M.C.A. Northeastern Dept. 352 Little Bldg. Boston, Mass is stamped in ink on the back. The picture depicts twenty-one men seated and two standing in uniform outside the Y.M.C.A building. The men hold their instruments, which include trumpets, French horns, saxophones, clarinets, trombones, tuba, and drums. The role of Depot Brigades was to receive and organize recruits, provide them with uniforms, equipment, and initial military training, and then send them to France to fight on the front lines. The depot brigades also received soldiers returning home at the war's end and completed their outprocessing and discharges."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is in the public domain. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection is in the public domain. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","United States. Army. Depot Brigade, 165th","Camp Travis (Tex.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Camp Travis (Tex.)","United States. Army. Depot Brigade, 165th"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","United States. Army. Depot Brigade, 165th","Camp Travis (Tex.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:43.518Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1780"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1174.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African and African American photograph collection","title_ssm":["African and African American photograph collection"],"title_tesim":["African and African American photograph collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1850/1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945"],"text":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945","WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174","African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers","This collection is open for research use.","This collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.","Cased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.","Cased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.","Twenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites.","Tintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.","Tintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.","Tintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.","There are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.","There is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"","Tintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.","Carte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"","Full length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.","Published by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026 Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"","Sepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.","Copyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.","Gelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.","Gelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"","These students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.","Published by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Gelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.","Gelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.","Tintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.","Sixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.","Studio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.","Large albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.","Panoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945"],"collection_ssim":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchases in November 2023 and June 2024"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.5 Linear Feet one document case, 1 folder in a shared box, 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["2.5 Linear Feet one document case, 1 folder in a shared box, 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], African and African American Photograph Collection (WLU Coll. 0552), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], African and African American Photograph Collection (WLU Coll. 0552), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eCased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFull length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStudio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLarge albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePanoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.","Cased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.","Cased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.","Twenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites.","Tintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.","Tintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.","Tintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.","There are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.","There is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"","Tintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.","Carte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"","Full length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.","Published by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026 Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"","Sepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.","Copyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.","Gelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.","Gelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"","These students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.","Published by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Gelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.","Gelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.","Tintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.","Sixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.","Studio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.","Large albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.","Panoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":24,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:01:08.296Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1174.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African and African American photograph collection","title_ssm":["African and African American photograph collection"],"title_tesim":["African and African American photograph collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1850/1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945"],"text":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945","WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174","African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers","This collection is open for research use.","This collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.","Cased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.","Cased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.","Twenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites.","Tintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.","Tintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.","Tintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.","There are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.","There is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"","Tintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.","Carte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"","Full length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.","Published by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026 Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"","Sepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.","Copyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.","Gelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.","Gelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"","These students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.","Published by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Gelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.","Gelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.","Tintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.","Sixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.","Studio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.","Large albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.","Panoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945"],"collection_ssim":["African and African American photograph collection, 1850/1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchases in November 2023 and June 2024"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.5 Linear Feet one document case, 1 folder in a shared box, 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["2.5 Linear Feet one document case, 1 folder in a shared box, 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], African and African American Photograph Collection (WLU Coll. 0552), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], African and African American Photograph Collection (WLU Coll. 0552), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eCased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFull length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStudio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLarge albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePanoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.","Cased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.","Cased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.","Twenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites.","Tintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.","Tintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.","Tintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.","There are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.","There is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"","Tintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.","Carte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"","Full length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.","Published by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026 Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"","Sepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.","Copyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.","Gelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.","Gelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"","These students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.","Published by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Gelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.","Gelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.","Tintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.","Sixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.","Studio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.","Large albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.","Panoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":24,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:01:08.296Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3644","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, 1942/1945","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3644#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Photographic portraits of African-American soldiers from the WWII era (black and white, averaging 2 in. x 3 in.). Some of the portraits have names recorded to their backs in pencil. These soldiers were stationed at Fort Knox, Kentucky.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3644#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3644","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3644","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3644","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3644","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_3644.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/197483","title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers"],"title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1942-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1942-1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1942/1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, 1942/1945"],"text":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, 1942/1945","A\u0026M 4190","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3644","Fort Knox (Ky.)","African Americans","African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945","No special access restriction applies.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Photographic portraits of African-American soldiers from the WWII era (black and white, averaging 2 in. x 3 in.). Some of the portraits have names recorded to their backs in pencil. These soldiers were stationed at Fort Knox, Kentucky.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, 1942/1945"],"collection_ssim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, 1942/1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 4190","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3644"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 4190","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3644"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Fort Knox (Ky.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Fort Knox (Ky.)"],"places_ssim":["Fort Knox (Ky.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creators_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.21 Linear Feet 2.5 in. (1 document case)"],"extent_tesim":["0.21 Linear Feet 2.5 in. (1 document case)"],"date_range_isim":[1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, A\u0026amp;M 4190, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, A\u0026M 4190, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d987d8a7fae06bb4d94f0c8b62d477a0\"\u003ePhotographic portraits of African-American soldiers from the WWII era (black and white, averaging 2 in. x 3 in.). Some of the portraits have names recorded to their backs in pencil. These soldiers were stationed at Fort Knox, Kentucky.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Photographic portraits of African-American soldiers from the WWII era (black and white, averaging 2 in. x 3 in.). Some of the portraits have names recorded to their backs in pencil. These soldiers were stationed at Fort Knox, Kentucky."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_c610df28c1dc247afc37c3317cae4d54\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:55:30.182Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3644","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3644","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3644","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3644","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_3644.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/197483","title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers"],"title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1942-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1942-1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1942/1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, 1942/1945"],"text":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, 1942/1945","A\u0026M 4190","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3644","Fort Knox (Ky.)","African Americans","African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945","No special access restriction applies.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Photographic portraits of African-American soldiers from the WWII era (black and white, averaging 2 in. x 3 in.). Some of the portraits have names recorded to their backs in pencil. These soldiers were stationed at Fort Knox, Kentucky.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, 1942/1945"],"collection_ssim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, 1942/1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 4190","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3644"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 4190","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3644"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Fort Knox (Ky.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Fort Knox (Ky.)"],"places_ssim":["Fort Knox (Ky.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creators_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.21 Linear Feet 2.5 in. (1 document case)"],"extent_tesim":["0.21 Linear Feet 2.5 in. (1 document case)"],"date_range_isim":[1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, A\u0026amp;M 4190, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Photographic Portraits of African-American Soldiers, A\u0026M 4190, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d987d8a7fae06bb4d94f0c8b62d477a0\"\u003ePhotographic portraits of African-American soldiers from the WWII era (black and white, averaging 2 in. x 3 in.). Some of the portraits have names recorded to their backs in pencil. These soldiers were stationed at Fort Knox, Kentucky.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Photographic portraits of African-American soldiers from the WWII era (black and white, averaging 2 in. x 3 in.). Some of the portraits have names recorded to their backs in pencil. These soldiers were stationed at Fort Knox, Kentucky."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_c610df28c1dc247afc37c3317cae4d54\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:55:30.182Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3644"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1257","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook, 1939/1949","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1257#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Valentine, Clark McRay","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1257#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003ePhotograph scrapbook created by Captain Clark McRay Valentine while serving as a medical officer in the 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. He was stationed in both Italy and Germany in the tail end of the war and post-war period. There are photographs from his time in Italy, specifically Naples, and include fellow African American troops. At some point, Valentine's wife Frances and son Clark, Jr. visited him in Italy and are in some photographs. The post-war Germany photographs feature the ruins and militarized zones of Berlin. A set of photos are identified by Valentine as being captured from German POWs and depict Nazi ceremonies, Hitler Youth, military operations, Russia, equipment and leading German military figures like General Guderian. Researchers are advised that there is one photograph of a mass hanging (men and a woman) and photographs taken inside concentration camps and depict deceased individuals and a crematorium. Under one such photograph, Valentine captioned, \"Can we ever trust the Germans?\" Additionally, there are photographs of Hitler's Eagle's Nest and the surrounding town of Bechtesgaden and the nearby salt mines.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1257#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1257","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1257","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1257","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1257","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1257.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook","title_ssm":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook"],"title_tesim":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1939-1949, undated"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1939-1949, undated"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939/1949"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook, 1939/1949"],"text":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook, 1939/1949","WLU.Coll.0136","/repositories/5/resources/1257","African American soldiers","World War (1939-1945)","Collection is open for use.","Clark McRay Valentine was born in Michigan on November 22, 1904. He served as a Captain and Medical Officer during World War II. He served in the 92nd Infantry Division, which was an African American infantry division of the U. S. Army that served in both World Wars and Korea. Valentine died on February 12, 1988.","Photograph scrapbook created by Captain Clark McRay Valentine while serving as a medical officer in the 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. He was stationed in both Italy and Germany in the tail end of the war and post-war period. There are photographs from his time in Italy, specifically Naples, and include fellow African American troops. At some point, Valentine's wife Frances and son Clark, Jr. visited him in Italy and are in some photographs. The post-war Germany photographs feature the ruins and militarized zones of Berlin. A set of photos are identified by Valentine as being captured from German POWs and depict Nazi ceremonies, Hitler Youth, military operations, Russia, equipment and leading German military figures like General Guderian. Researchers are advised that there is one photograph of a mass hanging (men and a woman) and photographs taken inside concentration camps and depict deceased individuals and a crematorium. Under one such photograph, Valentine captioned, \"Can we ever trust the Germans?\" Additionally, there are photographs of Hitler's Eagle's Nest and the surrounding town of Bechtesgaden and the nearby salt mines.","There are a few loose photographs: one is of hospital building in Massa, Italy, one is of camp leaders a Annawan, Illinois, one is of a group of men and Clark, Jr. at Camp Wolf Lake, and one of an older couple who are presumed to be Frances and Clark Valentine. The men in the Wolf Lake photograph are either wearing civilian clothes, baseball uniforms, or what is likely a Civilian Conservation Corps uniform.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Valentine, Clark McRay","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook, 1939/1949"],"collection_ssim":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook, 1939/1949"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0136","/repositories/5/resources/1257"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0136","/repositories/5/resources/1257"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"creator_ssm":["Valentine, Clark McRay"],"creator_ssim":["Valentine, Clark McRay"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Valentine, Clark McRay"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Valentine, Clark McRay","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased in September 2024"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American soldiers","World War (1939-1945)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American soldiers","World War (1939-1945)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eClark McRay Valentine was born in Michigan on November 22, 1904. He served as a Captain and Medical Officer during World War II. He served in the 92nd Infantry Division, which was an African American infantry division of the U. S. Army that served in both World Wars and Korea. Valentine died on February 12, 1988.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Clark McRay Valentine was born in Michigan on November 22, 1904. He served as a Captain and Medical Officer during World War II. He served in the 92nd Infantry Division, which was an African American infantry division of the U. S. Army that served in both World Wars and Korea. Valentine died on February 12, 1988."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCaptain Clark McRay Valentine's Photograph Scrapbook (WLU Coll. 0136), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's Photograph Scrapbook (WLU Coll. 0136), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhotograph scrapbook created by Captain Clark McRay Valentine while serving as a medical officer in the 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. He was stationed in both Italy and Germany in the tail end of the war and post-war period. There are photographs from his time in Italy, specifically Naples, and include fellow African American troops. At some point, Valentine's wife Frances and son Clark, Jr. visited him in Italy and are in some photographs. The post-war Germany photographs feature the ruins and militarized zones of Berlin. A set of photos are identified by Valentine as being captured from German POWs and depict Nazi ceremonies, Hitler Youth, military operations, Russia, equipment and leading German military figures like General Guderian. Researchers are advised that there is one photograph of a mass hanging (men and a woman) and photographs taken inside concentration camps and depict deceased individuals and a crematorium. Under one such photograph, Valentine captioned, \"Can we ever trust the Germans?\" Additionally, there are photographs of Hitler's Eagle's Nest and the surrounding town of Bechtesgaden and the nearby salt mines.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are a few loose photographs: one is of hospital building in Massa, Italy, one is of camp leaders a Annawan, Illinois, one is of a group of men and Clark, Jr. at Camp Wolf Lake, and one of an older couple who are presumed to be Frances and Clark Valentine. The men in the Wolf Lake photograph are either wearing civilian clothes, baseball uniforms, or what is likely a Civilian Conservation Corps uniform.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Photograph scrapbook created by Captain Clark McRay Valentine while serving as a medical officer in the 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. He was stationed in both Italy and Germany in the tail end of the war and post-war period. There are photographs from his time in Italy, specifically Naples, and include fellow African American troops. At some point, Valentine's wife Frances and son Clark, Jr. visited him in Italy and are in some photographs. The post-war Germany photographs feature the ruins and militarized zones of Berlin. A set of photos are identified by Valentine as being captured from German POWs and depict Nazi ceremonies, Hitler Youth, military operations, Russia, equipment and leading German military figures like General Guderian. Researchers are advised that there is one photograph of a mass hanging (men and a woman) and photographs taken inside concentration camps and depict deceased individuals and a crematorium. Under one such photograph, Valentine captioned, \"Can we ever trust the Germans?\" Additionally, there are photographs of Hitler's Eagle's Nest and the surrounding town of Bechtesgaden and the nearby salt mines.","There are a few loose photographs: one is of hospital building in Massa, Italy, one is of camp leaders a Annawan, Illinois, one is of a group of men and Clark, Jr. at Camp Wolf Lake, and one of an older couple who are presumed to be Frances and Clark Valentine. The men in the Wolf Lake photograph are either wearing civilian clothes, baseball uniforms, or what is likely a Civilian Conservation Corps uniform."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"persname_ssim":["Valentine, Clark McRay"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Valentine, Clark McRay"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:01:08.296Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1257","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1257","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1257","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1257","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1257.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook","title_ssm":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook"],"title_tesim":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1939-1949, undated"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1939-1949, undated"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939/1949"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook, 1939/1949"],"text":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook, 1939/1949","WLU.Coll.0136","/repositories/5/resources/1257","African American soldiers","World War (1939-1945)","Collection is open for use.","Clark McRay Valentine was born in Michigan on November 22, 1904. He served as a Captain and Medical Officer during World War II. He served in the 92nd Infantry Division, which was an African American infantry division of the U. S. Army that served in both World Wars and Korea. Valentine died on February 12, 1988.","Photograph scrapbook created by Captain Clark McRay Valentine while serving as a medical officer in the 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. He was stationed in both Italy and Germany in the tail end of the war and post-war period. There are photographs from his time in Italy, specifically Naples, and include fellow African American troops. At some point, Valentine's wife Frances and son Clark, Jr. visited him in Italy and are in some photographs. The post-war Germany photographs feature the ruins and militarized zones of Berlin. A set of photos are identified by Valentine as being captured from German POWs and depict Nazi ceremonies, Hitler Youth, military operations, Russia, equipment and leading German military figures like General Guderian. Researchers are advised that there is one photograph of a mass hanging (men and a woman) and photographs taken inside concentration camps and depict deceased individuals and a crematorium. Under one such photograph, Valentine captioned, \"Can we ever trust the Germans?\" Additionally, there are photographs of Hitler's Eagle's Nest and the surrounding town of Bechtesgaden and the nearby salt mines.","There are a few loose photographs: one is of hospital building in Massa, Italy, one is of camp leaders a Annawan, Illinois, one is of a group of men and Clark, Jr. at Camp Wolf Lake, and one of an older couple who are presumed to be Frances and Clark Valentine. The men in the Wolf Lake photograph are either wearing civilian clothes, baseball uniforms, or what is likely a Civilian Conservation Corps uniform.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Valentine, Clark McRay","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook, 1939/1949"],"collection_ssim":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's photograph scrapbook, 1939/1949"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0136","/repositories/5/resources/1257"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0136","/repositories/5/resources/1257"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"creator_ssm":["Valentine, Clark McRay"],"creator_ssim":["Valentine, Clark McRay"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Valentine, Clark McRay"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Valentine, Clark McRay","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased in September 2024"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American soldiers","World War (1939-1945)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American soldiers","World War (1939-1945)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eClark McRay Valentine was born in Michigan on November 22, 1904. He served as a Captain and Medical Officer during World War II. He served in the 92nd Infantry Division, which was an African American infantry division of the U. S. Army that served in both World Wars and Korea. Valentine died on February 12, 1988.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Clark McRay Valentine was born in Michigan on November 22, 1904. He served as a Captain and Medical Officer during World War II. He served in the 92nd Infantry Division, which was an African American infantry division of the U. S. Army that served in both World Wars and Korea. Valentine died on February 12, 1988."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCaptain Clark McRay Valentine's Photograph Scrapbook (WLU Coll. 0136), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Captain Clark McRay Valentine's Photograph Scrapbook (WLU Coll. 0136), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhotograph scrapbook created by Captain Clark McRay Valentine while serving as a medical officer in the 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. He was stationed in both Italy and Germany in the tail end of the war and post-war period. There are photographs from his time in Italy, specifically Naples, and include fellow African American troops. At some point, Valentine's wife Frances and son Clark, Jr. visited him in Italy and are in some photographs. The post-war Germany photographs feature the ruins and militarized zones of Berlin. A set of photos are identified by Valentine as being captured from German POWs and depict Nazi ceremonies, Hitler Youth, military operations, Russia, equipment and leading German military figures like General Guderian. Researchers are advised that there is one photograph of a mass hanging (men and a woman) and photographs taken inside concentration camps and depict deceased individuals and a crematorium. Under one such photograph, Valentine captioned, \"Can we ever trust the Germans?\" Additionally, there are photographs of Hitler's Eagle's Nest and the surrounding town of Bechtesgaden and the nearby salt mines.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are a few loose photographs: one is of hospital building in Massa, Italy, one is of camp leaders a Annawan, Illinois, one is of a group of men and Clark, Jr. at Camp Wolf Lake, and one of an older couple who are presumed to be Frances and Clark Valentine. The men in the Wolf Lake photograph are either wearing civilian clothes, baseball uniforms, or what is likely a Civilian Conservation Corps uniform.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Photograph scrapbook created by Captain Clark McRay Valentine while serving as a medical officer in the 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. He was stationed in both Italy and Germany in the tail end of the war and post-war period. There are photographs from his time in Italy, specifically Naples, and include fellow African American troops. At some point, Valentine's wife Frances and son Clark, Jr. visited him in Italy and are in some photographs. The post-war Germany photographs feature the ruins and militarized zones of Berlin. A set of photos are identified by Valentine as being captured from German POWs and depict Nazi ceremonies, Hitler Youth, military operations, Russia, equipment and leading German military figures like General Guderian. Researchers are advised that there is one photograph of a mass hanging (men and a woman) and photographs taken inside concentration camps and depict deceased individuals and a crematorium. Under one such photograph, Valentine captioned, \"Can we ever trust the Germans?\" Additionally, there are photographs of Hitler's Eagle's Nest and the surrounding town of Bechtesgaden and the nearby salt mines.","There are a few loose photographs: one is of hospital building in Massa, Italy, one is of camp leaders a Annawan, Illinois, one is of a group of men and Clark, Jr. at Camp Wolf Lake, and one of an older couple who are presumed to be Frances and Clark Valentine. The men in the Wolf Lake photograph are either wearing civilian clothes, baseball uniforms, or what is likely a Civilian Conservation Corps uniform."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"persname_ssim":["Valentine, Clark McRay"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Valentine, Clark McRay"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:01:08.296Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1257"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1621#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Connecticut. Treasury Department","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1621#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\" Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation, that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom. He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line. This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line. Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land. He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1621#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1621.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/195951","title_filing_ssi":"Liberty, Cuff pay voucher","title_ssm":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher"],"title_tesim":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher"],"unitdate_ssm":["1782-1789"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1782-1789"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1782/1789"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789"],"text":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789","MSS 16821","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1621","United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","African American soldiers","Good.  The voucher is partially split along two vertical folds, mended with three small pieces of clear tape on the verso.","This collection is open for research.","This collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\"   Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation,  that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom.  He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line.  This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line.  Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land.  He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)","No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department","Liberty, Cuff","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789"],"collection_ssim":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16821","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1621"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16821","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1621"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"places_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_ssm":["Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"creator_ssim":["Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"creators_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"access_terms_ssm":["No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Between the Covers by the Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia on October 20, 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good.  The voucher is partially split along two vertical folds, mended with three small pieces of clear tape on the verso."],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"date_range_isim":[1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16821, Cuff Liberty pay voucher, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16821, Cuff Liberty pay voucher, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\"   Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation,  that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom.  He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line.  This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line.  Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land.  He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\"   Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation,  that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom.  He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line.  This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line.  Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land.  He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"persname_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff"],"names_coll_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department","Liberty, Cuff"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1621.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/195951","title_filing_ssi":"Liberty, Cuff pay voucher","title_ssm":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher"],"title_tesim":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher"],"unitdate_ssm":["1782-1789"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1782-1789"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1782/1789"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789"],"text":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789","MSS 16821","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1621","United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","African American soldiers","Good.  The voucher is partially split along two vertical folds, mended with three small pieces of clear tape on the verso.","This collection is open for research.","This collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\"   Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation,  that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom.  He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line.  This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line.  Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land.  He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)","No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department","Liberty, Cuff","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789"],"collection_ssim":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16821","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1621"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16821","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1621"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"places_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_ssm":["Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"creator_ssim":["Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"creators_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"access_terms_ssm":["No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Between the Covers by the Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia on October 20, 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good.  The voucher is partially split along two vertical folds, mended with three small pieces of clear tape on the verso."],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"date_range_isim":[1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16821, Cuff Liberty pay voucher, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16821, Cuff Liberty pay voucher, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\"   Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation,  that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom.  He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line.  This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line.  Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land.  He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\"   Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation,  that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom.  He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line.  This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line.  Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land.  He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"persname_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff"],"names_coll_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department","Liberty, Cuff"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1621"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1739","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Ernest Butler photograph album, 1942/1945","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1739#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Max Rambod","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1739#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the photograph album of Ernest Butler, a United States Army soldier who served in Germany during the Second World War. Butler was among the one million African American men and women who served during the war. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1739#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1739","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1739","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1739","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1739","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1739.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/212833","title_filing_ssi":"Butler, Ernest, photograph album","title_ssm":["Ernest Butler photograph album"],"title_tesim":["Ernest Butler photograph album"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1942-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c. 1942-1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1942/1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ernest Butler photograph album, 1942/1945"],"text":["Ernest Butler photograph album, 1942/1945","MSS 16875","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1739","African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945 -- Participation, African American","World War, 1939-1945 -- Photography","The collection is open for research use.","This collection contains the photograph album of Ernest Butler, a United States Army soldier who served in Germany during the Second World War. Butler was among the one million African American men and women who served during the war.","The album documents his time in Germany, his return to the United States, and his post-war life. The album contains over 250 black and white silver gelatin photographs over its thirty pages. The images depict Butler's service in Germany, where he photographed the men he served alongside, as well as the destroyed Nazi weapons and vehicles, German prisoners of war, and sites seen on his journey back home to the United States. Included are images taken in Germany; destroyed enemy equipment; a group of German POWs aboard a truck unceremoniously entitled \"a pack of krauts;\" and a series of images collectively titled \"going home\" depicting Butler's long journey back to the United States, which may have been Cincinati, Ohio.","The photographs most heavily depict the downtime of American soldiers, with subjects commonly posing in their uniforms with each other and civilians.","The pictures, primarily of African American soldiers, show the United States military's policy of segregation during World War II.","Also included are photographs of post-war life, including a large format family portrait, photographs of friends, family, and children, and an image of a man, likely Ernest, holding a captured German K95 Mauser Rifle.","There are also three Army insignia indicating the United States 1st and 7th Army, and one with four Overseas Bars that indicate two years of military service overseas.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Butler, Ernest","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ernest Butler photograph album, 1942/1945"],"collection_ssim":["Ernest Butler photograph album, 1942/1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16875","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1739"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16875","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1739"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Max Rambod","Butler, Ernest"],"creator_ssim":["Max Rambod","Butler, Ernest"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Butler, Ernest"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"creators_ssim":["Butler, Ernest","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Max Rambod Books to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 21 August 2024. The bookseller noted that the consignor relates that the album was acquired from a Cleveland, Ohio estate."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945 -- Participation, African American","World War, 1939-1945 -- Photography"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945 -- Participation, African American","World War, 1939-1945 -- Photography"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.4 Cubic Feet One custom made flat box (medium)"],"extent_tesim":["0.4 Cubic Feet One custom made flat box (medium)"],"date_range_isim":[1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16875, Ernest Butler photograph album, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16875, Ernest Butler photograph album, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the photograph album of Ernest Butler, a United States Army soldier who served in Germany during the Second World War. Butler was among the one million African American men and women who served during the war. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe album documents his time in Germany, his return to the United States, and his post-war life. The album contains over 250 black and white silver gelatin photographs over its thirty pages. The images depict Butler's service in Germany, where he photographed the men he served alongside, as well as the destroyed Nazi weapons and vehicles, German prisoners of war, and sites seen on his journey back home to the United States. Included are images taken in Germany; destroyed enemy equipment; a group of German POWs aboard a truck unceremoniously entitled \"a pack of krauts;\" and a series of images collectively titled \"going home\" depicting Butler's long journey back to the United States, which may have been Cincinati, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photographs most heavily depict the downtime of American soldiers, with subjects commonly posing in their uniforms with each other and civilians. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe pictures, primarily of African American soldiers, show the United States military's policy of segregation during World War II.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nAlso included are photographs of post-war life, including a large format family portrait, photographs of friends, family, and children, and an image of a man, likely Ernest, holding a captured German K95 Mauser Rifle. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also three Army insignia indicating the United States 1st and 7th Army, and one with four Overseas Bars that indicate two years of military service overseas. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the photograph album of Ernest Butler, a United States Army soldier who served in Germany during the Second World War. Butler was among the one million African American men and women who served during the war.","The album documents his time in Germany, his return to the United States, and his post-war life. The album contains over 250 black and white silver gelatin photographs over its thirty pages. The images depict Butler's service in Germany, where he photographed the men he served alongside, as well as the destroyed Nazi weapons and vehicles, German prisoners of war, and sites seen on his journey back home to the United States. Included are images taken in Germany; destroyed enemy equipment; a group of German POWs aboard a truck unceremoniously entitled \"a pack of krauts;\" and a series of images collectively titled \"going home\" depicting Butler's long journey back to the United States, which may have been Cincinati, Ohio.","The photographs most heavily depict the downtime of American soldiers, with subjects commonly posing in their uniforms with each other and civilians.","The pictures, primarily of African American soldiers, show the United States military's policy of segregation during World War II.","Also included are photographs of post-war life, including a large format family portrait, photographs of friends, family, and children, and an image of a man, likely Ernest, holding a captured German K95 Mauser Rifle.","There are also three Army insignia indicating the United States 1st and 7th Army, and one with four Overseas Bars that indicate two years of military service overseas."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"names_coll_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"persname_ssim":["Butler, Ernest"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Butler, Ernest"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:43.518Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1739","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1739","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1739","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1739","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1739.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/212833","title_filing_ssi":"Butler, Ernest, photograph album","title_ssm":["Ernest Butler photograph album"],"title_tesim":["Ernest Butler photograph album"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1942-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c. 1942-1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1942/1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ernest Butler photograph album, 1942/1945"],"text":["Ernest Butler photograph album, 1942/1945","MSS 16875","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1739","African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945 -- Participation, African American","World War, 1939-1945 -- Photography","The collection is open for research use.","This collection contains the photograph album of Ernest Butler, a United States Army soldier who served in Germany during the Second World War. Butler was among the one million African American men and women who served during the war.","The album documents his time in Germany, his return to the United States, and his post-war life. The album contains over 250 black and white silver gelatin photographs over its thirty pages. The images depict Butler's service in Germany, where he photographed the men he served alongside, as well as the destroyed Nazi weapons and vehicles, German prisoners of war, and sites seen on his journey back home to the United States. Included are images taken in Germany; destroyed enemy equipment; a group of German POWs aboard a truck unceremoniously entitled \"a pack of krauts;\" and a series of images collectively titled \"going home\" depicting Butler's long journey back to the United States, which may have been Cincinati, Ohio.","The photographs most heavily depict the downtime of American soldiers, with subjects commonly posing in their uniforms with each other and civilians.","The pictures, primarily of African American soldiers, show the United States military's policy of segregation during World War II.","Also included are photographs of post-war life, including a large format family portrait, photographs of friends, family, and children, and an image of a man, likely Ernest, holding a captured German K95 Mauser Rifle.","There are also three Army insignia indicating the United States 1st and 7th Army, and one with four Overseas Bars that indicate two years of military service overseas.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Butler, Ernest","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ernest Butler photograph album, 1942/1945"],"collection_ssim":["Ernest Butler photograph album, 1942/1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16875","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1739"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16875","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1739"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Max Rambod","Butler, Ernest"],"creator_ssim":["Max Rambod","Butler, Ernest"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Butler, Ernest"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"creators_ssim":["Butler, Ernest","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Max Rambod Books to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 21 August 2024. The bookseller noted that the consignor relates that the album was acquired from a Cleveland, Ohio estate."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945 -- Participation, African American","World War, 1939-1945 -- Photography"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945 -- Participation, African American","World War, 1939-1945 -- Photography"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.4 Cubic Feet One custom made flat box (medium)"],"extent_tesim":["0.4 Cubic Feet One custom made flat box (medium)"],"date_range_isim":[1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16875, Ernest Butler photograph album, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16875, Ernest Butler photograph album, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the photograph album of Ernest Butler, a United States Army soldier who served in Germany during the Second World War. Butler was among the one million African American men and women who served during the war. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe album documents his time in Germany, his return to the United States, and his post-war life. The album contains over 250 black and white silver gelatin photographs over its thirty pages. The images depict Butler's service in Germany, where he photographed the men he served alongside, as well as the destroyed Nazi weapons and vehicles, German prisoners of war, and sites seen on his journey back home to the United States. Included are images taken in Germany; destroyed enemy equipment; a group of German POWs aboard a truck unceremoniously entitled \"a pack of krauts;\" and a series of images collectively titled \"going home\" depicting Butler's long journey back to the United States, which may have been Cincinati, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photographs most heavily depict the downtime of American soldiers, with subjects commonly posing in their uniforms with each other and civilians. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe pictures, primarily of African American soldiers, show the United States military's policy of segregation during World War II.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nAlso included are photographs of post-war life, including a large format family portrait, photographs of friends, family, and children, and an image of a man, likely Ernest, holding a captured German K95 Mauser Rifle. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also three Army insignia indicating the United States 1st and 7th Army, and one with four Overseas Bars that indicate two years of military service overseas. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the photograph album of Ernest Butler, a United States Army soldier who served in Germany during the Second World War. Butler was among the one million African American men and women who served during the war.","The album documents his time in Germany, his return to the United States, and his post-war life. The album contains over 250 black and white silver gelatin photographs over its thirty pages. The images depict Butler's service in Germany, where he photographed the men he served alongside, as well as the destroyed Nazi weapons and vehicles, German prisoners of war, and sites seen on his journey back home to the United States. Included are images taken in Germany; destroyed enemy equipment; a group of German POWs aboard a truck unceremoniously entitled \"a pack of krauts;\" and a series of images collectively titled \"going home\" depicting Butler's long journey back to the United States, which may have been Cincinati, Ohio.","The photographs most heavily depict the downtime of American soldiers, with subjects commonly posing in their uniforms with each other and civilians.","The pictures, primarily of African American soldiers, show the United States military's policy of segregation during World War II.","Also included are photographs of post-war life, including a large format family portrait, photographs of friends, family, and children, and an image of a man, likely Ernest, holding a captured German K95 Mauser Rifle.","There are also three Army insignia indicating the United States 1st and 7th Army, and one with four Overseas Bars that indicate two years of military service overseas."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"names_coll_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"persname_ssim":["Butler, Ernest"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Butler, Ernest"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:43.518Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1739"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1652","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Herbert R. Davis photograph albums, 1930/1950","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1652#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains two photo albums of Herbert R. Davis of Richmond, Virginia that document Black pre-World War II life in Richmond; Davis's service in the South Pacific (Guam, Guadalco, and Peleliu) as a Black Marine; and Davis's family life upon his return from combat during the early 1930's to the late 1940's. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1652#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1652","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1652","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1652","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1652","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1652.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196556","title_filing_ssi":"Davis, Herbert R., photograph albums","title_ssm":["Herbert R. Davis photograph albums"],"title_tesim":["Herbert R. Davis photograph albums"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1930-1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c. 1930-1950"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1930/1950"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Herbert R. Davis photograph albums, 1930/1950"],"text":["Herbert R. Davis photograph albums, 1930/1950","MSS 16840","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1652","Richmond (Va.)","African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945 -- Participation, African American","World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Pacific Ocean","The collection is open for research use.","This collection contains two photo albums of Herbert R. Davis of Richmond, Virginia that document Black pre-World War II life in Richmond; Davis's service in the South Pacific (Guam, Guadalco, and Peleliu) as a Black Marine; and Davis's family life upon his return from combat during the early 1930's to the late 1940's.","Many of Davis's fellow soldiers in the 11th Marine Depot Company, 16th Field Depot are posed in photographs. The 11th Company, who fought at the Battle of Peleliu,  had the heaviest casualty rate of any Black marine unit in the war. However, the majority of the photographs document African American communities in pre and post-war Richmond. Included are shots of Davis with friends and family, as well as studio and arcade portraits. They include street scenes, Black parades, including the African American Women's Army Corps (WAC), and sporting events. About twenty images depict segregation, with two images that include businesses with signs for \"Coloreds\" or \"Whites\"  and others that include a segregated beach.","When the 1st Marine Division, on 15 September 1944, attacked the heavily defended island of Peleliu in the Palau group, the 16th Field Depot supported the assault troops. The field depot included two African-American units, the 11th Marine Depot Company and the 7th Marine Ammunition Company. The 11th Marine Depot Company responded beyond the call of duty and paid the price, 17 wounded, the highest casualty rate of any company of African-American Marines during the entire war. Major General William H. Rupertus, who commanded the 1st Marine Division, sent identical letters of commendation to the commanders of both companies, praising the Black Marines for their \"whole hearted cooperation and untiring efforts\" which \"demonstrated in every respect\" that they \"appreciate the privilege of wearing a Marine uniform and serving with Marines in combat.\"","The album contains photographs of Herbert Davis and other marines holding guns in Peleliu, Palau.","The two albums contain seventy-one leaves with 324 black and white photographs and fourteen color photographs. 134 are hinged mounted, while the rest are corner mounted or tipped in. Some of the photographs contain captions. Many pages have missing photographs.","Source:\nNalty, Bernard, C. \"The Right to Fight: African-American Marines in World War II\" Commemorative Series produced by the Marine Corps History and Museums Division\nhttps://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003132-00/sec10.htm","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Herbert R. Davis photograph albums, 1930/1950"],"collection_ssim":["Herbert R. Davis photograph albums, 1930/1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16840","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1652"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16840","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1652"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Richmond (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Langdon Manor by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 7 February 2024."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945 -- Participation, African American","World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Pacific Ocean"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945 -- Participation, African American","World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Pacific Ocean"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.6 Cubic Feet Two custom made medium oversize flat boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.6 Cubic Feet Two custom made medium oversize flat boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16840, Herbert R. Davis photograph albums, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16840, Herbert R. Davis photograph albums, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains two photo albums of Herbert R. Davis of Richmond, Virginia that document Black pre-World War II life in Richmond; Davis's service in the South Pacific (Guam, Guadalco, and Peleliu) as a Black Marine; and Davis's family life upon his return from combat during the early 1930's to the late 1940's. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMany of Davis's fellow soldiers in the 11th Marine Depot Company, 16th Field Depot are posed in photographs. The 11th Company, who fought at the Battle of Peleliu,  had the heaviest casualty rate of any Black marine unit in the war. However, the majority of the photographs document African American communities in pre and post-war Richmond. Included are shots of Davis with friends and family, as well as studio and arcade portraits. They include street scenes, Black parades, including the African American Women's Army Corps (WAC), and sporting events. About twenty images depict segregation, with two images that include businesses with signs for \"Coloreds\" or \"Whites\"  and others that include a segregated beach.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen the 1st Marine Division, on 15 September 1944, attacked the heavily defended island of Peleliu in the Palau group, the 16th Field Depot supported the assault troops. The field depot included two African-American units, the 11th Marine Depot Company and the 7th Marine Ammunition Company. The 11th Marine Depot Company responded beyond the call of duty and paid the price, 17 wounded, the highest casualty rate of any company of African-American Marines during the entire war. Major General William H. Rupertus, who commanded the 1st Marine Division, sent identical letters of commendation to the commanders of both companies, praising the Black Marines for their \"whole hearted cooperation and untiring efforts\" which \"demonstrated in every respect\" that they \"appreciate the privilege of wearing a Marine uniform and serving with Marines in combat.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe album contains photographs of Herbert Davis and other marines holding guns in Peleliu, Palau.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe two albums contain seventy-one leaves with 324 black and white photographs and fourteen color photographs. 134 are hinged mounted, while the rest are corner mounted or tipped in. Some of the photographs contain captions. Many pages have missing photographs. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\nNalty, Bernard, C. \"The Right to Fight: African-American Marines in World War II\" Commemorative Series produced by the Marine Corps History and Museums Division\nhttps://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003132-00/sec10.htm\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains two photo albums of Herbert R. Davis of Richmond, Virginia that document Black pre-World War II life in Richmond; Davis's service in the South Pacific (Guam, Guadalco, and Peleliu) as a Black Marine; and Davis's family life upon his return from combat during the early 1930's to the late 1940's.","Many of Davis's fellow soldiers in the 11th Marine Depot Company, 16th Field Depot are posed in photographs. The 11th Company, who fought at the Battle of Peleliu,  had the heaviest casualty rate of any Black marine unit in the war. However, the majority of the photographs document African American communities in pre and post-war Richmond. Included are shots of Davis with friends and family, as well as studio and arcade portraits. They include street scenes, Black parades, including the African American Women's Army Corps (WAC), and sporting events. About twenty images depict segregation, with two images that include businesses with signs for \"Coloreds\" or \"Whites\"  and others that include a segregated beach.","When the 1st Marine Division, on 15 September 1944, attacked the heavily defended island of Peleliu in the Palau group, the 16th Field Depot supported the assault troops. The field depot included two African-American units, the 11th Marine Depot Company and the 7th Marine Ammunition Company. The 11th Marine Depot Company responded beyond the call of duty and paid the price, 17 wounded, the highest casualty rate of any company of African-American Marines during the entire war. Major General William H. Rupertus, who commanded the 1st Marine Division, sent identical letters of commendation to the commanders of both companies, praising the Black Marines for their \"whole hearted cooperation and untiring efforts\" which \"demonstrated in every respect\" that they \"appreciate the privilege of wearing a Marine uniform and serving with Marines in combat.\"","The album contains photographs of Herbert Davis and other marines holding guns in Peleliu, Palau.","The two albums contain seventy-one leaves with 324 black and white photographs and fourteen color photographs. 134 are hinged mounted, while the rest are corner mounted or tipped in. Some of the photographs contain captions. Many pages have missing photographs.","Source:\nNalty, Bernard, C. \"The Right to Fight: African-American Marines in World War II\" Commemorative Series produced by the Marine Corps History and Museums Division\nhttps://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003132-00/sec10.htm"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1652","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1652","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1652","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1652","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1652.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196556","title_filing_ssi":"Davis, Herbert R., photograph albums","title_ssm":["Herbert R. Davis photograph albums"],"title_tesim":["Herbert R. Davis photograph albums"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1930-1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c. 1930-1950"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1930/1950"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Herbert R. Davis photograph albums, 1930/1950"],"text":["Herbert R. Davis photograph albums, 1930/1950","MSS 16840","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1652","Richmond (Va.)","African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945 -- Participation, African American","World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Pacific Ocean","The collection is open for research use.","This collection contains two photo albums of Herbert R. Davis of Richmond, Virginia that document Black pre-World War II life in Richmond; Davis's service in the South Pacific (Guam, Guadalco, and Peleliu) as a Black Marine; and Davis's family life upon his return from combat during the early 1930's to the late 1940's.","Many of Davis's fellow soldiers in the 11th Marine Depot Company, 16th Field Depot are posed in photographs. The 11th Company, who fought at the Battle of Peleliu,  had the heaviest casualty rate of any Black marine unit in the war. However, the majority of the photographs document African American communities in pre and post-war Richmond. Included are shots of Davis with friends and family, as well as studio and arcade portraits. They include street scenes, Black parades, including the African American Women's Army Corps (WAC), and sporting events. About twenty images depict segregation, with two images that include businesses with signs for \"Coloreds\" or \"Whites\"  and others that include a segregated beach.","When the 1st Marine Division, on 15 September 1944, attacked the heavily defended island of Peleliu in the Palau group, the 16th Field Depot supported the assault troops. The field depot included two African-American units, the 11th Marine Depot Company and the 7th Marine Ammunition Company. The 11th Marine Depot Company responded beyond the call of duty and paid the price, 17 wounded, the highest casualty rate of any company of African-American Marines during the entire war. Major General William H. Rupertus, who commanded the 1st Marine Division, sent identical letters of commendation to the commanders of both companies, praising the Black Marines for their \"whole hearted cooperation and untiring efforts\" which \"demonstrated in every respect\" that they \"appreciate the privilege of wearing a Marine uniform and serving with Marines in combat.\"","The album contains photographs of Herbert Davis and other marines holding guns in Peleliu, Palau.","The two albums contain seventy-one leaves with 324 black and white photographs and fourteen color photographs. 134 are hinged mounted, while the rest are corner mounted or tipped in. Some of the photographs contain captions. Many pages have missing photographs.","Source:\nNalty, Bernard, C. \"The Right to Fight: African-American Marines in World War II\" Commemorative Series produced by the Marine Corps History and Museums Division\nhttps://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003132-00/sec10.htm","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Herbert R. Davis photograph albums, 1930/1950"],"collection_ssim":["Herbert R. Davis photograph albums, 1930/1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16840","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1652"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16840","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1652"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Richmond (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Langdon Manor by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 7 February 2024."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945 -- Participation, African American","World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Pacific Ocean"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American soldiers","World War, 1939-1945 -- Participation, African American","World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Pacific Ocean"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.6 Cubic Feet Two custom made medium oversize flat boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.6 Cubic Feet Two custom made medium oversize flat boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16840, Herbert R. Davis photograph albums, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16840, Herbert R. Davis photograph albums, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains two photo albums of Herbert R. Davis of Richmond, Virginia that document Black pre-World War II life in Richmond; Davis's service in the South Pacific (Guam, Guadalco, and Peleliu) as a Black Marine; and Davis's family life upon his return from combat during the early 1930's to the late 1940's. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMany of Davis's fellow soldiers in the 11th Marine Depot Company, 16th Field Depot are posed in photographs. The 11th Company, who fought at the Battle of Peleliu,  had the heaviest casualty rate of any Black marine unit in the war. However, the majority of the photographs document African American communities in pre and post-war Richmond. Included are shots of Davis with friends and family, as well as studio and arcade portraits. They include street scenes, Black parades, including the African American Women's Army Corps (WAC), and sporting events. About twenty images depict segregation, with two images that include businesses with signs for \"Coloreds\" or \"Whites\"  and others that include a segregated beach.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen the 1st Marine Division, on 15 September 1944, attacked the heavily defended island of Peleliu in the Palau group, the 16th Field Depot supported the assault troops. The field depot included two African-American units, the 11th Marine Depot Company and the 7th Marine Ammunition Company. The 11th Marine Depot Company responded beyond the call of duty and paid the price, 17 wounded, the highest casualty rate of any company of African-American Marines during the entire war. Major General William H. Rupertus, who commanded the 1st Marine Division, sent identical letters of commendation to the commanders of both companies, praising the Black Marines for their \"whole hearted cooperation and untiring efforts\" which \"demonstrated in every respect\" that they \"appreciate the privilege of wearing a Marine uniform and serving with Marines in combat.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe album contains photographs of Herbert Davis and other marines holding guns in Peleliu, Palau.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe two albums contain seventy-one leaves with 324 black and white photographs and fourteen color photographs. 134 are hinged mounted, while the rest are corner mounted or tipped in. Some of the photographs contain captions. Many pages have missing photographs. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\nNalty, Bernard, C. \"The Right to Fight: African-American Marines in World War II\" Commemorative Series produced by the Marine Corps History and Museums Division\nhttps://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003132-00/sec10.htm\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains two photo albums of Herbert R. Davis of Richmond, Virginia that document Black pre-World War II life in Richmond; Davis's service in the South Pacific (Guam, Guadalco, and Peleliu) as a Black Marine; and Davis's family life upon his return from combat during the early 1930's to the late 1940's.","Many of Davis's fellow soldiers in the 11th Marine Depot Company, 16th Field Depot are posed in photographs. The 11th Company, who fought at the Battle of Peleliu,  had the heaviest casualty rate of any Black marine unit in the war. However, the majority of the photographs document African American communities in pre and post-war Richmond. Included are shots of Davis with friends and family, as well as studio and arcade portraits. They include street scenes, Black parades, including the African American Women's Army Corps (WAC), and sporting events. About twenty images depict segregation, with two images that include businesses with signs for \"Coloreds\" or \"Whites\"  and others that include a segregated beach.","When the 1st Marine Division, on 15 September 1944, attacked the heavily defended island of Peleliu in the Palau group, the 16th Field Depot supported the assault troops. The field depot included two African-American units, the 11th Marine Depot Company and the 7th Marine Ammunition Company. The 11th Marine Depot Company responded beyond the call of duty and paid the price, 17 wounded, the highest casualty rate of any company of African-American Marines during the entire war. Major General William H. Rupertus, who commanded the 1st Marine Division, sent identical letters of commendation to the commanders of both companies, praising the Black Marines for their \"whole hearted cooperation and untiring efforts\" which \"demonstrated in every respect\" that they \"appreciate the privilege of wearing a Marine uniform and serving with Marines in combat.\"","The album contains photographs of Herbert Davis and other marines holding guns in Peleliu, Palau.","The two albums contain seventy-one leaves with 324 black and white photographs and fourteen color photographs. 134 are hinged mounted, while the rest are corner mounted or tipped in. Some of the photographs contain captions. Many pages have missing photographs.","Source:\nNalty, Bernard, C. \"The Right to Fight: African-American Marines in World War II\" Commemorative Series produced by the Marine Corps History and Museums Division\nhttps://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003132-00/sec10.htm"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1652"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2421.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/196487","title_ssm":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers"],"title_tesim":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1861-1913","1863-1864"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1861-1913"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1863-1864"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"text":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864","A\u0026M 0092","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2421","Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States. Army -- African American troops","African American soldiers -- History -- 19th century","African American soldiers","African Americans","Civil War -- Soldiers, Black","Civil War --  MA 54th. Vol. Inf.","Civil War - Massachusetts 54th Volunteers.","Fortification","Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864","Secessionville, Battle of, Secessionville, S.C., 1862","No special access restriction applies.","John W. M. Appleton was born in Massachusetts in 1833. In the early years of the Civil War he served in the Boston Cadet Corps on guard and escort duty and then on garrison duty at the Boston Harbor. In early 1863, Appleton was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed one of the first officers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers. Appleton survived the unit's unsuccessful assault at Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863, but sustained wounds that kept him out of service for several months. In late November 1863, Appleton was appointed acting assistant inspector for the brigade, and in December he was promoted to major. Appleton suffered from severe sunstroke while on duty at James Island, South Carolina, in July 1864. Complications from his illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered sufficiently to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He served with the unit at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, until the close of the war and mustered out of service in August 1865.","Major Appleton, his wife, Mary, and his young daughter, Mabel, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, when the Civil War ended. Appleton managed an artificial gas plant and later operated a woolen and grist mill. He also remained active in the military through the West Virginia Militia and National Guard and as adjutant general of West Virginia from 1897 to 1901. From 1886 to 1913, Appleton managed the Salt Sulphur Springs Resort in Monroe County. John W. M. Appleton died on his farm in Monroe County, West Virginia, in 1913.","John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Complications from an illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered enough to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Major Appleton and his family moved to West Virginia when the war ended, where he was active in a variety of business pursuits and remained active in the military, attaining the position of adjutant general of West Virginia.","Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records (series 2, 3, and 4), and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this African American regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters.","Significant topics documented by series 2, 3, and 4 include:","the geography and military installations around Charleston, South Carolina;\nthe assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in and around Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863;\nthe fatigue work, picket duty, and daily life of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry; and\nthe Battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864.","Also included in the collection are family materials and business papers (series 1 and 5). The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills.","Series 1. Family Materials, box 1 and box 4, unfoldered.","Family materials include genealogical charts and two books: Memoir of Hon. William Appleton Prepared Agreeably to a Resolution of the Massachusetts Historical Society, by Rev. Chandler Robbins (Boston: Printed by J. Wilson and Son, 1863), and Memorial of Samuel Appleton of Ipswich, Massachusetts: With Genealogical Notices of Some of His Descendants, by Isaac Appleton Jewett (Boston: [publisher not identified], 1850), with signature of John W.M. Appleton inscribed. Also includes an oversize family tree (box 4, loose).","Series 2. Correspondence, box 2.","Appleton's personal correspondence includes a ledger of approximately 106 Civil War era letters, primarily written to his wife, dated April 1863 - March 1864. The letters are similar to the memoir, although they do contain some different material. Along with the letter book are seven loose letters, mostly from March 1863, one letter from February 1864, and a program for a Marine Corps band concert directed by John Phillip Sousa.","Major topics of the letters include:","Fort Wagner Assault -- Highlights include a letter written on July 18, 1863, the day of the assault, while Appleton and the 54th Massachusetts waited to attack Fort Wagner. Writing to his wife, Appleton describes the shelling and bombardment before the attack and troop positions for the attack. He also writes his goodbyes to his family. An addition at the bottom of the letter, written shortly after the assault ended, describes early details about the dead and wounded. Appleton was injured in the attack, and in his letter dated July 23, 1863, he assures his family that he is alright, although wounded. These letters are not included in the memoir.","Fortifications and Military Actions -- Includes sketches and descriptions of fortifications and military actions on Folly's Island, Morris Island, and James Island, South Carolina. Also includes sketches, description of fight, and map of the battle at the Battle of Secessionville, SC. Siege of Charleston (fall 1863 and winter 1863/1864) descriptions include information about attacks and garrison duty throughout siege, bombardments of fortifications, and a sketch of Charleston Harbor and Fort Sumter from boat. Additionally, Appleton details the 1863 raids along the Georgia and South Carolina sea cost, and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864, including sketches and descriptions of engagements and camps.","Additional Topics Include -- Racial issues, soldier life, camp life, troop morale, Appleton's promotion to Major, and expeditions and raids against southern towns and plantations. Racial issues include United States Colored Troops (USCT), black soldiers, and contraband slaves. Descriptions of officers' camp life include descriptions of tents, cabins, religious activities, drilling, food, holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), firing squad, and funerals. Appleton's promotion to Major is documented by a letter of recommendation, among other material.","Series 3. Memoir, boxes 3a-3b.","Box 3a contains John W.M. Appleton's memoir ledger, which begins with a few letters, then transitions to a memoir which is written in the style of a journal. The memoir describes his service from 1863 to 1865 based on his wartime letters, but he frequently expanded on his descriptions of military activities and events, particularly for operations at Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, and near Jacksonville, Florida, during the Battle of Olustee. The memoir also contains excerpts from many of his wartime letters. Additional topics include fatigue work, picket duty, artillery bombardments, desertion, executions, his daily activities and camp life, staff officers and the men in his company, issues related to being a black regiment, including payroll inequality, serving with USCT units in Florida, the reaction to black troops, and his sunstroke and convalescence in a Hilton Head hospital in July 1864.","The memoir includes loose items and items glued to the pages, including photographs of officers and soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry and of the Appleton family. There are also newspaper clippings, letters, and other correspondence and materials related to the Civil War. Notable among these insertions are two issues of the soldier newspaper The Swamp Angel. A microfilm copy of the memoirs is available. See index below for a listing by page number of these loose and attached items found within the memoir ledger. It includes the names of those shown in photographs. The index also identifies, with the designation \"no page no.\", four loose items whose original location has been lost.","Box 3b contains a framed black and white photograph of Sergeant Major John Wilson, a member of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. This photograph was originally a loose item in the memoir in box 3a.","Series 4. Military Records, box 4.","Appleton's military records include a bound book of military service records, as well as photographs, commissions, and other materials.","The bound book of military service records of John W.M. Appleton includes his discharge papers; a photograph of Appleton in uniform, which is glued to the discharge papers; commissions for his service with the 54th Massachusetts, including Second Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; commission as Major of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery; muster out rolls; and appointment as West Virginia Adjutant General. Also contains newspaper clippings about the 54th Massachusetts and Civil War. Loose items from the bound book include officer commission paperwork; a Shaw Memorial postcard; an obituary clippings for Appleton; and newspaper clippings about 54th Massachusetts and USCTs, Fort Wagner, Florida battles, Charleston siege, and the death of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.","Photographs include a card mounted photo of Fort Warren, Boston, Massachusetts, ca. 1863, and a photo of Major John W.M. Appleton in 1864.","Also includes two oversize commissions, for quartermaster general and adjutant general.","Series 5. Business Papers, box 5a-5b.","Business papers contain a ledger from Oriental Powder Mills(box 5a). Appleton was an agent of the Oriental Powder Mill, located in Boston, MA, and Charleston, WV. The ledger includes correspondence and records concerning the mill and business transactions, mostly concerning the buying and selling of powder, during the 1870s. This series also includes another ledger containing Trustees Report on Estates of Dr. John Appleton (alternately known as Record Book of Dr. John Appleton of Cambridge, MA kept by his son, John W.M. Appleton, 1875-1912) (box 5b).","Index to loose and attached items in the memoir (Series 3, box 3a):\nPage 0; carte de visite photo, Private John Appleton, 1862\nPage 3; 3 carte de visite photos, Mrs. Appleton, Captain J.M. Appleton, N.P. Hallowell\nPage 7; 3 letters \nPage 9; 2 carte de visite photos, Colonel Robert G. Shaw, Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone\nPage 30; clipping\nPage 43; clipping (loose), illustration of defenses of Charleston\nPage 49; carte de visite photo, Captain Russell \nPage 51; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Sam Willard (Mann), Captain Simpkins\nPage 53; tintype photo of USCT soldier (contains information on back, but difficult to read due to attachment to memoir book)\nPage 55; clipping; 2 carte de visite photos, Adjutant G.W. James, structure\nPage 57; clipping; carte de visite photo, Colonel Robert G. Shaw\nPage 59; 2 clippings (fragile)\nPage 61; sketch; carte de visite photo, Captain George Pope\nPage 63; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Edward N. Jones, Lieutenant Edward B. Emerson\nPage 65; clipping\nPage 69; photo of hospital; carte de visite photo, Captain Luis Emilio\nPage 72; carte de visite photo, William Hallowell; map\nPage 73; 3 carte de visite photos, Sergeant Carney with flag, Drummer Henry Munroe, Drummer Miles Moore\nPage 74-79; clippings\nPage 81; clipping about Colonel Robert G. Shaw (loose)\nPage 83; carte de visite photo, Appleton Sturgis\nPage 87; 3 clippings (loose)\nPage 89; clipping\nPage 91; clipping; typescript listing of food rations\nPage 95; clipping\nPage 103; clipping\nPage 104; stereoview photo, Ruins of Cathedral Broad Street\nPage 105; 2 carte de visite photos, John Ritchie, C.A. Brigham\nPage 111; carte de visite photo, [William] Willie Homans; clipping of tent\nPage 113; carte de visite photo, Charles G. Chipman\nPage 127; clipping of song lyrics about colored troops\nPage 135; sketch of bomb proof\nPage 143; carte de visite photo, Willard Howard\nPage 144; carte de visite photo, Giles M. Pease\nPage 147; sketch of 54th Massachusetts regimental flag; carte de visite photo, E.N. Hallowell\nPage 149; typescript (loose)\nPage 159; Civil War era note; tintype photo, possibly of R.H.L. Jewett\nPage 161; photo of Jacksonville, Florida during Civil War\nPage 179; carte de visite photo of unidentified officer\nPage 181; carte de visite photo, Henry W. Litchfield\nPage 183; photo of signal tower in Jacksonville, Florida\nPage 187; typescript of Olustee, Florida battle casualties (loose)\nPage 219; sketch of 54th Massachusetts camp at Morris Island, 1864\nPage 223; typescript of General Order; carte de visite photo, Robert Newell\nPage 225; carte de visite photo, Fort Sumter; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 19, 1864 issue); manuscript note (loose)\nPage 227; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Tucker; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 228; carte de visite photo, Captain Homans; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 231; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 26, 1864 issue)\nPage 232; stereoview photo, interior of Fort Sumter\nPage 235; carte de visite photo, W.W. Bridge\nPage 237; photo of cannon and crew\nPage 239; clipping about Charles L. Chandler death\nPage 243; carte de visite photo, Tom Appleton\nPage 253; 3 carte de visite photos, Major John Appleton (2 of the photos are loose)\nPage 257; carte de visite photo, Lieutenant Fred Webster\nPage 261; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Briggs [Brigges] (loose)\nPage 265; 2 carte de visite photos, Lieutenant Rogers, Charles Hallett; photo of Port Royal House in Hilton Head, SC\nPage 267; clipping\nPage 269; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 274-280; clippings\nPage 281; typescript of letter written by Mary R. Appleton about USCT\nPage 282; clipping\nPage 284; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 285; General Order No. 50 for raising flag over Fort Sumter in 1865\nPage 286-end; clippings about 54th Massachusetts soldiers, casualties and death during the Civil War\nNo Page No.; letter from George Pope (Oct. 17, 1896)\nNo Page No.; clippings about the Battle of Olustee (1912)\nNo Page No.; clipping - \"The Civil War Fifty Years Ago\" (1913)\nNo Page No.; Report of Frank Fletcher, showing condition of company after Wagner","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops","Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick.","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"collection_ssim":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0092","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2421"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0092","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2421"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"geogname_ssim":["Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"places_ssim":["Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"creator_ssm":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913"],"creator_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops"],"creators_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick.","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. 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(1 document case, 2 1/2 in.); (4 flat storage boxes, 3 in.); (1 flat storage box, 4 in.); (1 flat storage box, 3 1/2 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn W. M. Appleton was born in Massachusetts in 1833. In the early years of the Civil War he served in the Boston Cadet Corps on guard and escort duty and then on garrison duty at the Boston Harbor. In early 1863, Appleton was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed one of the first officers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers. Appleton survived the unit's unsuccessful assault at Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863, but sustained wounds that kept him out of service for several months. In late November 1863, Appleton was appointed acting assistant inspector for the brigade, and in December he was promoted to major. Appleton suffered from severe sunstroke while on duty at James Island, South Carolina, in July 1864. Complications from his illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered sufficiently to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He served with the unit at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, until the close of the war and mustered out of service in August 1865. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMajor Appleton, his wife, Mary, and his young daughter, Mabel, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, when the Civil War ended. Appleton managed an artificial gas plant and later operated a woolen and grist mill. He also remained active in the military through the West Virginia Militia and National Guard and as adjutant general of West Virginia from 1897 to 1901. From 1886 to 1913, Appleton managed the Salt Sulphur Springs Resort in Monroe County. John W. M. Appleton died on his farm in Monroe County, West Virginia, in 1913.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John W. M. Appleton was born in Massachusetts in 1833. In the early years of the Civil War he served in the Boston Cadet Corps on guard and escort duty and then on garrison duty at the Boston Harbor. In early 1863, Appleton was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed one of the first officers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers. Appleton survived the unit's unsuccessful assault at Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863, but sustained wounds that kept him out of service for several months. In late November 1863, Appleton was appointed acting assistant inspector for the brigade, and in December he was promoted to major. Appleton suffered from severe sunstroke while on duty at James Island, South Carolina, in July 1864. Complications from his illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered sufficiently to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He served with the unit at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, until the close of the war and mustered out of service in August 1865.","Major Appleton, his wife, Mary, and his young daughter, Mabel, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, when the Civil War ended. Appleton managed an artificial gas plant and later operated a woolen and grist mill. He also remained active in the military through the West Virginia Militia and National Guard and as adjutant general of West Virginia from 1897 to 1901. From 1886 to 1913, Appleton managed the Salt Sulphur Springs Resort in Monroe County. John W. M. Appleton died on his farm in Monroe County, West Virginia, in 1913."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, A\u0026amp;M 0092, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, A\u0026M 0092, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Complications from an illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered enough to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Major Appleton and his family moved to West Virginia when the war ended, where he was active in a variety of business pursuits and remained active in the military, attaining the position of adjutant general of West Virginia.","Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records (series 2, 3, and 4), and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this African American regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters.","Significant topics documented by series 2, 3, and 4 include:","the geography and military installations around Charleston, South Carolina;\nthe assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in and around Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863;\nthe fatigue work, picket duty, and daily life of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry; and\nthe Battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864.","Also included in the collection are family materials and business papers (series 1 and 5). The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills.","Series 1. Family Materials, box 1 and box 4, unfoldered.","Family materials include genealogical charts and two books: Memoir of Hon. William Appleton Prepared Agreeably to a Resolution of the Massachusetts Historical Society, by Rev. Chandler Robbins (Boston: Printed by J. Wilson and Son, 1863), and Memorial of Samuel Appleton of Ipswich, Massachusetts: With Genealogical Notices of Some of His Descendants, by Isaac Appleton Jewett (Boston: [publisher not identified], 1850), with signature of John W.M. Appleton inscribed. Also includes an oversize family tree (box 4, loose).","Series 2. Correspondence, box 2.","Appleton's personal correspondence includes a ledger of approximately 106 Civil War era letters, primarily written to his wife, dated April 1863 - March 1864. The letters are similar to the memoir, although they do contain some different material. Along with the letter book are seven loose letters, mostly from March 1863, one letter from February 1864, and a program for a Marine Corps band concert directed by John Phillip Sousa.","Major topics of the letters include:","Fort Wagner Assault -- Highlights include a letter written on July 18, 1863, the day of the assault, while Appleton and the 54th Massachusetts waited to attack Fort Wagner. Writing to his wife, Appleton describes the shelling and bombardment before the attack and troop positions for the attack. He also writes his goodbyes to his family. An addition at the bottom of the letter, written shortly after the assault ended, describes early details about the dead and wounded. Appleton was injured in the attack, and in his letter dated July 23, 1863, he assures his family that he is alright, although wounded. These letters are not included in the memoir.","Fortifications and Military Actions -- Includes sketches and descriptions of fortifications and military actions on Folly's Island, Morris Island, and James Island, South Carolina. Also includes sketches, description of fight, and map of the battle at the Battle of Secessionville, SC. Siege of Charleston (fall 1863 and winter 1863/1864) descriptions include information about attacks and garrison duty throughout siege, bombardments of fortifications, and a sketch of Charleston Harbor and Fort Sumter from boat. Additionally, Appleton details the 1863 raids along the Georgia and South Carolina sea cost, and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864, including sketches and descriptions of engagements and camps.","Additional Topics Include -- Racial issues, soldier life, camp life, troop morale, Appleton's promotion to Major, and expeditions and raids against southern towns and plantations. Racial issues include United States Colored Troops (USCT), black soldiers, and contraband slaves. Descriptions of officers' camp life include descriptions of tents, cabins, religious activities, drilling, food, holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), firing squad, and funerals. Appleton's promotion to Major is documented by a letter of recommendation, among other material.","Series 3. Memoir, boxes 3a-3b.","Box 3a contains John W.M. Appleton's memoir ledger, which begins with a few letters, then transitions to a memoir which is written in the style of a journal. The memoir describes his service from 1863 to 1865 based on his wartime letters, but he frequently expanded on his descriptions of military activities and events, particularly for operations at Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, and near Jacksonville, Florida, during the Battle of Olustee. The memoir also contains excerpts from many of his wartime letters. Additional topics include fatigue work, picket duty, artillery bombardments, desertion, executions, his daily activities and camp life, staff officers and the men in his company, issues related to being a black regiment, including payroll inequality, serving with USCT units in Florida, the reaction to black troops, and his sunstroke and convalescence in a Hilton Head hospital in July 1864.","The memoir includes loose items and items glued to the pages, including photographs of officers and soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry and of the Appleton family. There are also newspaper clippings, letters, and other correspondence and materials related to the Civil War. Notable among these insertions are two issues of the soldier newspaper The Swamp Angel. A microfilm copy of the memoirs is available. See index below for a listing by page number of these loose and attached items found within the memoir ledger. It includes the names of those shown in photographs. The index also identifies, with the designation \"no page no.\", four loose items whose original location has been lost.","Box 3b contains a framed black and white photograph of Sergeant Major John Wilson, a member of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. This photograph was originally a loose item in the memoir in box 3a.","Series 4. Military Records, box 4.","Appleton's military records include a bound book of military service records, as well as photographs, commissions, and other materials.","The bound book of military service records of John W.M. Appleton includes his discharge papers; a photograph of Appleton in uniform, which is glued to the discharge papers; commissions for his service with the 54th Massachusetts, including Second Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; commission as Major of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery; muster out rolls; and appointment as West Virginia Adjutant General. Also contains newspaper clippings about the 54th Massachusetts and Civil War. Loose items from the bound book include officer commission paperwork; a Shaw Memorial postcard; an obituary clippings for Appleton; and newspaper clippings about 54th Massachusetts and USCTs, Fort Wagner, Florida battles, Charleston siege, and the death of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.","Photographs include a card mounted photo of Fort Warren, Boston, Massachusetts, ca. 1863, and a photo of Major John W.M. Appleton in 1864.","Also includes two oversize commissions, for quartermaster general and adjutant general.","Series 5. Business Papers, box 5a-5b.","Business papers contain a ledger from Oriental Powder Mills(box 5a). Appleton was an agent of the Oriental Powder Mill, located in Boston, MA, and Charleston, WV. The ledger includes correspondence and records concerning the mill and business transactions, mostly concerning the buying and selling of powder, during the 1870s. This series also includes another ledger containing Trustees Report on Estates of Dr. John Appleton (alternately known as Record Book of Dr. John Appleton of Cambridge, MA kept by his son, John W.M. Appleton, 1875-1912) (box 5b).","Index to loose and attached items in the memoir (Series 3, box 3a):\nPage 0; carte de visite photo, Private John Appleton, 1862\nPage 3; 3 carte de visite photos, Mrs. Appleton, Captain J.M. Appleton, N.P. Hallowell\nPage 7; 3 letters \nPage 9; 2 carte de visite photos, Colonel Robert G. Shaw, Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone\nPage 30; clipping\nPage 43; clipping (loose), illustration of defenses of Charleston\nPage 49; carte de visite photo, Captain Russell \nPage 51; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Sam Willard (Mann), Captain Simpkins\nPage 53; tintype photo of USCT soldier (contains information on back, but difficult to read due to attachment to memoir book)\nPage 55; clipping; 2 carte de visite photos, Adjutant G.W. James, structure\nPage 57; clipping; carte de visite photo, Colonel Robert G. Shaw\nPage 59; 2 clippings (fragile)\nPage 61; sketch; carte de visite photo, Captain George Pope\nPage 63; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Edward N. Jones, Lieutenant Edward B. Emerson\nPage 65; clipping\nPage 69; photo of hospital; carte de visite photo, Captain Luis Emilio\nPage 72; carte de visite photo, William Hallowell; map\nPage 73; 3 carte de visite photos, Sergeant Carney with flag, Drummer Henry Munroe, Drummer Miles Moore\nPage 74-79; clippings\nPage 81; clipping about Colonel Robert G. Shaw (loose)\nPage 83; carte de visite photo, Appleton Sturgis\nPage 87; 3 clippings (loose)\nPage 89; clipping\nPage 91; clipping; typescript listing of food rations\nPage 95; clipping\nPage 103; clipping\nPage 104; stereoview photo, Ruins of Cathedral Broad Street\nPage 105; 2 carte de visite photos, John Ritchie, C.A. Brigham\nPage 111; carte de visite photo, [William] Willie Homans; clipping of tent\nPage 113; carte de visite photo, Charles G. Chipman\nPage 127; clipping of song lyrics about colored troops\nPage 135; sketch of bomb proof\nPage 143; carte de visite photo, Willard Howard\nPage 144; carte de visite photo, Giles M. Pease\nPage 147; sketch of 54th Massachusetts regimental flag; carte de visite photo, E.N. Hallowell\nPage 149; typescript (loose)\nPage 159; Civil War era note; tintype photo, possibly of R.H.L. Jewett\nPage 161; photo of Jacksonville, Florida during Civil War\nPage 179; carte de visite photo of unidentified officer\nPage 181; carte de visite photo, Henry W. Litchfield\nPage 183; photo of signal tower in Jacksonville, Florida\nPage 187; typescript of Olustee, Florida battle casualties (loose)\nPage 219; sketch of 54th Massachusetts camp at Morris Island, 1864\nPage 223; typescript of General Order; carte de visite photo, Robert Newell\nPage 225; carte de visite photo, Fort Sumter; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 19, 1864 issue); manuscript note (loose)\nPage 227; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Tucker; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 228; carte de visite photo, Captain Homans; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 231; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 26, 1864 issue)\nPage 232; stereoview photo, interior of Fort Sumter\nPage 235; carte de visite photo, W.W. Bridge\nPage 237; photo of cannon and crew\nPage 239; clipping about Charles L. Chandler death\nPage 243; carte de visite photo, Tom Appleton\nPage 253; 3 carte de visite photos, Major John Appleton (2 of the photos are loose)\nPage 257; carte de visite photo, Lieutenant Fred Webster\nPage 261; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Briggs [Brigges] (loose)\nPage 265; 2 carte de visite photos, Lieutenant Rogers, Charles Hallett; photo of Port Royal House in Hilton Head, SC\nPage 267; clipping\nPage 269; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 274-280; clippings\nPage 281; typescript of letter written by Mary R. Appleton about USCT\nPage 282; clipping\nPage 284; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 285; General Order No. 50 for raising flag over Fort Sumter in 1865\nPage 286-end; clippings about 54th Massachusetts soldiers, casualties and death during the Civil War\nNo Page No.; letter from George Pope (Oct. 17, 1896)\nNo Page No.; clippings about the Battle of Olustee (1912)\nNo Page No.; clipping - \"The Civil War Fifty Years Ago\" (1913)\nNo Page No.; Report of Frank Fletcher, showing condition of company after Wagner"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9b4e106fac41cdd8069e0f3293b98f09\"\u003eJohn W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_ec37607c159bd234584aeb24f2e6a0e2\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops"],"names_coll_ssim":["Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"persname_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops","Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:54:54.254Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Complications from an illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered enough to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Major Appleton and his family moved to West Virginia when the war ended, where he was active in a variety of business pursuits and remained active in the military, attaining the position of adjutant general of West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAppleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records (series 2, 3, and 4), and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this African American regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSignificant topics documented by series 2, 3, and 4 include:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ethe geography and military installations around Charleston, South Carolina;\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nthe assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in and around Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863;\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nthe fatigue work, picket duty, and daily life of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry; and\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nthe Battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso included in the collection are family materials and business papers (series 1 and 5). The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 1. Family Materials, box 1 and box 4, unfoldered.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFamily materials include genealogical charts and two books: Memoir of Hon. William Appleton Prepared Agreeably to a Resolution of the Massachusetts Historical Society, by Rev. Chandler Robbins (Boston: Printed by J. Wilson and Son, 1863), and Memorial of Samuel Appleton of Ipswich, Massachusetts: With Genealogical Notices of Some of His Descendants, by Isaac Appleton Jewett (Boston: [publisher not identified], 1850), with signature of John W.M. Appleton inscribed. Also includes an oversize family tree (box 4, loose).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 2. Correspondence, box 2.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAppleton's personal correspondence includes a ledger of approximately 106 Civil War era letters, primarily written to his wife, dated April 1863 - March 1864. The letters are similar to the memoir, although they do contain some different material. Along with the letter book are seven loose letters, mostly from March 1863, one letter from February 1864, and a program for a Marine Corps band concert directed by John Phillip Sousa. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMajor topics of the letters include:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eFort Wagner Assault\u003c/emph\u003e -- Highlights include a letter written on July 18, 1863, the day of the assault, while Appleton and the 54th Massachusetts waited to attack Fort Wagner. Writing to his wife, Appleton describes the shelling and bombardment before the attack and troop positions for the attack. He also writes his goodbyes to his family. An addition at the bottom of the letter, written shortly after the assault ended, describes early details about the dead and wounded. Appleton was injured in the attack, and in his letter dated July 23, 1863, he assures his family that he is alright, although wounded. These letters are not included in the memoir. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eFortifications and Military Actions\u003c/emph\u003e -- Includes sketches and descriptions of fortifications and military actions on Folly's Island, Morris Island, and James Island, South Carolina. Also includes sketches, description of fight, and map of the battle at the Battle of Secessionville, SC. Siege of Charleston (fall 1863 and winter 1863/1864) descriptions include information about attacks and garrison duty throughout siege, bombardments of fortifications, and a sketch of Charleston Harbor and Fort Sumter from boat. Additionally, Appleton details the 1863 raids along the Georgia and South Carolina sea cost, and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864, including sketches and descriptions of engagements and camps.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAdditional Topics Include\u003c/emph\u003e -- Racial issues, soldier life, camp life, troop morale, Appleton's promotion to Major, and expeditions and raids against southern towns and plantations. Racial issues include United States Colored Troops (USCT), black soldiers, and contraband slaves. Descriptions of officers' camp life include descriptions of tents, cabins, religious activities, drilling, food, holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), firing squad, and funerals. Appleton's promotion to Major is documented by a letter of recommendation, among other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 3. Memoir, boxes 3a-3b.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBox 3a contains John W.M. Appleton's memoir ledger, which begins with a few letters, then transitions to a memoir which is written in the style of a journal. The memoir describes his service from 1863 to 1865 based on his wartime letters, but he frequently expanded on his descriptions of military activities and events, particularly for operations at Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, and near Jacksonville, Florida, during the Battle of Olustee. The memoir also contains excerpts from many of his wartime letters. Additional topics include fatigue work, picket duty, artillery bombardments, desertion, executions, his daily activities and camp life, staff officers and the men in his company, issues related to being a black regiment, including payroll inequality, serving with USCT units in Florida, the reaction to black troops, and his sunstroke and convalescence in a Hilton Head hospital in July 1864. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe memoir includes loose items and items glued to the pages, including photographs of officers and soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry and of the Appleton family. There are also newspaper clippings, letters, and other correspondence and materials related to the Civil War. Notable among these insertions are two issues of the soldier newspaper The Swamp Angel. A microfilm copy of the memoirs is available. See index below for a listing by page number of these loose and attached items found within the memoir ledger. It includes the names of those shown in photographs. The index also identifies, with the designation \"no page no.\", four loose items whose original location has been lost.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBox 3b contains a framed black and white photograph of Sergeant Major John Wilson, a member of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. This photograph was originally a loose item in the memoir in box 3a. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 4. Military Records, box 4.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAppleton's military records include a bound book of military service records, as well as photographs, commissions, and other materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe bound book of military service records of John W.M. Appleton includes his discharge papers; a photograph of Appleton in uniform, which is glued to the discharge papers; commissions for his service with the 54th Massachusetts, including Second Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; commission as Major of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery; muster out rolls; and appointment as West Virginia Adjutant General. Also contains newspaper clippings about the 54th Massachusetts and Civil War. Loose items from the bound book include officer commission paperwork; a Shaw Memorial postcard; an obituary clippings for Appleton; and newspaper clippings about 54th Massachusetts and USCTs, Fort Wagner, Florida battles, Charleston siege, and the death of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs include a card mounted photo of Fort Warren, Boston, Massachusetts, ca. 1863, and a photo of Major John W.M. Appleton in 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso includes two oversize commissions, for quartermaster general and adjutant general.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 5. Business Papers, box 5a-5b.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBusiness papers contain a ledger from Oriental Powder Mills(box 5a). Appleton was an agent of the Oriental Powder Mill, located in Boston, MA, and Charleston, WV. The ledger includes correspondence and records concerning the mill and business transactions, mostly concerning the buying and selling of powder, during the 1870s. This series also includes another ledger containing Trustees Report on Estates of Dr. John Appleton (alternately known as Record Book of Dr. John Appleton of Cambridge, MA kept by his son, John W.M. Appleton, 1875-1912) (box 5b).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eIndex to loose and attached items in the memoir (Series 3, box 3a):\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 0; carte de visite photo, Private John Appleton, 1862\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 3; 3 carte de visite photos, Mrs. Appleton, Captain J.M. Appleton, N.P. Hallowell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 7; 3 letters \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 9; 2 carte de visite photos, Colonel Robert G. Shaw, Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 30; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 43; clipping (loose), illustration of defenses of Charleston\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 49; carte de visite photo, Captain Russell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e \nPage 51; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Sam Willard (Mann), Captain Simpkins\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 53; tintype photo of USCT soldier (contains information on back, but difficult to read due to attachment to memoir book)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 55; clipping; 2 carte de visite photos, Adjutant G.W. James, structure\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 57; clipping; carte de visite photo, Colonel Robert G. Shaw\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 59; 2 clippings (fragile)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 61; sketch; carte de visite photo, Captain George Pope\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 63; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Edward N. Jones, Lieutenant Edward B. Emerson\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 65; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 69; photo of hospital; carte de visite photo, Captain Luis Emilio\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 72; carte de visite photo, William Hallowell; map\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 73; 3 carte de visite photos, Sergeant Carney with flag, Drummer Henry Munroe, Drummer Miles Moore\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 74-79; clippings\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 81; clipping about Colonel Robert G. Shaw (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 83; carte de visite photo, Appleton Sturgis\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 87; 3 clippings (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 89; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 91; clipping; typescript listing of food rations\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 95; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 103; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 104; stereoview photo, Ruins of Cathedral Broad Street\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 105; 2 carte de visite photos, John Ritchie, C.A. Brigham\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 111; carte de visite photo, [William] Willie Homans; clipping of tent\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 113; carte de visite photo, Charles G. Chipman\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 127; clipping of song lyrics about colored troops\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 135; sketch of bomb proof\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 143; carte de visite photo, Willard Howard\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 144; carte de visite photo, Giles M. Pease\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 147; sketch of 54th Massachusetts regimental flag; carte de visite photo, E.N. Hallowell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 149; typescript (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 159; Civil War era note; tintype photo, possibly of R.H.L. Jewett\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 161; photo of Jacksonville, Florida during Civil War\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 179; carte de visite photo of unidentified officer\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 181; carte de visite photo, Henry W. Litchfield\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 183; photo of signal tower in Jacksonville, Florida\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 187; typescript of Olustee, Florida battle casualties (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 219; sketch of 54th Massachusetts camp at Morris Island, 1864\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 223; typescript of General Order; carte de visite photo, Robert Newell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 225; carte de visite photo, Fort Sumter; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 19, 1864 issue); manuscript note (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 227; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Tucker; manuscript note (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 228; carte de visite photo, Captain Homans; manuscript note (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 231; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 26, 1864 issue)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 232; stereoview photo, interior of Fort Sumter\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 235; carte de visite photo, W.W. Bridge\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 237; photo of cannon and crew\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 239; clipping about Charles L. Chandler death\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 243; carte de visite photo, Tom Appleton\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 253; 3 carte de visite photos, Major John Appleton (2 of the photos are loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 257; carte de visite photo, Lieutenant Fred Webster\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 261; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Briggs [Brigges] (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 265; 2 carte de visite photos, Lieutenant Rogers, Charles Hallett; photo of Port Royal House in Hilton Head, SC\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 267; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 269; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 274-280; clippings\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 281; typescript of letter written by Mary R. Appleton about USCT\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 282; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 284; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 285; General Order No. 50 for raising flag over Fort Sumter in 1865\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 286-end; clippings about 54th Massachusetts soldiers, casualties and death during the Civil War\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; letter from George Pope (Oct. 17, 1896)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; clippings about the Battle of Olustee (1912)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; clipping - \"The Civil War Fifty Years Ago\" (1913)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; Report of Frank Fletcher, showing condition of company after Wagner\u003c/p\u003e  "],"collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2421.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/196487","title_ssm":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers"],"title_tesim":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1861-1913","1863-1864"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1861-1913"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1863-1864"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"text":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864","A\u0026M 0092","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2421","Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States. Army -- African American troops","African American soldiers -- History -- 19th century","African American soldiers","African Americans","Civil War -- Soldiers, Black","Civil War --  MA 54th. Vol. Inf.","Civil War - Massachusetts 54th Volunteers.","Fortification","Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864","Secessionville, Battle of, Secessionville, S.C., 1862","No special access restriction applies.","John W. M. Appleton was born in Massachusetts in 1833. In the early years of the Civil War he served in the Boston Cadet Corps on guard and escort duty and then on garrison duty at the Boston Harbor. In early 1863, Appleton was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed one of the first officers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers. Appleton survived the unit's unsuccessful assault at Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863, but sustained wounds that kept him out of service for several months. In late November 1863, Appleton was appointed acting assistant inspector for the brigade, and in December he was promoted to major. Appleton suffered from severe sunstroke while on duty at James Island, South Carolina, in July 1864. Complications from his illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered sufficiently to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He served with the unit at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, until the close of the war and mustered out of service in August 1865.","Major Appleton, his wife, Mary, and his young daughter, Mabel, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, when the Civil War ended. Appleton managed an artificial gas plant and later operated a woolen and grist mill. He also remained active in the military through the West Virginia Militia and National Guard and as adjutant general of West Virginia from 1897 to 1901. From 1886 to 1913, Appleton managed the Salt Sulphur Springs Resort in Monroe County. John W. M. Appleton died on his farm in Monroe County, West Virginia, in 1913.","John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Complications from an illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered enough to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Major Appleton and his family moved to West Virginia when the war ended, where he was active in a variety of business pursuits and remained active in the military, attaining the position of adjutant general of West Virginia.","Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records (series 2, 3, and 4), and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this African American regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters.","Significant topics documented by series 2, 3, and 4 include:","the geography and military installations around Charleston, South Carolina;\nthe assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in and around Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863;\nthe fatigue work, picket duty, and daily life of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry; and\nthe Battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864.","Also included in the collection are family materials and business papers (series 1 and 5). The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills.","Series 1. Family Materials, box 1 and box 4, unfoldered.","Family materials include genealogical charts and two books: Memoir of Hon. William Appleton Prepared Agreeably to a Resolution of the Massachusetts Historical Society, by Rev. Chandler Robbins (Boston: Printed by J. Wilson and Son, 1863), and Memorial of Samuel Appleton of Ipswich, Massachusetts: With Genealogical Notices of Some of His Descendants, by Isaac Appleton Jewett (Boston: [publisher not identified], 1850), with signature of John W.M. Appleton inscribed. Also includes an oversize family tree (box 4, loose).","Series 2. Correspondence, box 2.","Appleton's personal correspondence includes a ledger of approximately 106 Civil War era letters, primarily written to his wife, dated April 1863 - March 1864. The letters are similar to the memoir, although they do contain some different material. Along with the letter book are seven loose letters, mostly from March 1863, one letter from February 1864, and a program for a Marine Corps band concert directed by John Phillip Sousa.","Major topics of the letters include:","Fort Wagner Assault -- Highlights include a letter written on July 18, 1863, the day of the assault, while Appleton and the 54th Massachusetts waited to attack Fort Wagner. Writing to his wife, Appleton describes the shelling and bombardment before the attack and troop positions for the attack. He also writes his goodbyes to his family. An addition at the bottom of the letter, written shortly after the assault ended, describes early details about the dead and wounded. Appleton was injured in the attack, and in his letter dated July 23, 1863, he assures his family that he is alright, although wounded. These letters are not included in the memoir.","Fortifications and Military Actions -- Includes sketches and descriptions of fortifications and military actions on Folly's Island, Morris Island, and James Island, South Carolina. Also includes sketches, description of fight, and map of the battle at the Battle of Secessionville, SC. Siege of Charleston (fall 1863 and winter 1863/1864) descriptions include information about attacks and garrison duty throughout siege, bombardments of fortifications, and a sketch of Charleston Harbor and Fort Sumter from boat. Additionally, Appleton details the 1863 raids along the Georgia and South Carolina sea cost, and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864, including sketches and descriptions of engagements and camps.","Additional Topics Include -- Racial issues, soldier life, camp life, troop morale, Appleton's promotion to Major, and expeditions and raids against southern towns and plantations. Racial issues include United States Colored Troops (USCT), black soldiers, and contraband slaves. Descriptions of officers' camp life include descriptions of tents, cabins, religious activities, drilling, food, holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), firing squad, and funerals. Appleton's promotion to Major is documented by a letter of recommendation, among other material.","Series 3. Memoir, boxes 3a-3b.","Box 3a contains John W.M. Appleton's memoir ledger, which begins with a few letters, then transitions to a memoir which is written in the style of a journal. The memoir describes his service from 1863 to 1865 based on his wartime letters, but he frequently expanded on his descriptions of military activities and events, particularly for operations at Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, and near Jacksonville, Florida, during the Battle of Olustee. The memoir also contains excerpts from many of his wartime letters. Additional topics include fatigue work, picket duty, artillery bombardments, desertion, executions, his daily activities and camp life, staff officers and the men in his company, issues related to being a black regiment, including payroll inequality, serving with USCT units in Florida, the reaction to black troops, and his sunstroke and convalescence in a Hilton Head hospital in July 1864.","The memoir includes loose items and items glued to the pages, including photographs of officers and soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry and of the Appleton family. There are also newspaper clippings, letters, and other correspondence and materials related to the Civil War. Notable among these insertions are two issues of the soldier newspaper The Swamp Angel. A microfilm copy of the memoirs is available. See index below for a listing by page number of these loose and attached items found within the memoir ledger. It includes the names of those shown in photographs. The index also identifies, with the designation \"no page no.\", four loose items whose original location has been lost.","Box 3b contains a framed black and white photograph of Sergeant Major John Wilson, a member of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. This photograph was originally a loose item in the memoir in box 3a.","Series 4. Military Records, box 4.","Appleton's military records include a bound book of military service records, as well as photographs, commissions, and other materials.","The bound book of military service records of John W.M. Appleton includes his discharge papers; a photograph of Appleton in uniform, which is glued to the discharge papers; commissions for his service with the 54th Massachusetts, including Second Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; commission as Major of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery; muster out rolls; and appointment as West Virginia Adjutant General. Also contains newspaper clippings about the 54th Massachusetts and Civil War. Loose items from the bound book include officer commission paperwork; a Shaw Memorial postcard; an obituary clippings for Appleton; and newspaper clippings about 54th Massachusetts and USCTs, Fort Wagner, Florida battles, Charleston siege, and the death of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.","Photographs include a card mounted photo of Fort Warren, Boston, Massachusetts, ca. 1863, and a photo of Major John W.M. Appleton in 1864.","Also includes two oversize commissions, for quartermaster general and adjutant general.","Series 5. Business Papers, box 5a-5b.","Business papers contain a ledger from Oriental Powder Mills(box 5a). Appleton was an agent of the Oriental Powder Mill, located in Boston, MA, and Charleston, WV. The ledger includes correspondence and records concerning the mill and business transactions, mostly concerning the buying and selling of powder, during the 1870s. This series also includes another ledger containing Trustees Report on Estates of Dr. John Appleton (alternately known as Record Book of Dr. John Appleton of Cambridge, MA kept by his son, John W.M. Appleton, 1875-1912) (box 5b).","Index to loose and attached items in the memoir (Series 3, box 3a):\nPage 0; carte de visite photo, Private John Appleton, 1862\nPage 3; 3 carte de visite photos, Mrs. Appleton, Captain J.M. Appleton, N.P. Hallowell\nPage 7; 3 letters \nPage 9; 2 carte de visite photos, Colonel Robert G. Shaw, Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone\nPage 30; clipping\nPage 43; clipping (loose), illustration of defenses of Charleston\nPage 49; carte de visite photo, Captain Russell \nPage 51; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Sam Willard (Mann), Captain Simpkins\nPage 53; tintype photo of USCT soldier (contains information on back, but difficult to read due to attachment to memoir book)\nPage 55; clipping; 2 carte de visite photos, Adjutant G.W. James, structure\nPage 57; clipping; carte de visite photo, Colonel Robert G. Shaw\nPage 59; 2 clippings (fragile)\nPage 61; sketch; carte de visite photo, Captain George Pope\nPage 63; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Edward N. Jones, Lieutenant Edward B. Emerson\nPage 65; clipping\nPage 69; photo of hospital; carte de visite photo, Captain Luis Emilio\nPage 72; carte de visite photo, William Hallowell; map\nPage 73; 3 carte de visite photos, Sergeant Carney with flag, Drummer Henry Munroe, Drummer Miles Moore\nPage 74-79; clippings\nPage 81; clipping about Colonel Robert G. Shaw (loose)\nPage 83; carte de visite photo, Appleton Sturgis\nPage 87; 3 clippings (loose)\nPage 89; clipping\nPage 91; clipping; typescript listing of food rations\nPage 95; clipping\nPage 103; clipping\nPage 104; stereoview photo, Ruins of Cathedral Broad Street\nPage 105; 2 carte de visite photos, John Ritchie, C.A. Brigham\nPage 111; carte de visite photo, [William] Willie Homans; clipping of tent\nPage 113; carte de visite photo, Charles G. Chipman\nPage 127; clipping of song lyrics about colored troops\nPage 135; sketch of bomb proof\nPage 143; carte de visite photo, Willard Howard\nPage 144; carte de visite photo, Giles M. Pease\nPage 147; sketch of 54th Massachusetts regimental flag; carte de visite photo, E.N. Hallowell\nPage 149; typescript (loose)\nPage 159; Civil War era note; tintype photo, possibly of R.H.L. Jewett\nPage 161; photo of Jacksonville, Florida during Civil War\nPage 179; carte de visite photo of unidentified officer\nPage 181; carte de visite photo, Henry W. Litchfield\nPage 183; photo of signal tower in Jacksonville, Florida\nPage 187; typescript of Olustee, Florida battle casualties (loose)\nPage 219; sketch of 54th Massachusetts camp at Morris Island, 1864\nPage 223; typescript of General Order; carte de visite photo, Robert Newell\nPage 225; carte de visite photo, Fort Sumter; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 19, 1864 issue); manuscript note (loose)\nPage 227; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Tucker; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 228; carte de visite photo, Captain Homans; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 231; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 26, 1864 issue)\nPage 232; stereoview photo, interior of Fort Sumter\nPage 235; carte de visite photo, W.W. Bridge\nPage 237; photo of cannon and crew\nPage 239; clipping about Charles L. Chandler death\nPage 243; carte de visite photo, Tom Appleton\nPage 253; 3 carte de visite photos, Major John Appleton (2 of the photos are loose)\nPage 257; carte de visite photo, Lieutenant Fred Webster\nPage 261; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Briggs [Brigges] (loose)\nPage 265; 2 carte de visite photos, Lieutenant Rogers, Charles Hallett; photo of Port Royal House in Hilton Head, SC\nPage 267; clipping\nPage 269; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 274-280; clippings\nPage 281; typescript of letter written by Mary R. Appleton about USCT\nPage 282; clipping\nPage 284; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 285; General Order No. 50 for raising flag over Fort Sumter in 1865\nPage 286-end; clippings about 54th Massachusetts soldiers, casualties and death during the Civil War\nNo Page No.; letter from George Pope (Oct. 17, 1896)\nNo Page No.; clippings about the Battle of Olustee (1912)\nNo Page No.; clipping - \"The Civil War Fifty Years Ago\" (1913)\nNo Page No.; Report of Frank Fletcher, showing condition of company after Wagner","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops","Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick.","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"collection_ssim":["John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, 1861/1913, bulk 1863/1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0092","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2421"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0092","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2421"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"geogname_ssim":["Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"places_ssim":["Boston (Mass.)","Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.)","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Charleston (S.C.) -- History -- Siege, 1863","Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.)","Fort Wagner (S.C.)","Fort Warren (Mass.)","Jacksonville (Fla.)","Massachusetts - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Participation, African American.","Morris Island (S.C.)","Morris Island (S.C.) --  History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"creator_ssm":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913"],"creator_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops"],"creators_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick.","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["United States. Army -- African American troops","African American soldiers -- History -- 19th century","African American soldiers","African Americans","Civil War -- Soldiers, Black","Civil War --  MA 54th. Vol. Inf.","Civil War - Massachusetts 54th Volunteers.","Fortification","Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864","Secessionville, Battle of, Secessionville, S.C., 1862"],"access_subjects_ssm":["United States. Army -- African American troops","African American soldiers -- History -- 19th century","African American soldiers","African Americans","Civil War -- Soldiers, Black","Civil War --  MA 54th. Vol. Inf.","Civil War - Massachusetts 54th Volunteers.","Fortification","Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864","Secessionville, Battle of, Secessionville, S.C., 1862"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.98 Linear Feet Summary: 1 ft. 11 3/4 in. (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.); (4 flat storage boxes, 3 in.); (1 flat storage box, 4 in.); (1 flat storage box, 3 1/2 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["1.98 Linear Feet Summary: 1 ft. 11 3/4 in. (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.); (4 flat storage boxes, 3 in.); (1 flat storage box, 4 in.); (1 flat storage box, 3 1/2 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn W. M. Appleton was born in Massachusetts in 1833. In the early years of the Civil War he served in the Boston Cadet Corps on guard and escort duty and then on garrison duty at the Boston Harbor. In early 1863, Appleton was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed one of the first officers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers. Appleton survived the unit's unsuccessful assault at Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863, but sustained wounds that kept him out of service for several months. In late November 1863, Appleton was appointed acting assistant inspector for the brigade, and in December he was promoted to major. Appleton suffered from severe sunstroke while on duty at James Island, South Carolina, in July 1864. Complications from his illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered sufficiently to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He served with the unit at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, until the close of the war and mustered out of service in August 1865. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMajor Appleton, his wife, Mary, and his young daughter, Mabel, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, when the Civil War ended. Appleton managed an artificial gas plant and later operated a woolen and grist mill. He also remained active in the military through the West Virginia Militia and National Guard and as adjutant general of West Virginia from 1897 to 1901. From 1886 to 1913, Appleton managed the Salt Sulphur Springs Resort in Monroe County. John W. M. Appleton died on his farm in Monroe County, West Virginia, in 1913.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John W. M. Appleton was born in Massachusetts in 1833. In the early years of the Civil War he served in the Boston Cadet Corps on guard and escort duty and then on garrison duty at the Boston Harbor. In early 1863, Appleton was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed one of the first officers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers. Appleton survived the unit's unsuccessful assault at Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863, but sustained wounds that kept him out of service for several months. In late November 1863, Appleton was appointed acting assistant inspector for the brigade, and in December he was promoted to major. Appleton suffered from severe sunstroke while on duty at James Island, South Carolina, in July 1864. Complications from his illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered sufficiently to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He served with the unit at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, until the close of the war and mustered out of service in August 1865.","Major Appleton, his wife, Mary, and his young daughter, Mabel, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, when the Civil War ended. Appleton managed an artificial gas plant and later operated a woolen and grist mill. He also remained active in the military through the West Virginia Militia and National Guard and as adjutant general of West Virginia from 1897 to 1901. From 1886 to 1913, Appleton managed the Salt Sulphur Springs Resort in Monroe County. John W. M. Appleton died on his farm in Monroe County, West Virginia, in 1913."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, A\u0026amp;M 0092, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], John W.M. Appleton (1832-1913), Soldier, Civil War Papers, A\u0026M 0092, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Complications from an illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered enough to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Major Appleton and his family moved to West Virginia when the war ended, where he was active in a variety of business pursuits and remained active in the military, attaining the position of adjutant general of West Virginia.","Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records (series 2, 3, and 4), and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this African American regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters.","Significant topics documented by series 2, 3, and 4 include:","the geography and military installations around Charleston, South Carolina;\nthe assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in and around Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863;\nthe fatigue work, picket duty, and daily life of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry; and\nthe Battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864.","Also included in the collection are family materials and business papers (series 1 and 5). The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills.","Series 1. Family Materials, box 1 and box 4, unfoldered.","Family materials include genealogical charts and two books: Memoir of Hon. William Appleton Prepared Agreeably to a Resolution of the Massachusetts Historical Society, by Rev. Chandler Robbins (Boston: Printed by J. Wilson and Son, 1863), and Memorial of Samuel Appleton of Ipswich, Massachusetts: With Genealogical Notices of Some of His Descendants, by Isaac Appleton Jewett (Boston: [publisher not identified], 1850), with signature of John W.M. Appleton inscribed. Also includes an oversize family tree (box 4, loose).","Series 2. Correspondence, box 2.","Appleton's personal correspondence includes a ledger of approximately 106 Civil War era letters, primarily written to his wife, dated April 1863 - March 1864. The letters are similar to the memoir, although they do contain some different material. Along with the letter book are seven loose letters, mostly from March 1863, one letter from February 1864, and a program for a Marine Corps band concert directed by John Phillip Sousa.","Major topics of the letters include:","Fort Wagner Assault -- Highlights include a letter written on July 18, 1863, the day of the assault, while Appleton and the 54th Massachusetts waited to attack Fort Wagner. Writing to his wife, Appleton describes the shelling and bombardment before the attack and troop positions for the attack. He also writes his goodbyes to his family. An addition at the bottom of the letter, written shortly after the assault ended, describes early details about the dead and wounded. Appleton was injured in the attack, and in his letter dated July 23, 1863, he assures his family that he is alright, although wounded. These letters are not included in the memoir.","Fortifications and Military Actions -- Includes sketches and descriptions of fortifications and military actions on Folly's Island, Morris Island, and James Island, South Carolina. Also includes sketches, description of fight, and map of the battle at the Battle of Secessionville, SC. Siege of Charleston (fall 1863 and winter 1863/1864) descriptions include information about attacks and garrison duty throughout siege, bombardments of fortifications, and a sketch of Charleston Harbor and Fort Sumter from boat. Additionally, Appleton details the 1863 raids along the Georgia and South Carolina sea cost, and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864, including sketches and descriptions of engagements and camps.","Additional Topics Include -- Racial issues, soldier life, camp life, troop morale, Appleton's promotion to Major, and expeditions and raids against southern towns and plantations. Racial issues include United States Colored Troops (USCT), black soldiers, and contraband slaves. Descriptions of officers' camp life include descriptions of tents, cabins, religious activities, drilling, food, holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), firing squad, and funerals. Appleton's promotion to Major is documented by a letter of recommendation, among other material.","Series 3. Memoir, boxes 3a-3b.","Box 3a contains John W.M. Appleton's memoir ledger, which begins with a few letters, then transitions to a memoir which is written in the style of a journal. The memoir describes his service from 1863 to 1865 based on his wartime letters, but he frequently expanded on his descriptions of military activities and events, particularly for operations at Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, and near Jacksonville, Florida, during the Battle of Olustee. The memoir also contains excerpts from many of his wartime letters. Additional topics include fatigue work, picket duty, artillery bombardments, desertion, executions, his daily activities and camp life, staff officers and the men in his company, issues related to being a black regiment, including payroll inequality, serving with USCT units in Florida, the reaction to black troops, and his sunstroke and convalescence in a Hilton Head hospital in July 1864.","The memoir includes loose items and items glued to the pages, including photographs of officers and soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry and of the Appleton family. There are also newspaper clippings, letters, and other correspondence and materials related to the Civil War. Notable among these insertions are two issues of the soldier newspaper The Swamp Angel. A microfilm copy of the memoirs is available. See index below for a listing by page number of these loose and attached items found within the memoir ledger. It includes the names of those shown in photographs. The index also identifies, with the designation \"no page no.\", four loose items whose original location has been lost.","Box 3b contains a framed black and white photograph of Sergeant Major John Wilson, a member of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. This photograph was originally a loose item in the memoir in box 3a.","Series 4. Military Records, box 4.","Appleton's military records include a bound book of military service records, as well as photographs, commissions, and other materials.","The bound book of military service records of John W.M. Appleton includes his discharge papers; a photograph of Appleton in uniform, which is glued to the discharge papers; commissions for his service with the 54th Massachusetts, including Second Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; commission as Major of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery; muster out rolls; and appointment as West Virginia Adjutant General. Also contains newspaper clippings about the 54th Massachusetts and Civil War. Loose items from the bound book include officer commission paperwork; a Shaw Memorial postcard; an obituary clippings for Appleton; and newspaper clippings about 54th Massachusetts and USCTs, Fort Wagner, Florida battles, Charleston siege, and the death of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.","Photographs include a card mounted photo of Fort Warren, Boston, Massachusetts, ca. 1863, and a photo of Major John W.M. Appleton in 1864.","Also includes two oversize commissions, for quartermaster general and adjutant general.","Series 5. Business Papers, box 5a-5b.","Business papers contain a ledger from Oriental Powder Mills(box 5a). Appleton was an agent of the Oriental Powder Mill, located in Boston, MA, and Charleston, WV. The ledger includes correspondence and records concerning the mill and business transactions, mostly concerning the buying and selling of powder, during the 1870s. This series also includes another ledger containing Trustees Report on Estates of Dr. John Appleton (alternately known as Record Book of Dr. John Appleton of Cambridge, MA kept by his son, John W.M. Appleton, 1875-1912) (box 5b).","Index to loose and attached items in the memoir (Series 3, box 3a):\nPage 0; carte de visite photo, Private John Appleton, 1862\nPage 3; 3 carte de visite photos, Mrs. Appleton, Captain J.M. Appleton, N.P. Hallowell\nPage 7; 3 letters \nPage 9; 2 carte de visite photos, Colonel Robert G. Shaw, Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone\nPage 30; clipping\nPage 43; clipping (loose), illustration of defenses of Charleston\nPage 49; carte de visite photo, Captain Russell \nPage 51; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Sam Willard (Mann), Captain Simpkins\nPage 53; tintype photo of USCT soldier (contains information on back, but difficult to read due to attachment to memoir book)\nPage 55; clipping; 2 carte de visite photos, Adjutant G.W. James, structure\nPage 57; clipping; carte de visite photo, Colonel Robert G. Shaw\nPage 59; 2 clippings (fragile)\nPage 61; sketch; carte de visite photo, Captain George Pope\nPage 63; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Edward N. Jones, Lieutenant Edward B. Emerson\nPage 65; clipping\nPage 69; photo of hospital; carte de visite photo, Captain Luis Emilio\nPage 72; carte de visite photo, William Hallowell; map\nPage 73; 3 carte de visite photos, Sergeant Carney with flag, Drummer Henry Munroe, Drummer Miles Moore\nPage 74-79; clippings\nPage 81; clipping about Colonel Robert G. Shaw (loose)\nPage 83; carte de visite photo, Appleton Sturgis\nPage 87; 3 clippings (loose)\nPage 89; clipping\nPage 91; clipping; typescript listing of food rations\nPage 95; clipping\nPage 103; clipping\nPage 104; stereoview photo, Ruins of Cathedral Broad Street\nPage 105; 2 carte de visite photos, John Ritchie, C.A. Brigham\nPage 111; carte de visite photo, [William] Willie Homans; clipping of tent\nPage 113; carte de visite photo, Charles G. Chipman\nPage 127; clipping of song lyrics about colored troops\nPage 135; sketch of bomb proof\nPage 143; carte de visite photo, Willard Howard\nPage 144; carte de visite photo, Giles M. Pease\nPage 147; sketch of 54th Massachusetts regimental flag; carte de visite photo, E.N. Hallowell\nPage 149; typescript (loose)\nPage 159; Civil War era note; tintype photo, possibly of R.H.L. Jewett\nPage 161; photo of Jacksonville, Florida during Civil War\nPage 179; carte de visite photo of unidentified officer\nPage 181; carte de visite photo, Henry W. Litchfield\nPage 183; photo of signal tower in Jacksonville, Florida\nPage 187; typescript of Olustee, Florida battle casualties (loose)\nPage 219; sketch of 54th Massachusetts camp at Morris Island, 1864\nPage 223; typescript of General Order; carte de visite photo, Robert Newell\nPage 225; carte de visite photo, Fort Sumter; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 19, 1864 issue); manuscript note (loose)\nPage 227; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Tucker; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 228; carte de visite photo, Captain Homans; manuscript note (loose)\nPage 231; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 26, 1864 issue)\nPage 232; stereoview photo, interior of Fort Sumter\nPage 235; carte de visite photo, W.W. Bridge\nPage 237; photo of cannon and crew\nPage 239; clipping about Charles L. Chandler death\nPage 243; carte de visite photo, Tom Appleton\nPage 253; 3 carte de visite photos, Major John Appleton (2 of the photos are loose)\nPage 257; carte de visite photo, Lieutenant Fred Webster\nPage 261; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Briggs [Brigges] (loose)\nPage 265; 2 carte de visite photos, Lieutenant Rogers, Charles Hallett; photo of Port Royal House in Hilton Head, SC\nPage 267; clipping\nPage 269; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 274-280; clippings\nPage 281; typescript of letter written by Mary R. Appleton about USCT\nPage 282; clipping\nPage 284; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\nPage 285; General Order No. 50 for raising flag over Fort Sumter in 1865\nPage 286-end; clippings about 54th Massachusetts soldiers, casualties and death during the Civil War\nNo Page No.; letter from George Pope (Oct. 17, 1896)\nNo Page No.; clippings about the Battle of Olustee (1912)\nNo Page No.; clipping - \"The Civil War Fifty Years Ago\" (1913)\nNo Page No.; Report of Frank Fletcher, showing condition of company after Wagner"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9b4e106fac41cdd8069e0f3293b98f09\"\u003eJohn W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["John W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Appleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records, and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters. Significant topics include the geography around Charleston, South Carolina; the assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in the Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863; the fatigue work and picket duty of the 54th Massachusetts; and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864. Also included are family materials and business papers. The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills. See Scope and Content Note for more details. See Historical Note for more information about Appleton."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_ec37607c159bd234584aeb24f2e6a0e2\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops"],"names_coll_ssim":["Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"persname_ssim":["Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Oriental Powder Mills  (Charleston, W. Va.)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, 1st (1862-1865)","United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 54th (1863-1865)","United States. Colored Troops","Appleton, John W. M., 1832-1913","Appleton, Dr. John.","Appleton, Samuel.","Appleton, William.","Armstrong, Fredrick."],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:54:54.254Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn W. M. Appleton (1833-1913) was an officer in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the Union's first regiment of African American soldiers, during the Civil War. Complications from an illness forced his early resignation from the 54th Massachusetts in late 1864, but by early 1865 Appleton had recovered enough to perform garrison duties with the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Major Appleton and his family moved to West Virginia when the war ended, where he was active in a variety of business pursuits and remained active in the military, attaining the position of adjutant general of West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAppleton's letters to his wife, memoirs, military records (series 2, 3, and 4), and other materials provide a detailed account of his military service with this African American regiment, including the daily operations and activities of his company, troop movements and engagements, and the challenges facing black troops. Appleton also drew detailed sketches in his memoir and letters that depict the battlefield landscape and his unit's positions, including fortifications, encampments, and quarters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSignificant topics documented by series 2, 3, and 4 include:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ethe geography and military installations around Charleston, South Carolina;\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nthe assault on Fort Wagner and other engagements in and around Charleston Harbor in the summer and fall of 1863;\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nthe fatigue work, picket duty, and daily life of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry; and\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nthe Battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso included in the collection are family materials and business papers (series 1 and 5). The family materials include genealogy as well as books about Hon. William Appleton and Samuel Appleton. The business papers contain a ledger from Appleton's time as an agent with Oriental Powder Mills.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 1. Family Materials, box 1 and box 4, unfoldered.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFamily materials include genealogical charts and two books: Memoir of Hon. William Appleton Prepared Agreeably to a Resolution of the Massachusetts Historical Society, by Rev. Chandler Robbins (Boston: Printed by J. Wilson and Son, 1863), and Memorial of Samuel Appleton of Ipswich, Massachusetts: With Genealogical Notices of Some of His Descendants, by Isaac Appleton Jewett (Boston: [publisher not identified], 1850), with signature of John W.M. Appleton inscribed. Also includes an oversize family tree (box 4, loose).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 2. Correspondence, box 2.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAppleton's personal correspondence includes a ledger of approximately 106 Civil War era letters, primarily written to his wife, dated April 1863 - March 1864. The letters are similar to the memoir, although they do contain some different material. Along with the letter book are seven loose letters, mostly from March 1863, one letter from February 1864, and a program for a Marine Corps band concert directed by John Phillip Sousa. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMajor topics of the letters include:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eFort Wagner Assault\u003c/emph\u003e -- Highlights include a letter written on July 18, 1863, the day of the assault, while Appleton and the 54th Massachusetts waited to attack Fort Wagner. Writing to his wife, Appleton describes the shelling and bombardment before the attack and troop positions for the attack. He also writes his goodbyes to his family. An addition at the bottom of the letter, written shortly after the assault ended, describes early details about the dead and wounded. Appleton was injured in the attack, and in his letter dated July 23, 1863, he assures his family that he is alright, although wounded. These letters are not included in the memoir. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eFortifications and Military Actions\u003c/emph\u003e -- Includes sketches and descriptions of fortifications and military actions on Folly's Island, Morris Island, and James Island, South Carolina. Also includes sketches, description of fight, and map of the battle at the Battle of Secessionville, SC. Siege of Charleston (fall 1863 and winter 1863/1864) descriptions include information about attacks and garrison duty throughout siege, bombardments of fortifications, and a sketch of Charleston Harbor and Fort Sumter from boat. Additionally, Appleton details the 1863 raids along the Georgia and South Carolina sea cost, and the battle of Olustee and related engagements near Jacksonville, Florida, in February and March 1864, including sketches and descriptions of engagements and camps.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAdditional Topics Include\u003c/emph\u003e -- Racial issues, soldier life, camp life, troop morale, Appleton's promotion to Major, and expeditions and raids against southern towns and plantations. Racial issues include United States Colored Troops (USCT), black soldiers, and contraband slaves. Descriptions of officers' camp life include descriptions of tents, cabins, religious activities, drilling, food, holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), firing squad, and funerals. Appleton's promotion to Major is documented by a letter of recommendation, among other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 3. Memoir, boxes 3a-3b.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBox 3a contains John W.M. Appleton's memoir ledger, which begins with a few letters, then transitions to a memoir which is written in the style of a journal. The memoir describes his service from 1863 to 1865 based on his wartime letters, but he frequently expanded on his descriptions of military activities and events, particularly for operations at Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, and near Jacksonville, Florida, during the Battle of Olustee. The memoir also contains excerpts from many of his wartime letters. Additional topics include fatigue work, picket duty, artillery bombardments, desertion, executions, his daily activities and camp life, staff officers and the men in his company, issues related to being a black regiment, including payroll inequality, serving with USCT units in Florida, the reaction to black troops, and his sunstroke and convalescence in a Hilton Head hospital in July 1864. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe memoir includes loose items and items glued to the pages, including photographs of officers and soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry and of the Appleton family. There are also newspaper clippings, letters, and other correspondence and materials related to the Civil War. Notable among these insertions are two issues of the soldier newspaper The Swamp Angel. A microfilm copy of the memoirs is available. See index below for a listing by page number of these loose and attached items found within the memoir ledger. It includes the names of those shown in photographs. The index also identifies, with the designation \"no page no.\", four loose items whose original location has been lost.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBox 3b contains a framed black and white photograph of Sergeant Major John Wilson, a member of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. This photograph was originally a loose item in the memoir in box 3a. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 4. Military Records, box 4.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAppleton's military records include a bound book of military service records, as well as photographs, commissions, and other materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe bound book of military service records of John W.M. Appleton includes his discharge papers; a photograph of Appleton in uniform, which is glued to the discharge papers; commissions for his service with the 54th Massachusetts, including Second Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; commission as Major of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Heavy Artillery; muster out rolls; and appointment as West Virginia Adjutant General. Also contains newspaper clippings about the 54th Massachusetts and Civil War. Loose items from the bound book include officer commission paperwork; a Shaw Memorial postcard; an obituary clippings for Appleton; and newspaper clippings about 54th Massachusetts and USCTs, Fort Wagner, Florida battles, Charleston siege, and the death of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs include a card mounted photo of Fort Warren, Boston, Massachusetts, ca. 1863, and a photo of Major John W.M. Appleton in 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso includes two oversize commissions, for quartermaster general and adjutant general.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 5. Business Papers, box 5a-5b.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBusiness papers contain a ledger from Oriental Powder Mills(box 5a). Appleton was an agent of the Oriental Powder Mill, located in Boston, MA, and Charleston, WV. The ledger includes correspondence and records concerning the mill and business transactions, mostly concerning the buying and selling of powder, during the 1870s. This series also includes another ledger containing Trustees Report on Estates of Dr. John Appleton (alternately known as Record Book of Dr. John Appleton of Cambridge, MA kept by his son, John W.M. Appleton, 1875-1912) (box 5b).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eIndex to loose and attached items in the memoir (Series 3, box 3a):\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 0; carte de visite photo, Private John Appleton, 1862\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 3; 3 carte de visite photos, Mrs. Appleton, Captain J.M. Appleton, N.P. Hallowell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 7; 3 letters \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 9; 2 carte de visite photos, Colonel Robert G. Shaw, Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 30; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 43; clipping (loose), illustration of defenses of Charleston\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 49; carte de visite photo, Captain Russell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e \nPage 51; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Sam Willard (Mann), Captain Simpkins\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 53; tintype photo of USCT soldier (contains information on back, but difficult to read due to attachment to memoir book)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 55; clipping; 2 carte de visite photos, Adjutant G.W. James, structure\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 57; clipping; carte de visite photo, Colonel Robert G. Shaw\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 59; 2 clippings (fragile)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 61; sketch; carte de visite photo, Captain George Pope\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 63; 2 carte de visite photos, Captain Edward N. Jones, Lieutenant Edward B. Emerson\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 65; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 69; photo of hospital; carte de visite photo, Captain Luis Emilio\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 72; carte de visite photo, William Hallowell; map\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 73; 3 carte de visite photos, Sergeant Carney with flag, Drummer Henry Munroe, Drummer Miles Moore\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 74-79; clippings\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 81; clipping about Colonel Robert G. Shaw (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 83; carte de visite photo, Appleton Sturgis\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 87; 3 clippings (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 89; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 91; clipping; typescript listing of food rations\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 95; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 103; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 104; stereoview photo, Ruins of Cathedral Broad Street\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 105; 2 carte de visite photos, John Ritchie, C.A. Brigham\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 111; carte de visite photo, [William] Willie Homans; clipping of tent\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 113; carte de visite photo, Charles G. Chipman\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 127; clipping of song lyrics about colored troops\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 135; sketch of bomb proof\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 143; carte de visite photo, Willard Howard\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 144; carte de visite photo, Giles M. Pease\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 147; sketch of 54th Massachusetts regimental flag; carte de visite photo, E.N. Hallowell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 149; typescript (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 159; Civil War era note; tintype photo, possibly of R.H.L. Jewett\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 161; photo of Jacksonville, Florida during Civil War\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 179; carte de visite photo of unidentified officer\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 181; carte de visite photo, Henry W. Litchfield\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 183; photo of signal tower in Jacksonville, Florida\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 187; typescript of Olustee, Florida battle casualties (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 219; sketch of 54th Massachusetts camp at Morris Island, 1864\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 223; typescript of General Order; carte de visite photo, Robert Newell\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 225; carte de visite photo, Fort Sumter; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 19, 1864 issue); manuscript note (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 227; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Tucker; manuscript note (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 228; carte de visite photo, Captain Homans; manuscript note (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 231; Swamp Angel (camp newspaper, May 26, 1864 issue)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 232; stereoview photo, interior of Fort Sumter\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 235; carte de visite photo, W.W. Bridge\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 237; photo of cannon and crew\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 239; clipping about Charles L. Chandler death\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 243; carte de visite photo, Tom Appleton\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 253; 3 carte de visite photos, Major John Appleton (2 of the photos are loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 257; carte de visite photo, Lieutenant Fred Webster\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 261; carte de visite photo, Charles E. Briggs [Brigges] (loose)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 265; 2 carte de visite photos, Lieutenant Rogers, Charles Hallett; photo of Port Royal House in Hilton Head, SC\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 267; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 269; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 274-280; clippings\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 281; typescript of letter written by Mary R. Appleton about USCT\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 282; clipping\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 284; typescript, Senate Bill granting medals to 54th Massachusetts members\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 285; General Order No. 50 for raising flag over Fort Sumter in 1865\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPage 286-end; clippings about 54th Massachusetts soldiers, casualties and death during the Civil War\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; letter from George Pope (Oct. 17, 1896)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; clippings about the Battle of Olustee (1912)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; clipping - \"The Civil War Fifty Years Ago\" (1913)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNo Page No.; Report of Frank Fletcher, showing condition of company after Wagner\u003c/p\u003e  "]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2421"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1733","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Madeleine Coleman Roach papers, 1942/1945","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1733#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1733#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1733#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1733","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1733","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1733","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1733","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1733.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/212805","title_filing_ssi":"Roach, Madeleine Coleman papers","title_ssm":["Madeleine Coleman Roach papers"],"title_tesim":["Madeleine Coleman Roach papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1942-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1942-1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1942/1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Madeleine Coleman Roach papers, 1942/1945"],"text":["Madeleine Coleman Roach papers, 1942/1945","MSS 16869","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1733","African American women","African American soldiers","The collection is open for research use.","Corporal Madeleine Coleman Roach, a South Ozone Park resident of Queens, New York and a member of the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion — an all-female and predominantly African-American women in the Army Corps — during World War II. Coleman enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943,began active service in September 1943. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945 and becoming one of the 855 women in the Triple Six Eight.","Madeleine Coleman was originally from a farm in Milstead, Alabama but was sent to New York by one of her aunts from South Carolina, who moved to Harlem. Prior to enlisting, she met John Roach, in the late 1930s at the Harlem Evening High School. He signed up for the armed services, as a Technical Sargent and stenographer in the 67th regiment stationed in England and France. She decided to sign up as well.  While Madeleine had an active social life in the Service Club and dated a lot, she knew that he would be the one man for her. They were married in Rouen, France in 1945 after the mail was cleared and she had sailed on the [RMS] Queens Elizabeth to Le Havre France where the 6888 cleared up more backlogs of mail.","The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was tasked with catching up a two-year backlog of 17 million pieces of mail, which left people in the military with low morale. The battalion consisted of stenographers, postal clerks and others who tracked, redirected and investigated mail in cold, dark and rat-infested warehouses with a six-month deadline. They encountered both racism and sexism from fellow American service members, according to multiple historical reports. However they created a mailing system and completed the task in half the time.","Her journey began on the SS Ile de France where there were air raids.\nAccording to historical accounts, the women felt hoodwinked when they initially joined up to serve their country only to be tasked with manual labor.","Once civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune got the support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the women were shipped off on February 3, 1945 and took a train to Birmingham, England, where they fixed the dilapidated former King Edward's School, which became their base, as seen in \"The Six Triple Eight\" war drama directed by Tyler Perry and streamed on Netflix.","Madeleine Coleman Roach became a secretary at the Woodrow Wilson Vocational School, which is called August Martin High School, and John Roach was employed at the Post office. Madeleine Roach also graduated with honors as an African-American Studies major in the early 1980s at York College.","Source:\nRose, Naeisha. \"Remembering a 6888 Veteran\". Queens Chronicle. Queens New York. 13 February 2025. Accessed 2/25/25\nhttps://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/remembering-a-6888-veteran/article_0ef47078-4275-5df5-ae74-4fb5f9c1e9f3.html","This material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","This collection contains photographs, diaries, a memory book, a prayer book, witness reports, scrapbook pages, photographs, certificates, newsletters, telegrams, menus, and ephemera belonging to Madeleine Coleman Roach during her service in the U.S. Women's Army Corps in the Second World War.","Of historical significance, Coleman was among the 855 Black women who served overseas in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion in England and France who were hired to clear up the backlog of mail to the World War II soldiers and officers.","Coleman was from New York City and enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943. She entered active service in September 1943 and was promoted to Corporal. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945. Included is her Separation Qualification Record proving that she served overseas in England and France with the 6888th Postal Directory Service. Included is a photograph of her commanding officer Colonel Charity Adams.","Her wartime diary features excerpts from her daily life in training, office and field work in the Army from 1943-1944. She writes about her exhaustion from overworking, her anxieties about army inspections,her private thoughts on the harsh treatment of Black women in the Corps, most especially during her time in Alabama. She also writes about her boyfriend, John Roach who was also in the Army. In addition to her duties, she describes her social life of dates and dances in the Service Club. The diary does not describe her work overseas in England and France in the 6888th Postal Service Directory. She would marry her boyfriend and fellow soldier, John Roach, while abroad in Roen, France.","She also describes her experiences with racism in the southern culture at Camp Sibert, Alabama, particularly from white women or as she called them, Southern crackers. She also describes the discrimination against women in the service. She encourages herself with endearing sayings such as \"what's next for you little girl\".","Of interest is an entry in her diary where she mentions that she had witnessed girls in the army who were in love with each other. She recorded that she never would have known about women having intimate relationships with women if it had not been for the army.","There are about thirty-five photos depicting Madeleine's service, showing women in uniform, many in Rouen and the French Riviera, and an identification photograph from her time as a hostess for the Harlem Defense Recreation Center. There are also documents of John Roach's military service in Texas, Italy, and at army bases in the South Pacific.","Coleman's \"Memory Book\" discusses the locations of her army service and her thoughts on the various places she lived and worked during her war. It includes signatures and messages from fellow soldiers.","Of particular note are three leaves of typescript, two of which are signed by WAC members. They contain the witness statements of Privates Roberta McKenzie and Gladys Blackmon and detail the abuse suffered at the hands of the police when they refused to give up their seats at the back of the bus for white people. The incident was referenced in a 1947 United States Senate hearing on the treatment of Black military members.","There are two complete and four partial issues of the camp newsletter \"Special Delivery\", which was created by the women of the 6888th Central Post Battalian in France. There are two 6888th church services programs, and a 1944 Thanksgiving menu from Camp Sibert, Alabama. Under miscellaneous there are some shorthand exams that Madeleine Coleman passed. She and her husband were stenographers during the war.","Shorthand exams; Church program; menu","World War II 67th Regiment of African American men (Texas) including Corporal John Roach","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps","Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Madeleine Coleman Roach papers, 1942/1945"],"collection_ssim":["Madeleine Coleman Roach papers, 1942/1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16869","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1733"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16869","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1733"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-","Langdon Manor Books"],"creator_ssim":["Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-","Langdon Manor Books"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps"],"creators_ssim":["Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Langdon Manor to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 18 September 2024"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American women","African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American women","African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".58 Cubic Feet 1 legal document box, 1 Oversize Folder (Small, OS S)"],"extent_tesim":[".58 Cubic Feet 1 legal document box, 1 Oversize Folder (Small, OS S)"],"date_range_isim":[1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorporal Madeleine Coleman Roach, a South Ozone Park resident of Queens, New York and a member of the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion — an all-female and predominantly African-American women in the Army Corps — during World War II. Coleman enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943,began active service in September 1943. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945 and becoming one of the 855 women in the Triple Six Eight.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nMadeleine Coleman was originally from a farm in Milstead, Alabama but was sent to New York by one of her aunts from South Carolina, who moved to Harlem. Prior to enlisting, she met John Roach, in the late 1930s at the Harlem Evening High School. He signed up for the armed services, as a Technical Sargent and stenographer in the 67th regiment stationed in England and France. She decided to sign up as well.  While Madeleine had an active social life in the Service Club and dated a lot, she knew that he would be the one man for her. They were married in Rouen, France in 1945 after the mail was cleared and she had sailed on the [RMS] Queens Elizabeth to Le Havre France where the 6888 cleared up more backlogs of mail.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was tasked with catching up a two-year backlog of 17 million pieces of mail, which left people in the military with low morale. The battalion consisted of stenographers, postal clerks and others who tracked, redirected and investigated mail in cold, dark and rat-infested warehouses with a six-month deadline. They encountered both racism and sexism from fellow American service members, according to multiple historical reports. However they created a mailing system and completed the task in half the time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHer journey began on the SS Ile de France where there were air raids.\nAccording to historical accounts, the women felt hoodwinked when they initially joined up to serve their country only to be tasked with manual labor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOnce civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune got the support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the women were shipped off on February 3, 1945 and took a train to Birmingham, England, where they fixed the dilapidated former King Edward's School, which became their base, as seen in \"The Six Triple Eight\" war drama directed by Tyler Perry and streamed on Netflix.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMadeleine Coleman Roach became a secretary at the Woodrow Wilson Vocational School, which is called August Martin High School, and John Roach was employed at the Post office. Madeleine Roach also graduated with honors as an African-American Studies major in the early 1980s at York College.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\nRose, Naeisha. \"Remembering a 6888 Veteran\". Queens Chronicle. Queens New York. 13 February 2025. Accessed 2/25/25\nhttps://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/remembering-a-6888-veteran/article_0ef47078-4275-5df5-ae74-4fb5f9c1e9f3.html\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Corporal Madeleine Coleman Roach, a South Ozone Park resident of Queens, New York and a member of the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion — an all-female and predominantly African-American women in the Army Corps — during World War II. Coleman enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943,began active service in September 1943. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945 and becoming one of the 855 women in the Triple Six Eight.","Madeleine Coleman was originally from a farm in Milstead, Alabama but was sent to New York by one of her aunts from South Carolina, who moved to Harlem. Prior to enlisting, she met John Roach, in the late 1930s at the Harlem Evening High School. He signed up for the armed services, as a Technical Sargent and stenographer in the 67th regiment stationed in England and France. She decided to sign up as well.  While Madeleine had an active social life in the Service Club and dated a lot, she knew that he would be the one man for her. They were married in Rouen, France in 1945 after the mail was cleared and she had sailed on the [RMS] Queens Elizabeth to Le Havre France where the 6888 cleared up more backlogs of mail.","The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was tasked with catching up a two-year backlog of 17 million pieces of mail, which left people in the military with low morale. The battalion consisted of stenographers, postal clerks and others who tracked, redirected and investigated mail in cold, dark and rat-infested warehouses with a six-month deadline. They encountered both racism and sexism from fellow American service members, according to multiple historical reports. However they created a mailing system and completed the task in half the time.","Her journey began on the SS Ile de France where there were air raids.\nAccording to historical accounts, the women felt hoodwinked when they initially joined up to serve their country only to be tasked with manual labor.","Once civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune got the support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the women were shipped off on February 3, 1945 and took a train to Birmingham, England, where they fixed the dilapidated former King Edward's School, which became their base, as seen in \"The Six Triple Eight\" war drama directed by Tyler Perry and streamed on Netflix.","Madeleine Coleman Roach became a secretary at the Woodrow Wilson Vocational School, which is called August Martin High School, and John Roach was employed at the Post office. Madeleine Roach also graduated with honors as an African-American Studies major in the early 1980s at York College.","Source:\nRose, Naeisha. \"Remembering a 6888 Veteran\". Queens Chronicle. Queens New York. 13 February 2025. Accessed 2/25/25\nhttps://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/remembering-a-6888-veteran/article_0ef47078-4275-5df5-ae74-4fb5f9c1e9f3.html"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16869, Madeleine Coleman papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16869, Madeleine Coleman papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains photographs, diaries, a memory book, a prayer book, witness reports, scrapbook pages, photographs, certificates, newsletters, telegrams, menus, and ephemera belonging to Madeleine Coleman Roach during her service in the U.S. Women's Army Corps in the Second World War. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOf historical significance, Coleman was among the 855 Black women who served overseas in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion in England and France who were hired to clear up the backlog of mail to the World War II soldiers and officers. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColeman was from New York City and enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943. She entered active service in September 1943 and was promoted to Corporal. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945. Included is her Separation Qualification Record proving that she served overseas in England and France with the 6888th Postal Directory Service. Included is a photograph of her commanding officer Colonel Charity Adams.\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHer wartime diary features excerpts from her daily life in training, office and field work in the Army from 1943-1944. She writes about her exhaustion from overworking, her anxieties about army inspections,her private thoughts on the harsh treatment of Black women in the Corps, most especially during her time in Alabama. She also writes about her boyfriend, John Roach who was also in the Army. In addition to her duties, she describes her social life of dates and dances in the Service Club. The diary does not describe her work overseas in England and France in the 6888th Postal Service Directory. She would marry her boyfriend and fellow soldier, John Roach, while abroad in Roen, France.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe also describes her experiences with racism in the southern culture at Camp Sibert, Alabama, particularly from white women or as she called them, Southern crackers. She also describes the discrimination against women in the service. She encourages herself with endearing sayings such as \"what's next for you little girl\". \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOf interest is an entry in her diary where she mentions that she had witnessed girls in the army who were in love with each other. She recorded that she never would have known about women having intimate relationships with women if it had not been for the army.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThere are about thirty-five photos depicting Madeleine's service, showing women in uniform, many in Rouen and the French Riviera, and an identification photograph from her time as a hostess for the Harlem Defense Recreation Center. There are also documents of John Roach's military service in Texas, Italy, and at army bases in the South Pacific.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColeman's \"Memory Book\" discusses the locations of her army service and her thoughts on the various places she lived and worked during her war. It includes signatures and messages from fellow soldiers. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \nOf particular note are three leaves of typescript, two of which are signed by WAC members. They contain the witness statements of Privates Roberta McKenzie and Gladys Blackmon and detail the abuse suffered at the hands of the police when they refused to give up their seats at the back of the bus for white people. The incident was referenced in a 1947 United States Senate hearing on the treatment of Black military members. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThere are two complete and four partial issues of the camp newsletter \"Special Delivery\", which was created by the women of the 6888th Central Post Battalian in France. There are two 6888th church services programs, and a 1944 Thanksgiving menu from Camp Sibert, Alabama. Under miscellaneous there are some shorthand exams that Madeleine Coleman passed. She and her husband were stenographers during the war. \u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eShorthand exams; Church program; menu\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War II 67th Regiment of African American men (Texas) including Corporal John Roach\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","This collection contains photographs, diaries, a memory book, a prayer book, witness reports, scrapbook pages, photographs, certificates, newsletters, telegrams, menus, and ephemera belonging to Madeleine Coleman Roach during her service in the U.S. Women's Army Corps in the Second World War.","Of historical significance, Coleman was among the 855 Black women who served overseas in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion in England and France who were hired to clear up the backlog of mail to the World War II soldiers and officers.","Coleman was from New York City and enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943. She entered active service in September 1943 and was promoted to Corporal. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945. Included is her Separation Qualification Record proving that she served overseas in England and France with the 6888th Postal Directory Service. Included is a photograph of her commanding officer Colonel Charity Adams.","Her wartime diary features excerpts from her daily life in training, office and field work in the Army from 1943-1944. She writes about her exhaustion from overworking, her anxieties about army inspections,her private thoughts on the harsh treatment of Black women in the Corps, most especially during her time in Alabama. She also writes about her boyfriend, John Roach who was also in the Army. In addition to her duties, she describes her social life of dates and dances in the Service Club. The diary does not describe her work overseas in England and France in the 6888th Postal Service Directory. She would marry her boyfriend and fellow soldier, John Roach, while abroad in Roen, France.","She also describes her experiences with racism in the southern culture at Camp Sibert, Alabama, particularly from white women or as she called them, Southern crackers. She also describes the discrimination against women in the service. She encourages herself with endearing sayings such as \"what's next for you little girl\".","Of interest is an entry in her diary where she mentions that she had witnessed girls in the army who were in love with each other. She recorded that she never would have known about women having intimate relationships with women if it had not been for the army.","There are about thirty-five photos depicting Madeleine's service, showing women in uniform, many in Rouen and the French Riviera, and an identification photograph from her time as a hostess for the Harlem Defense Recreation Center. There are also documents of John Roach's military service in Texas, Italy, and at army bases in the South Pacific.","Coleman's \"Memory Book\" discusses the locations of her army service and her thoughts on the various places she lived and worked during her war. It includes signatures and messages from fellow soldiers.","Of particular note are three leaves of typescript, two of which are signed by WAC members. They contain the witness statements of Privates Roberta McKenzie and Gladys Blackmon and detail the abuse suffered at the hands of the police when they refused to give up their seats at the back of the bus for white people. The incident was referenced in a 1947 United States Senate hearing on the treatment of Black military members.","There are two complete and four partial issues of the camp newsletter \"Special Delivery\", which was created by the women of the 6888th Central Post Battalian in France. There are two 6888th church services programs, and a 1944 Thanksgiving menu from Camp Sibert, Alabama. Under miscellaneous there are some shorthand exams that Madeleine Coleman passed. She and her husband were stenographers during the war.","Shorthand exams; Church program; menu","World War II 67th Regiment of African American men (Texas) including Corporal John Roach"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps"],"names_coll_ssim":["Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps"],"persname_ssim":["Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. 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Coleman enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943,began active service in September 1943. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945 and becoming one of the 855 women in the Triple Six Eight.","Madeleine Coleman was originally from a farm in Milstead, Alabama but was sent to New York by one of her aunts from South Carolina, who moved to Harlem. Prior to enlisting, she met John Roach, in the late 1930s at the Harlem Evening High School. He signed up for the armed services, as a Technical Sargent and stenographer in the 67th regiment stationed in England and France. She decided to sign up as well.  While Madeleine had an active social life in the Service Club and dated a lot, she knew that he would be the one man for her. They were married in Rouen, France in 1945 after the mail was cleared and she had sailed on the [RMS] Queens Elizabeth to Le Havre France where the 6888 cleared up more backlogs of mail.","The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was tasked with catching up a two-year backlog of 17 million pieces of mail, which left people in the military with low morale. The battalion consisted of stenographers, postal clerks and others who tracked, redirected and investigated mail in cold, dark and rat-infested warehouses with a six-month deadline. They encountered both racism and sexism from fellow American service members, according to multiple historical reports. However they created a mailing system and completed the task in half the time.","Her journey began on the SS Ile de France where there were air raids.\nAccording to historical accounts, the women felt hoodwinked when they initially joined up to serve their country only to be tasked with manual labor.","Once civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune got the support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the women were shipped off on February 3, 1945 and took a train to Birmingham, England, where they fixed the dilapidated former King Edward's School, which became their base, as seen in \"The Six Triple Eight\" war drama directed by Tyler Perry and streamed on Netflix.","Madeleine Coleman Roach became a secretary at the Woodrow Wilson Vocational School, which is called August Martin High School, and John Roach was employed at the Post office. Madeleine Roach also graduated with honors as an African-American Studies major in the early 1980s at York College.","Source:\nRose, Naeisha. \"Remembering a 6888 Veteran\". Queens Chronicle. Queens New York. 13 February 2025. Accessed 2/25/25\nhttps://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/remembering-a-6888-veteran/article_0ef47078-4275-5df5-ae74-4fb5f9c1e9f3.html","This material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","This collection contains photographs, diaries, a memory book, a prayer book, witness reports, scrapbook pages, photographs, certificates, newsletters, telegrams, menus, and ephemera belonging to Madeleine Coleman Roach during her service in the U.S. Women's Army Corps in the Second World War.","Of historical significance, Coleman was among the 855 Black women who served overseas in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion in England and France who were hired to clear up the backlog of mail to the World War II soldiers and officers.","Coleman was from New York City and enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943. She entered active service in September 1943 and was promoted to Corporal. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945. Included is her Separation Qualification Record proving that she served overseas in England and France with the 6888th Postal Directory Service. Included is a photograph of her commanding officer Colonel Charity Adams.","Her wartime diary features excerpts from her daily life in training, office and field work in the Army from 1943-1944. She writes about her exhaustion from overworking, her anxieties about army inspections,her private thoughts on the harsh treatment of Black women in the Corps, most especially during her time in Alabama. She also writes about her boyfriend, John Roach who was also in the Army. In addition to her duties, she describes her social life of dates and dances in the Service Club. The diary does not describe her work overseas in England and France in the 6888th Postal Service Directory. She would marry her boyfriend and fellow soldier, John Roach, while abroad in Roen, France.","She also describes her experiences with racism in the southern culture at Camp Sibert, Alabama, particularly from white women or as she called them, Southern crackers. She also describes the discrimination against women in the service. She encourages herself with endearing sayings such as \"what's next for you little girl\".","Of interest is an entry in her diary where she mentions that she had witnessed girls in the army who were in love with each other. She recorded that she never would have known about women having intimate relationships with women if it had not been for the army.","There are about thirty-five photos depicting Madeleine's service, showing women in uniform, many in Rouen and the French Riviera, and an identification photograph from her time as a hostess for the Harlem Defense Recreation Center. There are also documents of John Roach's military service in Texas, Italy, and at army bases in the South Pacific.","Coleman's \"Memory Book\" discusses the locations of her army service and her thoughts on the various places she lived and worked during her war. It includes signatures and messages from fellow soldiers.","Of particular note are three leaves of typescript, two of which are signed by WAC members. They contain the witness statements of Privates Roberta McKenzie and Gladys Blackmon and detail the abuse suffered at the hands of the police when they refused to give up their seats at the back of the bus for white people. The incident was referenced in a 1947 United States Senate hearing on the treatment of Black military members.","There are two complete and four partial issues of the camp newsletter \"Special Delivery\", which was created by the women of the 6888th Central Post Battalian in France. There are two 6888th church services programs, and a 1944 Thanksgiving menu from Camp Sibert, Alabama. Under miscellaneous there are some shorthand exams that Madeleine Coleman passed. She and her husband were stenographers during the war.","Shorthand exams; Church program; menu","World War II 67th Regiment of African American men (Texas) including Corporal John Roach","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. 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Coleman enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943,began active service in September 1943. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945 and becoming one of the 855 women in the Triple Six Eight.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nMadeleine Coleman was originally from a farm in Milstead, Alabama but was sent to New York by one of her aunts from South Carolina, who moved to Harlem. Prior to enlisting, she met John Roach, in the late 1930s at the Harlem Evening High School. He signed up for the armed services, as a Technical Sargent and stenographer in the 67th regiment stationed in England and France. She decided to sign up as well.  While Madeleine had an active social life in the Service Club and dated a lot, she knew that he would be the one man for her. They were married in Rouen, France in 1945 after the mail was cleared and she had sailed on the [RMS] Queens Elizabeth to Le Havre France where the 6888 cleared up more backlogs of mail.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was tasked with catching up a two-year backlog of 17 million pieces of mail, which left people in the military with low morale. The battalion consisted of stenographers, postal clerks and others who tracked, redirected and investigated mail in cold, dark and rat-infested warehouses with a six-month deadline. They encountered both racism and sexism from fellow American service members, according to multiple historical reports. However they created a mailing system and completed the task in half the time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHer journey began on the SS Ile de France where there were air raids.\nAccording to historical accounts, the women felt hoodwinked when they initially joined up to serve their country only to be tasked with manual labor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOnce civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune got the support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the women were shipped off on February 3, 1945 and took a train to Birmingham, England, where they fixed the dilapidated former King Edward's School, which became their base, as seen in \"The Six Triple Eight\" war drama directed by Tyler Perry and streamed on Netflix.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMadeleine Coleman Roach became a secretary at the Woodrow Wilson Vocational School, which is called August Martin High School, and John Roach was employed at the Post office. Madeleine Roach also graduated with honors as an African-American Studies major in the early 1980s at York College.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\nRose, Naeisha. \"Remembering a 6888 Veteran\". Queens Chronicle. Queens New York. 13 February 2025. Accessed 2/25/25\nhttps://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/remembering-a-6888-veteran/article_0ef47078-4275-5df5-ae74-4fb5f9c1e9f3.html\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Corporal Madeleine Coleman Roach, a South Ozone Park resident of Queens, New York and a member of the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion — an all-female and predominantly African-American women in the Army Corps — during World War II. Coleman enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943,began active service in September 1943. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945 and becoming one of the 855 women in the Triple Six Eight.","Madeleine Coleman was originally from a farm in Milstead, Alabama but was sent to New York by one of her aunts from South Carolina, who moved to Harlem. Prior to enlisting, she met John Roach, in the late 1930s at the Harlem Evening High School. He signed up for the armed services, as a Technical Sargent and stenographer in the 67th regiment stationed in England and France. She decided to sign up as well.  While Madeleine had an active social life in the Service Club and dated a lot, she knew that he would be the one man for her. They were married in Rouen, France in 1945 after the mail was cleared and she had sailed on the [RMS] Queens Elizabeth to Le Havre France where the 6888 cleared up more backlogs of mail.","The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was tasked with catching up a two-year backlog of 17 million pieces of mail, which left people in the military with low morale. The battalion consisted of stenographers, postal clerks and others who tracked, redirected and investigated mail in cold, dark and rat-infested warehouses with a six-month deadline. They encountered both racism and sexism from fellow American service members, according to multiple historical reports. However they created a mailing system and completed the task in half the time.","Her journey began on the SS Ile de France where there were air raids.\nAccording to historical accounts, the women felt hoodwinked when they initially joined up to serve their country only to be tasked with manual labor.","Once civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune got the support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the women were shipped off on February 3, 1945 and took a train to Birmingham, England, where they fixed the dilapidated former King Edward's School, which became their base, as seen in \"The Six Triple Eight\" war drama directed by Tyler Perry and streamed on Netflix.","Madeleine Coleman Roach became a secretary at the Woodrow Wilson Vocational School, which is called August Martin High School, and John Roach was employed at the Post office. Madeleine Roach also graduated with honors as an African-American Studies major in the early 1980s at York College.","Source:\nRose, Naeisha. \"Remembering a 6888 Veteran\". Queens Chronicle. Queens New York. 13 February 2025. Accessed 2/25/25\nhttps://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/remembering-a-6888-veteran/article_0ef47078-4275-5df5-ae74-4fb5f9c1e9f3.html"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16869, Madeleine Coleman papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16869, Madeleine Coleman papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains photographs, diaries, a memory book, a prayer book, witness reports, scrapbook pages, photographs, certificates, newsletters, telegrams, menus, and ephemera belonging to Madeleine Coleman Roach during her service in the U.S. Women's Army Corps in the Second World War. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOf historical significance, Coleman was among the 855 Black women who served overseas in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion in England and France who were hired to clear up the backlog of mail to the World War II soldiers and officers. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColeman was from New York City and enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943. She entered active service in September 1943 and was promoted to Corporal. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945. Included is her Separation Qualification Record proving that she served overseas in England and France with the 6888th Postal Directory Service. Included is a photograph of her commanding officer Colonel Charity Adams.\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHer wartime diary features excerpts from her daily life in training, office and field work in the Army from 1943-1944. She writes about her exhaustion from overworking, her anxieties about army inspections,her private thoughts on the harsh treatment of Black women in the Corps, most especially during her time in Alabama. She also writes about her boyfriend, John Roach who was also in the Army. In addition to her duties, she describes her social life of dates and dances in the Service Club. The diary does not describe her work overseas in England and France in the 6888th Postal Service Directory. She would marry her boyfriend and fellow soldier, John Roach, while abroad in Roen, France.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe also describes her experiences with racism in the southern culture at Camp Sibert, Alabama, particularly from white women or as she called them, Southern crackers. She also describes the discrimination against women in the service. She encourages herself with endearing sayings such as \"what's next for you little girl\". \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOf interest is an entry in her diary where she mentions that she had witnessed girls in the army who were in love with each other. She recorded that she never would have known about women having intimate relationships with women if it had not been for the army.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThere are about thirty-five photos depicting Madeleine's service, showing women in uniform, many in Rouen and the French Riviera, and an identification photograph from her time as a hostess for the Harlem Defense Recreation Center. There are also documents of John Roach's military service in Texas, Italy, and at army bases in the South Pacific.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColeman's \"Memory Book\" discusses the locations of her army service and her thoughts on the various places she lived and worked during her war. It includes signatures and messages from fellow soldiers. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \nOf particular note are three leaves of typescript, two of which are signed by WAC members. They contain the witness statements of Privates Roberta McKenzie and Gladys Blackmon and detail the abuse suffered at the hands of the police when they refused to give up their seats at the back of the bus for white people. The incident was referenced in a 1947 United States Senate hearing on the treatment of Black military members. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThere are two complete and four partial issues of the camp newsletter \"Special Delivery\", which was created by the women of the 6888th Central Post Battalian in France. There are two 6888th church services programs, and a 1944 Thanksgiving menu from Camp Sibert, Alabama. Under miscellaneous there are some shorthand exams that Madeleine Coleman passed. She and her husband were stenographers during the war. \u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eShorthand exams; Church program; menu\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War II 67th Regiment of African American men (Texas) including Corporal John Roach\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This material contains references to offensive and harmful language and crimes involving racism. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","This collection contains photographs, diaries, a memory book, a prayer book, witness reports, scrapbook pages, photographs, certificates, newsletters, telegrams, menus, and ephemera belonging to Madeleine Coleman Roach during her service in the U.S. Women's Army Corps in the Second World War.","Of historical significance, Coleman was among the 855 Black women who served overseas in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion in England and France who were hired to clear up the backlog of mail to the World War II soldiers and officers.","Coleman was from New York City and enlisted in the Army at age twenty-three on January 1, 1943. She entered active service in September 1943 and was promoted to Corporal. She was trained in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and moved around the country to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and Camp Sibert, Alabama, before heading overseas in 1945. Included is her Separation Qualification Record proving that she served overseas in England and France with the 6888th Postal Directory Service. Included is a photograph of her commanding officer Colonel Charity Adams.","Her wartime diary features excerpts from her daily life in training, office and field work in the Army from 1943-1944. She writes about her exhaustion from overworking, her anxieties about army inspections,her private thoughts on the harsh treatment of Black women in the Corps, most especially during her time in Alabama. She also writes about her boyfriend, John Roach who was also in the Army. In addition to her duties, she describes her social life of dates and dances in the Service Club. The diary does not describe her work overseas in England and France in the 6888th Postal Service Directory. She would marry her boyfriend and fellow soldier, John Roach, while abroad in Roen, France.","She also describes her experiences with racism in the southern culture at Camp Sibert, Alabama, particularly from white women or as she called them, Southern crackers. She also describes the discrimination against women in the service. She encourages herself with endearing sayings such as \"what's next for you little girl\".","Of interest is an entry in her diary where she mentions that she had witnessed girls in the army who were in love with each other. She recorded that she never would have known about women having intimate relationships with women if it had not been for the army.","There are about thirty-five photos depicting Madeleine's service, showing women in uniform, many in Rouen and the French Riviera, and an identification photograph from her time as a hostess for the Harlem Defense Recreation Center. There are also documents of John Roach's military service in Texas, Italy, and at army bases in the South Pacific.","Coleman's \"Memory Book\" discusses the locations of her army service and her thoughts on the various places she lived and worked during her war. It includes signatures and messages from fellow soldiers.","Of particular note are three leaves of typescript, two of which are signed by WAC members. They contain the witness statements of Privates Roberta McKenzie and Gladys Blackmon and detail the abuse suffered at the hands of the police when they refused to give up their seats at the back of the bus for white people. The incident was referenced in a 1947 United States Senate hearing on the treatment of Black military members.","There are two complete and four partial issues of the camp newsletter \"Special Delivery\", which was created by the women of the 6888th Central Post Battalian in France. There are two 6888th church services programs, and a 1944 Thanksgiving menu from Camp Sibert, Alabama. Under miscellaneous there are some shorthand exams that Madeleine Coleman passed. She and her husband were stenographers during the war.","Shorthand exams; Church program; menu","World War II 67th Regiment of African American men (Texas) including Corporal John Roach"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps"],"names_coll_ssim":["Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps"],"persname_ssim":["Coleman, Madeleine, 1920-"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","United States. Army. 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