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Depending on the request size, making them available may take some time."],"date_range_isim":[1993,1994,1995,1996],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:58.310Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1840.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/237837","title_ssm":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs"],"title_tesim":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["1993-1996"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1993-1996"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1993/1996"],"normalized_title_ssm":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs, 1993/1996"],"text":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs, 1993/1996","RG 20/10/3","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1840","University of Virginia -- History","This collection is open for research with the following exception:","Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives) and born-digital files cannot be handled directly by patrons. Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the request size, making them available may take some time.","This project was conducted by Alison K. Burke (MLA 1995) during the summer of 1993, the winter of 1994, and from the fall of 1995 to the spring of 1996 with additional work by Alison Kipp (MLA 1996) during the summer of 1995. Several other students also completed work on the cemetery records before 1993. The photographing of headstones continued the work first done in the late 1960s by Professor Garlick. This work was completed under the supervision of Jeff Ertel of the University of Virginia's Facilities Management Department. The photographing of cemetery stones was part of a larger project primarily designed to correct and upkeep records and create a new database held by the Landscape Office of Facilities Management.","The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Resources of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number.","This addition to RG 20/10/3 Administrative Committees/Cemetery includes slides of headstones of the University of Virginia Cemetery made between 1993 and 1996 and 9 CDs containing files of the digitized slides and associated HTML files.","This collection documents the photography portion of the project; each stone was rephotographed, and the slides were labeled by name and plot number. The boxes contain the slides, organized by cemetery sections. Box ViU2021.0133_001 contains slides from section A; Box ViU2021.0133_002 contains slides from sections B, C, and D; and Box ViU2021.0133_003 contains slides from sections E and F.  \nThe optical disks consist primarily of digitized slides. Files have been given numerical identifiers which correlate to numbers on the back of the slide.","The digitized files have been kept in the original file structure to allow users to use the HTML galleries as they were originally created. They consist of several galleries of photographs created during the original project and feature both low quality .jpg files as well as high quality .tif files of the images.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia. Cemetery","Burke, Alison K.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs, 1993/1996"],"collection_ssim":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs, 1993/1996"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG 20/10/3","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1840"],"unitid_tesim":["RG 20/10/3","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1840"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["University of Virginia -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["University of Virginia -- History"],"places_ssim":["University of Virginia -- History"],"creator_ssm":["Burke, Alison K."],"creator_ssim":["Burke, Alison K."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Burke, Alison K."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia. Cemetery"],"creators_ssim":["Burke, Alison K.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia. Cemetery"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["33.1  Gigabytes 5,494 files including JPGs, TIFFs, HTML, and text files.","0.67 Cubic Feet 3 Clamshell slide boxes and 18 cds"],"extent_tesim":["33.1  Gigabytes 5,494 files including JPGs, TIFFs, HTML, and text files.","0.67 Cubic Feet 3 Clamshell slide boxes and 18 cds"],"date_range_isim":[1993,1994,1995,1996],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research with the following exception:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOriginal digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives) and born-digital files cannot be handled directly by patrons. Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the request size, making them available may take some time.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research with the following exception:","Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives) and born-digital files cannot be handled directly by patrons. Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the request size, making them available may take some time."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis project was conducted by Alison K. Burke (MLA 1995) during the summer of 1993, the winter of 1994, and from the fall of 1995 to the spring of 1996 with additional work by Alison Kipp (MLA 1996) during the summer of 1995. Several other students also completed work on the cemetery records before 1993. The photographing of headstones continued the work first done in the late 1960s by Professor Garlick. This work was completed under the supervision of Jeff Ertel of the University of Virginia's Facilities Management Department. The photographing of cemetery stones was part of a larger project primarily designed to correct and upkeep records and create a new database held by the Landscape Office of Facilities Management.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["This project was conducted by Alison K. Burke (MLA 1995) during the summer of 1993, the winter of 1994, and from the fall of 1995 to the spring of 1996 with additional work by Alison Kipp (MLA 1996) during the summer of 1995. Several other students also completed work on the cemetery records before 1993. The photographing of headstones continued the work first done in the late 1960s by Professor Garlick. This work was completed under the supervision of Jeff Ertel of the University of Virginia's Facilities Management Department. The photographing of cemetery stones was part of a larger project primarily designed to correct and upkeep records and create a new database held by the Landscape Office of Facilities Management."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Resources of the Virginias (ARVAS) website. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Resources of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition to RG 20/10/3 Administrative Committees/Cemetery includes slides of headstones of the University of Virginia Cemetery made between 1993 and 1996 and 9 CDs containing files of the digitized slides and associated HTML files.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents the photography portion of the project; each stone was rephotographed, and the slides were labeled by name and plot number. The boxes contain the slides, organized by cemetery sections. Box ViU2021.0133_001 contains slides from section A; Box ViU2021.0133_002 contains slides from sections B, C, and D; and Box ViU2021.0133_003 contains slides from sections E and F.  \nThe optical disks consist primarily of digitized slides. Files have been given numerical identifiers which correlate to numbers on the back of the slide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe digitized files have been kept in the original file structure to allow users to use the HTML galleries as they were originally created. They consist of several galleries of photographs created during the original project and feature both low quality .jpg files as well as high quality .tif files of the images.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This addition to RG 20/10/3 Administrative Committees/Cemetery includes slides of headstones of the University of Virginia Cemetery made between 1993 and 1996 and 9 CDs containing files of the digitized slides and associated HTML files.","This collection documents the photography portion of the project; each stone was rephotographed, and the slides were labeled by name and plot number. The boxes contain the slides, organized by cemetery sections. Box ViU2021.0133_001 contains slides from section A; Box ViU2021.0133_002 contains slides from sections B, C, and D; and Box ViU2021.0133_003 contains slides from sections E and F.  \nThe optical disks consist primarily of digitized slides. Files have been given numerical identifiers which correlate to numbers on the back of the slide.","The digitized files have been kept in the original file structure to allow users to use the HTML galleries as they were originally created. They consist of several galleries of photographs created during the original project and feature both low quality .jpg files as well as high quality .tif files of the images."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia. Cemetery"],"names_coll_ssim":["University of Virginia. Cemetery"],"persname_ssim":["Burke, Alison K."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia. Cemetery","Burke, Alison K."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":1,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:58.310Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1840_c01"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Artifacts and objects, 1900/1931","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series contains three-dimensional objects. These include an American flag, a fraternal order apron, a fraternal order collar, and a map of the Gordon cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","parent_ssim":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection, 1880/1937"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_780"],"title_filing_ssi":"Artifacts and objects","title_ssm":["Artifacts and objects"],"title_tesim":["Artifacts and objects"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Artifacts and objects, 1900/1931"],"text":["Artifacts and objects, 1900/1931","Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection, 1880/1937","Items in this series are not arranged.","This series contains three-dimensional objects. These include an American flag, a fraternal order apron, a fraternal order collar, and a map of the Gordon cemetery."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection, 1880/1937"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection, 1880/1937"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1900/1931"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1900s, 1931"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":11,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection, 1880/1937"],"extent_ssm":["1.8 Cubic Feet 1 oversized box and 2 oversized folders."],"extent_tesim":["1.8 Cubic Feet 1 oversized box and 2 oversized folders."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":4,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"date_range_isim":[1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems in this series are not arranged.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Items in this series are not arranged."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series contains three-dimensional objects. These include an American flag, a fraternal order apron, a fraternal order collar, and a map of the Gordon cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series contains three-dimensional objects. These include an American flag, a fraternal order apron, a fraternal order collar, and a map of the Gordon cemetery."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_780.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/105294","title_filing_ssi":"Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection","title_ssm":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection"],"title_tesim":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1880-1937"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1880-1937"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1880/1937"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection, 1880/1937"],"text":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection, 1880/1937","MSS 16411","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/780","minutes (administrative records)","letters (correspondence)","flags","The collection is open for research.","This collection is arranged in two series: Meeting and subject files; and Artifacts and objects.","Madison Friendship Lodge No. 2121 of Madison County, Virginia was founded in 1880 in Madison County, Virginia. The Lodge is a branch of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America, an African American fraternal order founded in 1843 in New York.","The Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection (1880-1937; 3 cubic feet) contains minute books, financial records, correspondence, event programs, proceedings, a cemetary plot, a framed faternal collar, a fraternal apron, and a flag. Loose manuscripts, meeting minutes, and notes make up the remainder of the collection.","27 publications, consisting of quarterlies, annual proceedings, and annual reports were separated for cataloging.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection, 1880/1937"],"collection_ssim":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection, 1880/1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Series","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16411","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/780"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16411","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/780"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Nancy Garnett-Williams, accession 2018-0089."],"access_subjects_ssim":["minutes (administrative records)","letters (correspondence)","flags"],"access_subjects_ssm":["minutes (administrative records)","letters (correspondence)","flags"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["3 Cubic Feet 1 record carton, 1 oversized box, and 2 oversized folders."],"extent_tesim":["3 Cubic Feet 1 record carton, 1 oversized box, and 2 oversized folders."],"genreform_ssim":["minutes (administrative records)","letters (correspondence)","flags"],"date_range_isim":[1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged in two series: Meeting and subject files; and Artifacts and objects.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged in two series: Meeting and subject files; and Artifacts and objects."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMadison Friendship Lodge No. 2121 of Madison County, Virginia was founded in 1880 in Madison County, Virginia. The Lodge is a branch of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America, an African American fraternal order founded in 1843 in New York.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Madison Friendship Lodge No. 2121 of Madison County, Virginia was founded in 1880 in Madison County, Virginia. The Lodge is a branch of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America, an African American fraternal order founded in 1843 in New York."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16411 Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows Collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16411 Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows Collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection (1880-1937; 3 cubic feet) contains minute books, financial records, correspondence, event programs, proceedings, a cemetary plot, a framed faternal collar, a fraternal apron, and a flag. Loose manuscripts, meeting minutes, and notes make up the remainder of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents Note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection (1880-1937; 3 cubic feet) contains minute books, financial records, correspondence, event programs, proceedings, a cemetary plot, a framed faternal collar, a fraternal apron, and a flag. Loose manuscripts, meeting minutes, and notes make up the remainder of the collection."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e27 publications, consisting of quarterlies, annual proceedings, and annual reports were separated for cataloging.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["27 publications, consisting of quarterlies, annual proceedings, and annual reports were separated for cataloging."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":15,"online_item_count_is":13,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02"}},{"id":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Audio-Visual","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20_c01","ref_ssm":["vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20_c01"],"id":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20_c01","ead_ssi":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","_root_":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","_nest_parent_":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","parent_ssi":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","parent_ssim":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records, 1984/2008"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20"],"title_filing_ssi":"Audio-Visual","title_ssm":["Audio-Visual"],"title_tesim":["Audio-Visual"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Audio-Visual"],"text":["Audio-Visual","University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records, 1984/2008","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","NBC Television Network","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","WTTG (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","WHMM-TV (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)","Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Couric, Katie, 1957-","Bowers, Detine L. (Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records, 1984/2008"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records, 1984/2008"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":1,"repository_ssim":["University of Mary Washington"],"collection_ssim":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records, 1984/2008"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":7,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Researchers interested in AV materials may need to visit the Special Collections Reading Room for access due to copyright restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","NBC Television Network","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","WTTG (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","WHMM-TV (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)"],"persname_ssim":["Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Couric, Katie, 1957-","Bowers, Detine L. (Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike"],"names_ssim":["Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","NBC Television Network","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","WTTG (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","WHMM-TV (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)","Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Couric, Katie, 1957-","Bowers, Detine L. (Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:35:44.668Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","ead_ssi":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","_root_":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","_nest_parent_":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MW/repositories_2_resources_20.xml","title_ssm":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records"],"title_tesim":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1984-2008"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1984-2008"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1984/2008"],"normalized_title_ssm":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records, 1984/2008"],"text":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records, 1984/2008","RG013.03.Farmer","/repositories/2/resources/20","African Americans -- Civil rights.","College teachers","Mass media","Education, Higher -- Virginia","Press releases","Publicity","Researchers interested in AV materials may need to visit the Special Collections Reading Room for access due to copyright restrictions.","James Leonard Farmer, Jr. was born January 12, 1920 in Marshall, Texas. He was an exceedingly intelligent student and began attending Wiley College at age fourteen, graduating with his B.S. degree in 1938. From there he went to Howard University School of Divinity before obtaining his B.D. degree in 1941. Eventually, Farmer would become widely recognized as one of the \"Big Four\" of the civil rights movement. He founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942, and gained national recognition in the 1960s for his leadership of the \"Freedom Rides\" into the South. Farmer's non-violent acts played a significant role in the events leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and the Civil Rights Voting Act of 1965.","James Farmer also forayed into politics, albeit briefly. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1968, and from 1969-1970, he served in the Nixon administration as the Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). By 1971, Farmer returned his focus to activism and education.","In addition to his role as a renowned activist, Farmer was an author, a teacher, and a labor organizer. Beyond his leadership of CORE, he also held a position as honorary vice chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, and was a co-founding member of the Fund for an Open Society, which promoted thriving racially and ethnically integrated communities. In 1985, he began teaching the history of Civil Rights as Commonwealth Professor of History and American Studies at Mary Washingon College. He received the title of Distiguished Professor in 1987, which he held until his retirement in 1998. MWC awarded Farmer an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 1997. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Bill Clinton.","Ill health troubled James Farmer for many of his later years. He would eventually lose both of his legs and his eyesight to diabetes, and passsed away from complications of the disease on July 9, 1999.","The collection consists of materials that have been transferred to UMW Archives from the Office of University Relations and Communications, dating from 1984-2008. The majority of the collection's content includes public media materials such as television and radio appearances, and newspaper and magazine articles. The collection also includes correspondence, secretarial notes, speeches written by James Farmer, and documenation of some of Dr. Farmer's many awards and honors. These materials document James Farmer's career at the University of Mary Washington so the bulk of the contents pertain to the late 1980s and 1990s. This collection offers insight into the life of James Farmer's career as an educator and public figure later in his life.","University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","NBC Television Network","WTTG (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","WHMM-TV (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)","Farmer, James, 1920-1999","Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Couric, Katie, 1957-","Bowers, Detine L. (Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records, 1984/2008"],"collection_ssim":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records, 1984/2008"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Record Group","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG013.03.Farmer","/repositories/2/resources/20"],"unitid_tesim":["RG013.03.Farmer","/repositories/2/resources/20"],"repository_ssm":["University of Mary Washington"],"repository_ssim":["University of Mary Washington"],"creator_ssm":["University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications","Farmer, James, 1920-1999"],"creator_ssim":["University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications","Farmer, James, 1920-1999"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Farmer, James, 1920-1999","Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Couric, Katie, 1957-","Bowers, Detine L. (Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","NBC Television Network","WTTG (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","WHMM-TV (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)"],"creators_ssim":["Farmer, James, 1920-1999","Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Couric, Katie, 1957-","Bowers, Detine L. (Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike","University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","NBC Television Network","WTTG (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","WHMM-TV (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Civil rights.","College teachers","Mass media","Education, Higher -- Virginia","Press releases","Publicity"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Civil rights.","College teachers","Mass media","Education, Higher -- Virginia","Press releases","Publicity"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["3.75 Linear Feet 5 boxes: one record storage box, 2 legal-size document storage boxes, and 2 flat boxes."],"extent_tesim":["3.75 Linear Feet 5 boxes: one record storage box, 2 legal-size document storage boxes, and 2 flat boxes."],"date_range_isim":[1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers interested in AV materials may need to visit the Special Collections Reading Room for access due to copyright restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Researchers interested in AV materials may need to visit the Special Collections Reading Room for access due to copyright restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Leonard Farmer, Jr. was born January 12, 1920 in Marshall, Texas. He was an exceedingly intelligent student and began attending Wiley College at age fourteen, graduating with his B.S. degree in 1938. From there he went to Howard University School of Divinity before obtaining his B.D. degree in 1941. Eventually, Farmer would become widely recognized as one of the \"Big Four\" of the civil rights movement. He founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942, and gained national recognition in the 1960s for his leadership of the \"Freedom Rides\" into the South. Farmer's non-violent acts played a significant role in the events leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and the Civil Rights Voting Act of 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Farmer also forayed into politics, albeit briefly. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1968, and from 1969-1970, he served in the Nixon administration as the Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). By 1971, Farmer returned his focus to activism and education.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to his role as a renowned activist, Farmer was an author, a teacher, and a labor organizer. Beyond his leadership of CORE, he also held a position as honorary vice chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, and was a co-founding member of the Fund for an Open Society, which promoted thriving racially and ethnically integrated communities. In 1985, he began teaching the history of Civil Rights as Commonwealth Professor of History and American Studies at Mary Washingon College. He received the title of Distiguished Professor in 1987, which he held until his retirement in 1998. MWC awarded Farmer an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 1997. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Bill Clinton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIll health troubled James Farmer for many of his later years. He would eventually lose both of his legs and his eyesight to diabetes, and passsed away from complications of the disease on July 9, 1999.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Leonard Farmer, Jr. was born January 12, 1920 in Marshall, Texas. He was an exceedingly intelligent student and began attending Wiley College at age fourteen, graduating with his B.S. degree in 1938. From there he went to Howard University School of Divinity before obtaining his B.D. degree in 1941. Eventually, Farmer would become widely recognized as one of the \"Big Four\" of the civil rights movement. He founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942, and gained national recognition in the 1960s for his leadership of the \"Freedom Rides\" into the South. Farmer's non-violent acts played a significant role in the events leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and the Civil Rights Voting Act of 1965.","James Farmer also forayed into politics, albeit briefly. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1968, and from 1969-1970, he served in the Nixon administration as the Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). By 1971, Farmer returned his focus to activism and education.","In addition to his role as a renowned activist, Farmer was an author, a teacher, and a labor organizer. Beyond his leadership of CORE, he also held a position as honorary vice chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, and was a co-founding member of the Fund for an Open Society, which promoted thriving racially and ethnically integrated communities. In 1985, he began teaching the history of Civil Rights as Commonwealth Professor of History and American Studies at Mary Washingon College. He received the title of Distiguished Professor in 1987, which he held until his retirement in 1998. MWC awarded Farmer an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 1997. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Bill Clinton.","Ill health troubled James Farmer for many of his later years. He would eventually lose both of his legs and his eyesight to diabetes, and passsed away from complications of the disease on July 9, 1999."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of materials that have been transferred to UMW Archives from the Office of University Relations and Communications, dating from 1984-2008. The majority of the collection's content includes public media materials such as television and radio appearances, and newspaper and magazine articles. The collection also includes correspondence, secretarial notes, speeches written by James Farmer, and documenation of some of Dr. Farmer's many awards and honors. These materials document James Farmer's career at the University of Mary Washington so the bulk of the contents pertain to the late 1980s and 1990s. This collection offers insight into the life of James Farmer's career as an educator and public figure later in his life.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of materials that have been transferred to UMW Archives from the Office of University Relations and Communications, dating from 1984-2008. The majority of the collection's content includes public media materials such as television and radio appearances, and newspaper and magazine articles. The collection also includes correspondence, secretarial notes, speeches written by James Farmer, and documenation of some of Dr. Farmer's many awards and honors. These materials document James Farmer's career at the University of Mary Washington so the bulk of the contents pertain to the late 1980s and 1990s. This collection offers insight into the life of James Farmer's career as an educator and public figure later in his life."],"corpname_ssim":["University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","NBC Television Network","WTTG (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","WHMM-TV (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Farmer, James, 1920-1999","Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Couric, Katie, 1957-","Bowers, Detine L. (Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike"],"names_ssim":["University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","NBC Television Network","WTTG (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","WHMM-TV (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)","Farmer, James, 1920-1999","Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Couric, Katie, 1957-","Bowers, Detine L. (Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"total_component_count_is":89,"online_item_count_is":33,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:35:44.668Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20_c01"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Blogs, 2007/2019","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of blogs that were created by the Health Sciences Library. The files in this series were downloaded from the Internet by Library staff. Content in the blogs that are accessed through a link outside of the blog's parent directory (e.g. external YouTube videos, external web pages) are not downloaded and archived in this series.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08"],"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","parent_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records, 1848/2019, bulk 1942/2025"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_215"],"title_filing_ssi":"Blogs","title_ssm":["Blogs"],"title_tesim":["Blogs"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Blogs, 2007/2019"],"text":["Blogs, 2007/2019","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records, 1848/2019, bulk 1942/2025","English","The blog files are open to researchers.","Copies of each existing blog are captured every year and added to the collection.","Blogs are arranged into files alphabetically by title.","When the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library captures a copy of a blog, the Library preserves all of the its original files (e.g. jpeg files, html files) as well as an aggregated web archive file (warc). Both a directory containing the original files and the warc file are bundled together into a single digital object.","Patrons may contact Historical Collections staff at the Library to request copies of blog files. The files may be sent to the patron for remote viewing or they may be viewed in the Historical Collections reading room. The Library will provide patrons in the reading room with software to view the files. Patrons who request to view the files remotely are responsible for obtaining their own copies of the hardware and software required to render the files.","This series consists of blogs that were created by the Health Sciences Library. The files in this series were downloaded from the Internet by Library staff. Content in the blogs that are accessed through a link outside of the blog's parent directory (e.g. external YouTube videos, external web pages) are not downloaded and archived in this series.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to blogs and blog posts created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records, 1848/2019, bulk 1942/2025"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records, 1848/2019, bulk 1942/2025"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2007/2019"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["2007-2019"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":253,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records, 1848/2019, bulk 1942/2025"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The records of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library are open to researchers, except where it is noted. Decisions to close records to research are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (VAFOIA), the policies of the University of Virginia, and other relevent laws, regulations, or policies."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to blogs and blog posts created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies."],"language_ssim":["English"],"date_range_isim":[2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe blog files are open to researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The blog files are open to researchers."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopies of each existing blog are captured every year and added to the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals"],"accruals_tesim":["Copies of each existing blog are captured every year and added to the collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBlogs are arranged into files alphabetically by title.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Blogs are arranged into files alphabetically by title."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhen the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library captures a copy of a blog, the Library preserves all of the its original files (e.g. jpeg files, html files) as well as an aggregated web archive file (warc). Both a directory containing the original files and the warc file are bundled together into a single digital object. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePatrons may contact Historical Collections staff at the Library to request copies of blog files. The files may be sent to the patron for remote viewing or they may be viewed in the Historical Collections reading room. The Library will provide patrons in the reading room with software to view the files. Patrons who request to view the files remotely are responsible for obtaining their own copies of the hardware and software required to render the files. \u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["When the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library captures a copy of a blog, the Library preserves all of the its original files (e.g. jpeg files, html files) as well as an aggregated web archive file (warc). Both a directory containing the original files and the warc file are bundled together into a single digital object.","Patrons may contact Historical Collections staff at the Library to request copies of blog files. The files may be sent to the patron for remote viewing or they may be viewed in the Historical Collections reading room. The Library will provide patrons in the reading room with software to view the files. Patrons who request to view the files remotely are responsible for obtaining their own copies of the hardware and software required to render the files."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of blogs that were created by the Health Sciences Library. The files in this series were downloaded from the Internet by Library staff. Content in the blogs that are accessed through a link outside of the blog's parent directory (e.g. external YouTube videos, external web pages) are not downloaded and archived in this series.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series consists of blogs that were created by the Health Sciences Library. The files in this series were downloaded from the Internet by Library staff. Content in the blogs that are accessed through a link outside of the blog's parent directory (e.g. external YouTube videos, external web pages) are not downloaded and archived in this series."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to blogs and blog posts created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to blogs and blog posts created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies."],"_nest_path_":"/components#7","timestamp":"2026-09-17T13:58:07.773Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_7_resources_215.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/133046","title_ssm":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"title_tesim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1942-2025","1848-2019"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1848-2019"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1942-2025"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1848/2019, bulk 1942/2025"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records, 1848/2019, bulk 1942/2025"],"text":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records, 1848/2019, bulk 1942/2025","RG.17.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/215","University of Virginia","The records of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library are open to researchers, except where it is noted. Decisions to close records to research are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (VAFOIA), the policies of the University of Virginia, and other relevent laws, regulations, or policies.","Records are generally organized according to the records retention and disposition schedules series maintained by the Library of Virginia (LVA). When necessary, additional subdivisions have been created for materials that do not have clear equivalents in the LVA resources.","Between 1826 and 1929, the University of Virginia's collection of medical books and journals were kept with the general library collections in the Rotunda. In 1929, the University moved the collections to the new Medical Library inside the recently-constructed Medical School Building.","Between 1929 and 1962, a medical librarian with a small staff of student and clerical workers stewarded the library's collections. The Medical Library at this time, although physically separate from the rest of the University's libraries, was administered as part of the central University library system with oversight from School of Medicine faculty serving on the Medical Library Committee. In addition to the management of collections, the medical librarians in this era began to curate exhibits and provide instruction. Only a few of the medical librarians who served in this period had professional library training.","In 1962, Wilhelm Moll was appointed the first Director of the Medical Library. During his tenure, Moll oversaw the radical trasnformation of a small branch library into an independent research library. The full-time library staff expanded from 4 to 30, the University built a new library building over Jefferson Park Avenue, the nursing and medical libraries merged to form the Health Sciences Library, a history of medicine program was founded, and the library began to adopt digital technologies.","After Moll's death in 1979, the University apppointed Terry Thorkildsen as the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.  Thorkildsen and his successors Linda Watson (1990-2005) and Gretchen Arnold (2005-present) led the library during an era when revolutionary advances in digital technologies (e.g. the Internet, personal computers, databases) presented new challenges and opportunities for the Library.","September 1826: The University of Virginia Library opens in the Rotunda and it includes a collection of medical books.\n1911: The University Library's entire collection of medical books and journals are gathered together and moved to the basement of the Rotunda.\nSeptember 13, 1915: Richard Henry Whitehead, Dean of the School of Medicine, creates the Medical Library Committee.\n1919-June 1929: Ella Watson Johnson serves as the Medical Librarian.\nJune 1929: The Medical Library moves from the basement of the Rotunda to its own space in the new Medical School Building, the Medical Library remains a department of the central University Library System.\nJune 1929-September 1929: Margaret Otto serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1929-1931: Anne Ashhurst Gwathmey serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1931-1934: Caroline Hill Davis serves as the Medical Librarian.\nMarch 1934-June 1934: Dora Mitchell Brown serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1934-1936: Miriam Thomas Buchanan serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1935: The Medical Library institutes its first orientation for first year medical students.\n1936-1943: Anne Lewis Morris serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1943-1944: Mary Elizabeth Mayo serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1944-1947: Mabel Cook Wyllie serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1945-1949: The Nursing Library is placed under the Supervision of the Medical Librarian until the appointment of a clerk to manage the Nursing collection.\n1947-1962: Elizabeth Frances Adkins serves as the Medical Librarian.\nSeptember 1962: Wilhelm Moll is appointed the Director of the Medical Library.\n1962-1963: As the result of administrative reorganizations during this period, the Medical Library is separated from the central University Library system and placed under the control of the School of Medicine.\nNovember 1970: Librarians conduct the first online searches of a database at the University of Virginia Medical Library using the experimental AIM-TWX service developed by the National Library of Medicine's Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications.\nNovember 1971: Librarians begin using the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE system to conduct online searches for patrons.\nAugust 1975: The Medical Library and Nursing Library are merged into the Health Sciences Library and Information Center and moved into a new building that spans over Jefferson Park Avenue. Wilhelm Moll is made the Director of the Health Sciences Library.\nApril 1976: The Health Sciences Library is formally dedicated and named after Claude Moore, an alumnus of and donor to the University of Virginia.\n1979: Terry Thorkildsen is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\n1989: The library card catalog is digitized and made available through computer terminals.\n1990: Linda Watson is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\n2005: Gretchen Arnold is appointed the interim Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library and is then made Director in 2007.\n2022: Bart Ragon is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.","This collection consists of permanent and historically significant institutional records created by the University of Virginia Health Sciences Library and the antecedent Medical Library. These records include, but are not limited to: annual reports, planning documents, newsletters, online exhibits, blogs, social media content, conference programs, department histories, committee records, and library-sponsored lecture materials.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this collection varies.","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records, 1848/2019, bulk 1942/2025"],"collection_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records, 1848/2019, bulk 1942/2025"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG.17.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/215"],"unitid_tesim":["RG.17.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/215"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"creators_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this collection varies."],"access_subjects_ssim":["University of Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["University of Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["97 Volumes 97 bound volumes and enclosures on book shelves","8 Linear Feet 29 archival boxes"],"extent_tesim":["97 Volumes 97 bound volumes and enclosures on book shelves","8 Linear Feet 29 archival boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library are open to researchers, except where it is noted. Decisions to close records to research are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (VAFOIA), the policies of the University of Virginia, and other relevent laws, regulations, or policies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The records of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library are open to researchers, except where it is noted. Decisions to close records to research are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (VAFOIA), the policies of the University of Virginia, and other relevent laws, regulations, or policies."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords are generally organized according to the records retention and disposition schedules series maintained by the Library of Virginia (LVA). When necessary, additional subdivisions have been created for materials that do not have clear equivalents in the LVA resources.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Records are generally organized according to the records retention and disposition schedules series maintained by the Library of Virginia (LVA). When necessary, additional subdivisions have been created for materials that do not have clear equivalents in the LVA resources."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nBetween 1826 and 1929, the University of Virginia's collection of medical books and journals were kept with the general library collections in the Rotunda. In 1929, the University moved the collections to the new Medical Library inside the recently-constructed Medical School Building. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nBetween 1929 and 1962, a medical librarian with a small staff of student and clerical workers stewarded the library's collections. The Medical Library at this time, although physically separate from the rest of the University's libraries, was administered as part of the central University library system with oversight from School of Medicine faculty serving on the Medical Library Committee. In addition to the management of collections, the medical librarians in this era began to curate exhibits and provide instruction. Only a few of the medical librarians who served in this period had professional library training.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1962, Wilhelm Moll was appointed the first Director of the Medical Library. During his tenure, Moll oversaw the radical trasnformation of a small branch library into an independent research library. The full-time library staff expanded from 4 to 30, the University built a new library building over Jefferson Park Avenue, the nursing and medical libraries merged to form the Health Sciences Library, a history of medicine program was founded, and the library began to adopt digital technologies.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nAfter Moll's death in 1979, the University apppointed Terry Thorkildsen as the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.  Thorkildsen and his successors Linda Watson (1990-2005) and Gretchen Arnold (2005-present) led the library during an era when revolutionary advances in digital technologies (e.g. the Internet, personal computers, databases) presented new challenges and opportunities for the Library.\n\u003c/p\u003e  \n","\u003cbr\u003e\n","\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeptember 1826: The University of Virginia Library opens in the Rotunda and it includes a collection of medical books.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1911: The University Library's entire collection of medical books and journals are gathered together and moved to the basement of the Rotunda.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeptember 13, 1915: Richard Henry Whitehead, Dean of the School of Medicine, creates the Medical Library Committee.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1919-June 1929: Ella Watson Johnson serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJune 1929: The Medical Library moves from the basement of the Rotunda to its own space in the new Medical School Building, the Medical Library remains a department of the central University Library System.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJune 1929-September 1929: Margaret Otto serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1929-1931: Anne Ashhurst Gwathmey serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1931-1934: Caroline Hill Davis serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarch 1934-June 1934: Dora Mitchell Brown serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1934-1936: Miriam Thomas Buchanan serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1935: The Medical Library institutes its first orientation for first year medical students.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1936-1943: Anne Lewis Morris serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1943-1944: Mary Elizabeth Mayo serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1944-1947: Mabel Cook Wyllie serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1945-1949: The Nursing Library is placed under the Supervision of the Medical Librarian until the appointment of a clerk to manage the Nursing collection.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1947-1962: Elizabeth Frances Adkins serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeptember 1962: Wilhelm Moll is appointed the Director of the Medical Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1962-1963: As the result of administrative reorganizations during this period, the Medical Library is separated from the central University Library system and placed under the control of the School of Medicine.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNovember 1970: Librarians conduct the first online searches of a database at the University of Virginia Medical Library using the experimental AIM-TWX service developed by the National Library of Medicine's Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNovember 1971: Librarians begin using the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE system to conduct online searches for patrons.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAugust 1975: The Medical Library and Nursing Library are merged into the Health Sciences Library and Information Center and moved into a new building that spans over Jefferson Park Avenue. Wilhelm Moll is made the Director of the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApril 1976: The Health Sciences Library is formally dedicated and named after Claude Moore, an alumnus of and donor to the University of Virginia.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1979: Terry Thorkildsen is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1989: The library card catalog is digitized and made available through computer terminals.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1990: Linda Watson is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2005: Gretchen Arnold is appointed the interim Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library and is then made Director in 2007.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2022: Bart Ragon is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Between 1826 and 1929, the University of Virginia's collection of medical books and journals were kept with the general library collections in the Rotunda. In 1929, the University moved the collections to the new Medical Library inside the recently-constructed Medical School Building.","Between 1929 and 1962, a medical librarian with a small staff of student and clerical workers stewarded the library's collections. The Medical Library at this time, although physically separate from the rest of the University's libraries, was administered as part of the central University library system with oversight from School of Medicine faculty serving on the Medical Library Committee. In addition to the management of collections, the medical librarians in this era began to curate exhibits and provide instruction. Only a few of the medical librarians who served in this period had professional library training.","In 1962, Wilhelm Moll was appointed the first Director of the Medical Library. During his tenure, Moll oversaw the radical trasnformation of a small branch library into an independent research library. The full-time library staff expanded from 4 to 30, the University built a new library building over Jefferson Park Avenue, the nursing and medical libraries merged to form the Health Sciences Library, a history of medicine program was founded, and the library began to adopt digital technologies.","After Moll's death in 1979, the University apppointed Terry Thorkildsen as the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.  Thorkildsen and his successors Linda Watson (1990-2005) and Gretchen Arnold (2005-present) led the library during an era when revolutionary advances in digital technologies (e.g. the Internet, personal computers, databases) presented new challenges and opportunities for the Library.","September 1826: The University of Virginia Library opens in the Rotunda and it includes a collection of medical books.\n1911: The University Library's entire collection of medical books and journals are gathered together and moved to the basement of the Rotunda.\nSeptember 13, 1915: Richard Henry Whitehead, Dean of the School of Medicine, creates the Medical Library Committee.\n1919-June 1929: Ella Watson Johnson serves as the Medical Librarian.\nJune 1929: The Medical Library moves from the basement of the Rotunda to its own space in the new Medical School Building, the Medical Library remains a department of the central University Library System.\nJune 1929-September 1929: Margaret Otto serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1929-1931: Anne Ashhurst Gwathmey serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1931-1934: Caroline Hill Davis serves as the Medical Librarian.\nMarch 1934-June 1934: Dora Mitchell Brown serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1934-1936: Miriam Thomas Buchanan serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1935: The Medical Library institutes its first orientation for first year medical students.\n1936-1943: Anne Lewis Morris serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1943-1944: Mary Elizabeth Mayo serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1944-1947: Mabel Cook Wyllie serves as the Medical Librarian.\n1945-1949: The Nursing Library is placed under the Supervision of the Medical Librarian until the appointment of a clerk to manage the Nursing collection.\n1947-1962: Elizabeth Frances Adkins serves as the Medical Librarian.\nSeptember 1962: Wilhelm Moll is appointed the Director of the Medical Library.\n1962-1963: As the result of administrative reorganizations during this period, the Medical Library is separated from the central University Library system and placed under the control of the School of Medicine.\nNovember 1970: Librarians conduct the first online searches of a database at the University of Virginia Medical Library using the experimental AIM-TWX service developed by the National Library of Medicine's Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications.\nNovember 1971: Librarians begin using the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE system to conduct online searches for patrons.\nAugust 1975: The Medical Library and Nursing Library are merged into the Health Sciences Library and Information Center and moved into a new building that spans over Jefferson Park Avenue. Wilhelm Moll is made the Director of the Health Sciences Library.\nApril 1976: The Health Sciences Library is formally dedicated and named after Claude Moore, an alumnus of and donor to the University of Virginia.\n1979: Terry Thorkildsen is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\n1989: The library card catalog is digitized and made available through computer terminals.\n1990: Linda Watson is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\n2005: Gretchen Arnold is appointed the interim Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library and is then made Director in 2007.\n2022: Bart Ragon is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of permanent and historically significant institutional records created by the University of Virginia Health Sciences Library and the antecedent Medical Library. These records include, but are not limited to: annual reports, planning documents, newsletters, online exhibits, blogs, social media content, conference programs, department histories, committee records, and library-sponsored lecture materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of permanent and historically significant institutional records created by the University of Virginia Health Sciences Library and the antecedent Medical Library. These records include, but are not limited to: annual reports, planning documents, newsletters, online exhibits, blogs, social media content, conference programs, department histories, committee records, and library-sponsored lecture materials."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this collection varies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this collection varies."],"corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"names_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":471,"online_item_count_is":26,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-09-17T13:58:07.773Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Born-Digital Materials, 2015/2020, bulk 2017/2020","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this series contain offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","parent_ssim":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017, 2015/2020, bulk 2017/2020"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_754"],"title_filing_ssi":"Born-Digital Materials","title_ssm":["Born-Digital Materials"],"title_tesim":["Born-Digital Materials"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Born-Digital Materials, 2015/2020, bulk 2017/2020"],"text":["Born-Digital Materials, 2015/2020, bulk 2017/2020","The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017, 2015/2020, bulk 2017/2020","English","The materials in this series contain offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","The Born-digital materials series consists of digital photographs, video recordings, typed narratives, archived web pages, archived tweets and twitter IDs, and digitial audio files.","The Stories and audiovisual materials submitted via online collection site subseries consists of digital photographs, video recordings, and typed narratives submitted via an online portal on the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website, and include descriptive information, dates, and locations provided by the donors.","The digital photographs and video recordings include documentation of KKK members and of protesters taken during the July 8 KKK rally, pictures of \"Unite the Right\" protesters, counter-protesters, and police taken during the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally, and pictures of events, memorials, memorabilia that document the community response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of these materials detail the movements of people in Charlottesville leading up to the confrontations that took place on July 8, and on August 12 at Market Street Park (formerly known as Lee Park and later Emancipation Park) when violence errupted. They also exhibit the many examples of the responses from the community of Charlottesville in the form of temporary memorials, like flowers, signs, messages written on walls.","The narratives describe the personal accounts and experiences of individuals from events that occurred on August 11 and 12, 2017, and also reflections on white supremacy and violence in Charlottesville. They also document some of the emotional responses to events of August 11 and 12, 2017. This subseries also includes a small number of emails sent to University of Virginia President Teresa Sullivan.","The Archived webpages subseries is divided into two separate files, each of which is a collection of archived websites. Each consists of archived websites and webpages relating to the events in Charlottesville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 made accessible via the provided hyperlinks.","The first directs researchers to the University of Virginia Collection on Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 web archive on the Archive-It website. The second directs researchers to the web archive collection titled, \"MSS16386_WARNING_OFFENSIVECONTENT\" accessible on the ReplayWeb website. The collections include archived websites and webpages in various formats (blogs, forums, news websites, and social media) relating to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 in Charlottesville, VA and their aftermath. Hyperlinks to articles, blogs, listservs, community sites, and other web content from the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and archived from 2017 through 2020.","The Arhived tweets and Twitter datasets subseries includes archived social media that reveals some of the conversation around Charlottesville as a political focal point on Twitter. Tweets that were captured, and Tweet IDs and Twitter datasets that were harvested using Twarc, Twitter APIs, Archive-It, and webrecorder during and after August 11 and 12, 2017, and on the one-year anniversary of the \"Unite the Right\" rally are distributed across the political spectrum. A wide range of hashtags for Charlottesville, hoosagainsthate, and hoostogether were captured for the collection, as well as timelines and accounts from the university and from the city of Charlottesville. At this time this subseries is not open for research, but will be made available when it is processed.","The Audio-cassette subseries consists of digital audio files from the download card that was included with the set of two audio-cassettes. The content of the audio-cassettes, and of the digital files are recorded songs created in response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017, and were donated with a printed track listing."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017, 2015/2020, bulk 2017/2020"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017, 2015/2020, bulk 2017/2020"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2015/2020, bulk 2017/2020"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["2015-01-13-2020"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["2017-07-08-2020"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":22,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017, 2015/2020, bulk 2017/2020"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":3,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Archive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.","Materials accessible on Replayweb.page must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Because of the assembled nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the collection. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator."],"language_ssim":["English"],"date_range_isim":[2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this series contain offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Born-digital materials series consists of digital photographs, video recordings, typed narratives, archived web pages, archived tweets and twitter IDs, and digitial audio files.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Stories and audiovisual materials submitted via online collection site subseries consists of digital photographs, video recordings, and typed narratives submitted via an online portal on the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website, and include descriptive information, dates, and locations provided by the donors.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe digital photographs and video recordings include documentation of KKK members and of protesters taken during the July 8 KKK rally, pictures of \"Unite the Right\" protesters, counter-protesters, and police taken during the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally, and pictures of events, memorials, memorabilia that document the community response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of these materials detail the movements of people in Charlottesville leading up to the confrontations that took place on July 8, and on August 12 at Market Street Park (formerly known as Lee Park and later Emancipation Park) when violence errupted. They also exhibit the many examples of the responses from the community of Charlottesville in the form of temporary memorials, like flowers, signs, messages written on walls.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe narratives describe the personal accounts and experiences of individuals from events that occurred on August 11 and 12, 2017, and also reflections on white supremacy and violence in Charlottesville. They also document some of the emotional responses to events of August 11 and 12, 2017. This subseries also includes a small number of emails sent to University of Virginia President Teresa Sullivan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Archived webpages subseries is divided into two separate files, each of which is a collection of archived websites. Each consists of archived websites and webpages relating to the events in Charlottesville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 made accessible via the provided hyperlinks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe first directs researchers to the University of Virginia Collection on Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 web archive on the Archive-It website. The second directs researchers to the web archive collection titled, \"MSS16386_WARNING_OFFENSIVECONTENT\" accessible on the ReplayWeb website. The collections include archived websites and webpages in various formats (blogs, forums, news websites, and social media) relating to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 in Charlottesville, VA and their aftermath. Hyperlinks to articles, blogs, listservs, community sites, and other web content from the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and archived from 2017 through 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Arhived tweets and Twitter datasets subseries includes archived social media that reveals some of the conversation around Charlottesville as a political focal point on Twitter. Tweets that were captured, and Tweet IDs and Twitter datasets that were harvested using Twarc, Twitter APIs, Archive-It, and webrecorder during and after August 11 and 12, 2017, and on the one-year anniversary of the \"Unite the Right\" rally are distributed across the political spectrum. A wide range of hashtags for Charlottesville, hoosagainsthate, and hoostogether were captured for the collection, as well as timelines and accounts from the university and from the city of Charlottesville. At this time this subseries is not open for research, but will be made available when it is processed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Audio-cassette subseries consists of digital audio files from the download card that was included with the set of two audio-cassettes. The content of the audio-cassettes, and of the digital files are recorded songs created in response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017, and were donated with a printed track listing.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The materials in this series contain offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","The Born-digital materials series consists of digital photographs, video recordings, typed narratives, archived web pages, archived tweets and twitter IDs, and digitial audio files.","The Stories and audiovisual materials submitted via online collection site subseries consists of digital photographs, video recordings, and typed narratives submitted via an online portal on the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website, and include descriptive information, dates, and locations provided by the donors.","The digital photographs and video recordings include documentation of KKK members and of protesters taken during the July 8 KKK rally, pictures of \"Unite the Right\" protesters, counter-protesters, and police taken during the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally, and pictures of events, memorials, memorabilia that document the community response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of these materials detail the movements of people in Charlottesville leading up to the confrontations that took place on July 8, and on August 12 at Market Street Park (formerly known as Lee Park and later Emancipation Park) when violence errupted. They also exhibit the many examples of the responses from the community of Charlottesville in the form of temporary memorials, like flowers, signs, messages written on walls.","The narratives describe the personal accounts and experiences of individuals from events that occurred on August 11 and 12, 2017, and also reflections on white supremacy and violence in Charlottesville. They also document some of the emotional responses to events of August 11 and 12, 2017. This subseries also includes a small number of emails sent to University of Virginia President Teresa Sullivan.","The Archived webpages subseries is divided into two separate files, each of which is a collection of archived websites. Each consists of archived websites and webpages relating to the events in Charlottesville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 made accessible via the provided hyperlinks.","The first directs researchers to the University of Virginia Collection on Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 web archive on the Archive-It website. The second directs researchers to the web archive collection titled, \"MSS16386_WARNING_OFFENSIVECONTENT\" accessible on the ReplayWeb website. The collections include archived websites and webpages in various formats (blogs, forums, news websites, and social media) relating to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 in Charlottesville, VA and their aftermath. Hyperlinks to articles, blogs, listservs, community sites, and other web content from the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and archived from 2017 through 2020.","The Arhived tweets and Twitter datasets subseries includes archived social media that reveals some of the conversation around Charlottesville as a political focal point on Twitter. Tweets that were captured, and Tweet IDs and Twitter datasets that were harvested using Twarc, Twitter APIs, Archive-It, and webrecorder during and after August 11 and 12, 2017, and on the one-year anniversary of the \"Unite the Right\" rally are distributed across the political spectrum. A wide range of hashtags for Charlottesville, hoosagainsthate, and hoostogether were captured for the collection, as well as timelines and accounts from the university and from the city of Charlottesville. At this time this subseries is not open for research, but will be made available when it is processed.","The Audio-cassette subseries consists of digital audio files from the download card that was included with the set of two audio-cassettes. The content of the audio-cassettes, and of the digital files are recorded songs created in response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017, and were donated with a printed track listing."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_754.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/148780","title_filing_ssi":"The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017","title_ssm":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017"],"title_tesim":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017"],"unitdate_ssm":["2015-01-13-2020","2017-01-03-2020"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["2015-01-13-2020"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["2017-01-03-2020"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2015/2020, bulk 2017/2020"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017, 2015/2020, bulk 2017/2020"],"text":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017, 2015/2020, bulk 2017/2020","MSS 16386","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/754","race relations -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Unite the Right Rally, Charlottesville, Va., 2017","Correspondence","posters","Buttons (information artifacts)","letters (correspondence)","electronic mail","clippings (information artifacts)","newspapers","fanzines","Digital images","Web pages (documents)","social media","The majority of the collection is open for research use.","The story donated by Michael McGee is restricted and requires permission from the donor prior to use. Consult repository for details.","The original audio-cassette format of the music album, \"Together\" cannot be handled directly by patrons. The digital files for each song are included and can be accessed in the second series, 'Born-Digital materials'.","Archive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.","Materials accessible on Replayweb.page must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching.","Arranged in two series: 1. Physical (Analog) Materials. 2. Born-Digital materials.","The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 is arranged in two series, each of which has been further arranged into subseries. Series 1, Pysical (Analog) Materials, is arranged into three subseries, and each subseries is arranged into files. Each subseries in Series 1 is arranged chronologically relative to August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of each subseries in Series 1 are arranged by type or format. Series 2, Digital Materials, is arranged into 4 subseries. The contents of Series 2 are arranged in general type or format, and each subseries is arranged by format. The series, subseries, and files are as follows:","Series 1, Physal (Analog) Materials:","Subseries 1, Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 6/6/2017 - 8/10/2017:","File 1, Correnspondence materials. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Posters. \nFile 4, Artifacts.","Subseries 2, Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 8/11/2017 - 8/12/2017:","File 1, Correnspondence materials. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Posters and signs. \nFile 4, Artifacts.","Subseries 3, Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 8/13/2017 - 2020:","File 1, Correspondence materials: letters of support and other correspondence. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Legal documents, official reports. \nFile 4, Artifacts. \nFile 5, Audio-visual materials.","Series 2, Born-Digital materials:","Subseries 1, Stories and audio-visual materials submitted via online collection site, 8/13/2017-2018.","Subseries 2, Archived web pages, 1/13/2015-2020:","File 1, Archive-It webpages.\nFile 2, ReplayWeb/Webrecorder/Conifer webpages.","Subseries 3, Archived tweets and Twitter datasets, 8/11/17-2018.","Subseries 4, Audio files (songs on audio-cassette), 2/26/2018.","The collection of Twitter data is not yet open for research, and will be made available when it is processed.","On the night of Friday August 11, 2017, the \"Unite the Right\" organizers held an unpermitted torchlit march at the University of Virginia. A group of several hundred men and women, identified by many sources as Alt-right members and white nationalists, gathered on UVA's \"nameless\" field with lit torches in hand. They then marched on the main quadrangle of the University of Virginia's grounds while chanting \"You will not replace us\" and \"Jews will not replace us\". They continued to walk around the Rotunda, then to the statue of Thomas Jefferson. At the base of the statue, the mob of white nationalists surrounded a small group of counter protesters before attacking them and injuring some.","According to news sources, University officials were informed of the planned march hours before it began. However, no action was taken to prevent the mob's tresspass onto University grounds, despite their violation of University policy. Nor was there any attempt made to prevent possible violence. Reports state that University officials and University Police were unprepared for the event, and University Police only dispersed the crowd after aid was provided by the Charlottesville Police Department.","On August 12, 2017, right-wing and white-nationalist groups gathered in Charlottesville to oppose a plan to remove the statue of Robert E. Lee from Emancipation Park. This same plan also prompted a similar protest in May, 2017, led by white nationalist Richard Spencer, and a Ku Klux Klan rally on July 8, 2017. Jason Kessler had obtained a permit prior to August 12 to convene a rally at the Lee Statue, an event that was called \"Unite the Right\". The rally was much larger than the July KKK rally that took place in Charlottesville, and was a more significant public safety challenge for officials and authorities, despite the attempt by city council to move the event's location to McIntire Park.","Violence broke out ahead of the rally's scheduled noon start, after which Virginia Governor, Terry McAuliffe, declared a state of emergency. The Charlottesville Police Department and the Virginia State Police's failure to coordinate in a unified command, in combination with general planning and coordination breakdowns, resulted in their inability to intervene in violent altercations, and to protect public safety. When unlawful assembly was declared, law enforcement officers pushed Alt-Right protesters in Emancipation Park back towards counter-protesters with whom they had been in conflict, generating even more violence.","The violence spread beyond the park to Market Street, Justice Park, High Street, Water Street, and the Downtown Mall, culminating in the death of 32-year-old paralegal, Heather Heyer, who was killed when James Alex Fields, Jr. drove his car into a crowd of counter-protesters at 4th and Water Streets. Nineteen people were injured when the car drove into the crowd, and at least 15 others were injured that day, including DeAndre Harris, a man beaten in an altercation with \"Unite the Right\" ralliers. Several hours after the incident that killed Heather Heyer, two Virginia state troopers, Lt. H. Jay Cullen and Trooper Berke M. M. Bates, died in a helicopter accident while monitoring the demonstrations.","For accessing rolled oversized materials (tubes 6-11):","These items are stored rolled around the exterior of the tube.","2 people are needed for rolling. Each item should\nremain face-up with the painted/drawn/sketched side visible.","Sandwich each item between the Hollytex, placed on top, and\nthe sheet of Tyvek, placed underneath.","The sheet of Tyvek should remain on the underside/\nunmarked backing of the item.","Once these protective coverings are in place,\ncarefully roll up the item around the exterior of the tube\n(Hollytex side IN)","Now rolled, gently secure the item by\nusing the 3 ties, one near each end and one in the center.","The original title of the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 was the \"Unite the Right\" Rally and Community Response collection. It was changed on August 3, 2022.","documenting the July 8, 2017 KKK rally, and the events in Charlotteville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 can be found here:","Boggs, Jeremy, 2017, \"Charlottesville KKK Tweet IDs\", https://doi.org/10.18130/V3/MSCNLT, University of Virginia Dataverse, V1.\n \nDeeyah Khan, 2017, \"White Right - Meeting the Enemy\", https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/media_objects/sj1392079, University of Virginia Robertson Media Center Streaming Content.\n \nPaul Tait Roberts, 2018, \"Charlottesville\" (Unite the Right Rally), https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/media_objects/w0892b08k, University of Virginia Robertson Media Center Streaming Content.","Littman, Justin, 2018, \"Charlottesville Tweet Ids\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/DVLJTO, Harvard Dataverse, V1.","This collection contains offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","This collection documents the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 that occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia, and the circumstances surrounding them. It also documents the responses to those events from communities in and outside the city of Charlottesville. The contents of this collection include analog and born-digital materials. Some materials were donated, and physically collected by library staff and Charlottesville residents. A significant portion of the physical materials were created by individuals and communities outside of Charlottesville, which were then sent to Charlottesville City Hall, which donated them to the University of Virginia. Library staff also collected born digital materials by means of web crawling and harvesting Twitter data, and by means of participatory archival efforts with the Charlottesville community, and from communities outside Charlottesville.","Several community identities can be identified throughout the collection, most notably residents of Charlottesville and its surrounding areas, many of whom were creators of first-hand documentaion donated to the archive and represented in the collection records. This particular community also includes University of Virginia students, faculty, and staff. Other community identities include those of the ralliers, the counter protesters, people expressing solidarity with and support for Charlotteville residents and the victims of the August 11 and 12 rallies, and people expressing support for the \"Unite the Right\" ralliers. In addition to the physical materials and the photo and video documentaion, evidence of these different communities can also be found in the collections of archived webpages and tweets, which lend themselves to the participatory aspect of the collection.","The Physical (Analog) series follows a chronological organization beginning with the Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries. The collection begins with materials from the July 8, 2017 KKK rally and documents regarding that rally and its aftermath, and some printed email correspondence from police and Charlottesville City Council. These materials document some of the context and backdrop of the \"Unite the Right\" rally.","In the Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries, there is documentation of the events that took place on those days and some of the circumstances surrounding those events. Printed email correspondence disclose some of the activities of the Charlottesville Police Department and of city council members during and after the demonstrations. Artifacts from the August 11, 2017 torch-lit rally, and from the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally provide evidence of the activities during those events. Printed ephemera, like pamphlets, zines, and flyers reveal some of the activities of Charlottesville's residents and their expressions in anticipation of, and in response to the day's events.","The Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries contains materials relating to the \"Unite the Right\" rally from after August 12, 2017. The majority of the correspondents in this subseries are condolence materials. Condolence letters and letters of support include those sent or addressed to Mayor Michael Signer, Vice Mayor Wes Bellamy, members of the Charlottesville City Council, Charlottesville City Hall, the city of Charlottesville, and Heather Heyer. Condolence letters and letters of support were sent from public offices and municipalities, religious organizations, educational and professional institutions, businesses, non-profit organizations, political organizations, and from individuals and communities from around the world. Many of the condolence letters and letters of support that were sent from public offices and municipalities include motions reached at town meetings, proclamations, and resolutions in support of Charlottesville's citizens denouncing white supremacy, white nationalism, and groups demonstrating hate and bigotry. Pledges of solidarity with the city of Charlottesville signed by the citizens were also sent to city hall. Condolence artifacts of various formats were also sent to Charlottesville City Hall and document the varied kinds of expressions of support and solidarity. The artifacts in this subseries also includes the broken nose of the \"Faith\" statue, which is the front of the Stonewall Jackson statute's granite pedestal in Court Square Park.","The other types of correspondence in this subseries include letters, and one restricted typed narrative that presents one person's assessment of the events of August 12, 2017. Some of the letters are addressed to members of Charlottesville City Hall and City Council that express severe criticism of the manner in which the mayor and members of city council, and the Charlottesville Police Department handled the events of August 12, 2017. Other letters also express dissatisfaction of Charlottesville City Council's decision to remove the Lee and Jackson statues, while also attempting to convey a particular narrative of southern history. Some correspondence also express severely racist comments towards black people and people of color, in general.","Also in this subseries are materials that demonstrate Charlottesville community plans and responses for the anniversaries of the \"Unite the Right\" Rally. These include flyers for protests one year after the event, fliers and brochures handed out during the \"Reclaim the Park\" anniversary event in 2020, a press conference announcement, zines, and a listing of anti-racist events with a collection of comments from Charlottesville anti-racist activists.","The periodical issues with articles about the events of August 11 and 12 portray the mainstream local and national reactions. The physical (analog) materials and ephemera collected after August 12, the copy of a legal complaint filed against Jason Kessler and other parties, the official report released by lawyers in Charlottesville, and the audio-cassette recording of songs by local musicians all document some of the responses of Charlottesville's communities and residents.","The Born-Digital materials series consists of digital photo and video documentation, text files, archived email files, archived websites and Twitter data, and Audio files (songs on audio-cassette). Some documentation was contributed by a number of Charlottesville community members, city residents, students, and university staff alike via the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website created by the University of Virginia Library. While some digital photographs were taken at the July 8 KKK rally, the majority were taken during and after the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally. The photographs and videos of protesters and anti-protesters, of police, of symbols and messages, and of people and artwork away from the activities demonstrate the circumstances of the events, and of the community response to the violence and turmoil that unfolded. The written narratives provide documentation of the events and of the community response, as well, but also provide evidence of the emotional responses.","The growing collection of archived web pages provides a different kind of record of how the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally was perceived and documented. The collection of news and opinion articles from local, regional, and national sources, along with blogs, reddit threads, and a YouTube music video provides a small representation of responses to August 11 and 12, 2017 on the internet. The archived tweets and Twitter data-sets exhibit other forms of communication, like hashtags and emojis that can be included in the larger community of people responding to the events of August 12, 2017.","Because of the assembled nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the collection. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). 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Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)"],"creator_ssim":["Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)","Charlottesville City Hall","University of Virginia","University of Virginia Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)","Charlottesville City Hall","University of Virginia","University of Virginia Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["Because of the assembled nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the collection. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Anonymous donors.\nUniversity of Virginia Library staff.\nCharlottesville residents.\nCharlottesville City hall. \nOther, Individual donors, e.g: Michael McGee, Rosemary Balister, Derek Brown, Arlyn Newcomb, Tyler Magill, Sarah Brazelton."],"access_subjects_ssim":["race relations -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Unite the Right Rally, Charlottesville, Va., 2017","Correspondence","posters","Buttons (information artifacts)","letters (correspondence)","electronic mail","clippings (information artifacts)","newspapers","fanzines","Digital images","Web pages (documents)","social media"],"access_subjects_ssm":["race relations -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Unite the Right Rally, Charlottesville, Va., 2017","Correspondence","posters","Buttons (information artifacts)","letters (correspondence)","electronic mail","clippings (information artifacts)","newspapers","fanzines","Digital images","Web pages (documents)","social media"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["50 Cubic Feet","19.74 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":["50 Cubic Feet","19.74 Gigabytes"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","posters","Buttons (information artifacts)","letters (correspondence)","electronic mail","clippings (information artifacts)","newspapers","fanzines","Digital images","Web pages (documents)","social media"],"date_range_isim":[2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe story donated by Michael McGee is restricted and requires permission from the donor prior to use. Consult repository for details.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe original audio-cassette format of the music album, \"Together\" cannot be handled directly by patrons. The digital files for each song are included and can be accessed in the second series, 'Born-Digital materials'.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eArchive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterials accessible on Replayweb.page must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Access of born-digital materials - archived webpages"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The majority of the collection is open for research use.","The story donated by Michael McGee is restricted and requires permission from the donor prior to use. Consult repository for details.","The original audio-cassette format of the music album, \"Together\" cannot be handled directly by patrons. The digital files for each song are included and can be accessed in the second series, 'Born-Digital materials'.","Archive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.","Materials accessible on Replayweb.page must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged in two series: 1. Physical (Analog) Materials. 2. Born-Digital materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 is arranged in two series, each of which has been further arranged into subseries. Series 1, Pysical (Analog) Materials, is arranged into three subseries, and each subseries is arranged into files. Each subseries in Series 1 is arranged chronologically relative to August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of each subseries in Series 1 are arranged by type or format. Series 2, Digital Materials, is arranged into 4 subseries. The contents of Series 2 are arranged in general type or format, and each subseries is arranged by format. The series, subseries, and files are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1, Physal (Analog) Materials:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 1, Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 6/6/2017 - 8/10/2017:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nFile 1, Correnspondence materials. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Posters. \nFile 4, Artifacts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 2, Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 8/11/2017 - 8/12/2017:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nFile 1, Correnspondence materials. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Posters and signs. \nFile 4, Artifacts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 3, Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 8/13/2017 - 2020:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nFile 1, Correspondence materials: letters of support and other correspondence. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Legal documents, official reports. \nFile 4, Artifacts. \nFile 5, Audio-visual materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 2, Born-Digital materials:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 1, Stories and audio-visual materials submitted via online collection site, 8/13/2017-2018. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 2, Archived web pages, 1/13/2015-2020:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nFile 1, Archive-It webpages.\nFile 2, ReplayWeb/Webrecorder/Conifer webpages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 3, Archived tweets and Twitter datasets, 8/11/17-2018.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 4, Audio files (songs on audio-cassette), 2/26/2018.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe collection of Twitter data is not yet open for research, and will be made available when it is processed.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged in two series: 1. Physical (Analog) Materials. 2. Born-Digital materials.","The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 is arranged in two series, each of which has been further arranged into subseries. Series 1, Pysical (Analog) Materials, is arranged into three subseries, and each subseries is arranged into files. Each subseries in Series 1 is arranged chronologically relative to August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of each subseries in Series 1 are arranged by type or format. Series 2, Digital Materials, is arranged into 4 subseries. The contents of Series 2 are arranged in general type or format, and each subseries is arranged by format. The series, subseries, and files are as follows:","Series 1, Physal (Analog) Materials:","Subseries 1, Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 6/6/2017 - 8/10/2017:","File 1, Correnspondence materials. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Posters. \nFile 4, Artifacts.","Subseries 2, Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 8/11/2017 - 8/12/2017:","File 1, Correnspondence materials. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Posters and signs. \nFile 4, Artifacts.","Subseries 3, Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 8/13/2017 - 2020:","File 1, Correspondence materials: letters of support and other correspondence. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Legal documents, official reports. \nFile 4, Artifacts. \nFile 5, Audio-visual materials.","Series 2, Born-Digital materials:","Subseries 1, Stories and audio-visual materials submitted via online collection site, 8/13/2017-2018.","Subseries 2, Archived web pages, 1/13/2015-2020:","File 1, Archive-It webpages.\nFile 2, ReplayWeb/Webrecorder/Conifer webpages.","Subseries 3, Archived tweets and Twitter datasets, 8/11/17-2018.","Subseries 4, Audio files (songs on audio-cassette), 2/26/2018.","The collection of Twitter data is not yet open for research, and will be made available when it is processed."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOn the night of Friday August 11, 2017, the \"Unite the Right\" organizers held an unpermitted torchlit march at the University of Virginia. A group of several hundred men and women, identified by many sources as Alt-right members and white nationalists, gathered on UVA's \"nameless\" field with lit torches in hand. They then marched on the main quadrangle of the University of Virginia's grounds while chanting \"You will not replace us\" and \"Jews will not replace us\". They continued to walk around the Rotunda, then to the statue of Thomas Jefferson. At the base of the statue, the mob of white nationalists surrounded a small group of counter protesters before attacking them and injuring some.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nAccording to news sources, University officials were informed of the planned march hours before it began. However, no action was taken to prevent the mob's tresspass onto University grounds, despite their violation of University policy. Nor was there any attempt made to prevent possible violence. Reports state that University officials and University Police were unprepared for the event, and University Police only dispersed the crowd after aid was provided by the Charlottesville Police Department.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nOn August 12, 2017, right-wing and white-nationalist groups gathered in Charlottesville to oppose a plan to remove the statue of Robert E. Lee from Emancipation Park. This same plan also prompted a similar protest in May, 2017, led by white nationalist Richard Spencer, and a Ku Klux Klan rally on July 8, 2017. Jason Kessler had obtained a permit prior to August 12 to convene a rally at the Lee Statue, an event that was called \"Unite the Right\". The rally was much larger than the July KKK rally that took place in Charlottesville, and was a more significant public safety challenge for officials and authorities, despite the attempt by city council to move the event's location to McIntire Park.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nViolence broke out ahead of the rally's scheduled noon start, after which Virginia Governor, Terry McAuliffe, declared a state of emergency. The Charlottesville Police Department and the Virginia State Police's failure to coordinate in a unified command, in combination with general planning and coordination breakdowns, resulted in their inability to intervene in violent altercations, and to protect public safety. When unlawful assembly was declared, law enforcement officers pushed Alt-Right protesters in Emancipation Park back towards counter-protesters with whom they had been in conflict, generating even more violence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe violence spread beyond the park to Market Street, Justice Park, High Street, Water Street, and the Downtown Mall, culminating in the death of 32-year-old paralegal, Heather Heyer, who was killed when James Alex Fields, Jr. drove his car into a crowd of counter-protesters at 4th and Water Streets. Nineteen people were injured when the car drove into the crowd, and at least 15 others were injured that day, including DeAndre Harris, a man beaten in an altercation with \"Unite the Right\" ralliers. Several hours after the incident that killed Heather Heyer, two Virginia state troopers, Lt. H. Jay Cullen and Trooper Berke M. M. Bates, died in a helicopter accident while monitoring the demonstrations.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["On the night of Friday August 11, 2017, the \"Unite the Right\" organizers held an unpermitted torchlit march at the University of Virginia. A group of several hundred men and women, identified by many sources as Alt-right members and white nationalists, gathered on UVA's \"nameless\" field with lit torches in hand. They then marched on the main quadrangle of the University of Virginia's grounds while chanting \"You will not replace us\" and \"Jews will not replace us\". They continued to walk around the Rotunda, then to the statue of Thomas Jefferson. At the base of the statue, the mob of white nationalists surrounded a small group of counter protesters before attacking them and injuring some.","According to news sources, University officials were informed of the planned march hours before it began. However, no action was taken to prevent the mob's tresspass onto University grounds, despite their violation of University policy. Nor was there any attempt made to prevent possible violence. Reports state that University officials and University Police were unprepared for the event, and University Police only dispersed the crowd after aid was provided by the Charlottesville Police Department.","On August 12, 2017, right-wing and white-nationalist groups gathered in Charlottesville to oppose a plan to remove the statue of Robert E. Lee from Emancipation Park. This same plan also prompted a similar protest in May, 2017, led by white nationalist Richard Spencer, and a Ku Klux Klan rally on July 8, 2017. Jason Kessler had obtained a permit prior to August 12 to convene a rally at the Lee Statue, an event that was called \"Unite the Right\". The rally was much larger than the July KKK rally that took place in Charlottesville, and was a more significant public safety challenge for officials and authorities, despite the attempt by city council to move the event's location to McIntire Park.","Violence broke out ahead of the rally's scheduled noon start, after which Virginia Governor, Terry McAuliffe, declared a state of emergency. The Charlottesville Police Department and the Virginia State Police's failure to coordinate in a unified command, in combination with general planning and coordination breakdowns, resulted in their inability to intervene in violent altercations, and to protect public safety. When unlawful assembly was declared, law enforcement officers pushed Alt-Right protesters in Emancipation Park back towards counter-protesters with whom they had been in conflict, generating even more violence.","The violence spread beyond the park to Market Street, Justice Park, High Street, Water Street, and the Downtown Mall, culminating in the death of 32-year-old paralegal, Heather Heyer, who was killed when James Alex Fields, Jr. drove his car into a crowd of counter-protesters at 4th and Water Streets. Nineteen people were injured when the car drove into the crowd, and at least 15 others were injured that day, including DeAndre Harris, a man beaten in an altercation with \"Unite the Right\" ralliers. Several hours after the incident that killed Heather Heyer, two Virginia state troopers, Lt. H. Jay Cullen and Trooper Berke M. M. Bates, died in a helicopter accident while monitoring the demonstrations."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFor accessing rolled oversized materials (tubes 6-11):\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese items are stored rolled around the exterior of the tube.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 people are needed for rolling. Each item should\nremain face-up with the painted/drawn/sketched side visible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSandwich each item between the Hollytex, placed on top, and\nthe sheet of Tyvek, placed underneath.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe sheet of Tyvek should remain on the underside/\nunmarked backing of the item.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOnce these protective coverings are in place,\ncarefully roll up the item around the exterior of the tube\n(Hollytex side IN)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNow rolled, gently secure the item by\nusing the 3 ties, one near each end and one in the center. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Physical Access"],"odd_tesim":["For accessing rolled oversized materials (tubes 6-11):","These items are stored rolled around the exterior of the tube.","2 people are needed for rolling. Each item should\nremain face-up with the painted/drawn/sketched side visible.","Sandwich each item between the Hollytex, placed on top, and\nthe sheet of Tyvek, placed underneath.","The sheet of Tyvek should remain on the underside/\nunmarked backing of the item.","Once these protective coverings are in place,\ncarefully roll up the item around the exterior of the tube\n(Hollytex side IN)","Now rolled, gently secure the item by\nusing the 3 ties, one near each end and one in the center."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16386, The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16386, The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe original title of the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 was the \"Unite the Right\" Rally and Community Response collection. It was changed on August 3, 2022.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The original title of the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 was the \"Unite the Right\" Rally and Community Response collection. It was changed on August 3, 2022."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003edocumenting the July 8, 2017 KKK rally, and the events in Charlotteville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 can be found here:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoggs, Jeremy, 2017, \"Charlottesville KKK Tweet IDs\", https://doi.org/10.18130/V3/MSCNLT, University of Virginia Dataverse, V1.\n \nDeeyah Khan, 2017, \"White Right - Meeting the Enemy\", https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/media_objects/sj1392079, University of Virginia Robertson Media Center Streaming Content.\n \nPaul Tait Roberts, 2018, \"Charlottesville\" (Unite the Right Rally), https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/media_objects/w0892b08k, University of Virginia Robertson Media Center Streaming Content.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Littman, Justin, 2018, \"Charlottesville Tweet Ids\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/DVLJTO, Harvard Dataverse, V1.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["documenting the July 8, 2017 KKK rally, and the events in Charlotteville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 can be found here:","Boggs, Jeremy, 2017, \"Charlottesville KKK Tweet IDs\", https://doi.org/10.18130/V3/MSCNLT, University of Virginia Dataverse, V1.\n \nDeeyah Khan, 2017, \"White Right - Meeting the Enemy\", https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/media_objects/sj1392079, University of Virginia Robertson Media Center Streaming Content.\n \nPaul Tait Roberts, 2018, \"Charlottesville\" (Unite the Right Rally), https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/media_objects/w0892b08k, University of Virginia Robertson Media Center Streaming Content.","Littman, Justin, 2018, \"Charlottesville Tweet Ids\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/DVLJTO, Harvard Dataverse, V1."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThis collection documents the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 that occurred in \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, and the circumstances surrounding them. It also documents the responses to those events from communities in and outside the city of Charlottesville. The contents of this collection include analog and born-digital materials. Some materials were donated, and physically collected by library staff and Charlottesville residents. A significant portion of the physical materials were created by individuals and communities outside of Charlottesville, which were then sent to \u003ccorpname\u003eCharlottesville City Hall\u003c/corpname\u003e, which donated them to the University of Virginia. Library staff also collected born digital materials by means of web crawling and harvesting Twitter data, and by means of participatory archival efforts with the Charlottesville community, and from communities outside Charlottesville.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSeveral community identities can be identified throughout the collection, most notably residents of Charlottesville and its surrounding areas, many of whom were creators of first-hand documentaion donated to the archive and represented in the collection records. This particular community also includes \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003e students, faculty, and staff. Other community identities include those of the ralliers, the counter protesters, people expressing solidarity with and support for Charlotteville residents and the victims of the August 11 and 12 rallies, and people expressing support for the \"Unite the Right\" ralliers. In addition to the physical materials and the photo and video documentaion, evidence of these different communities can also be found in the collections of archived webpages and tweets, which lend themselves to the participatory aspect of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Physical (Analog) series follows a chronological organization beginning with the Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries. The collection begins with materials from the \u003cdate\u003eJuly 8, 2017\u003c/date\u003e KKK rally and documents regarding that rally and its aftermath, and some printed email correspondence from police and Charlottesville City Council. These materials document some of the context and backdrop of the \"Unite the Right\" rally.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nIn the Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries, there is documentation of the events that took place on those days and some of the circumstances surrounding those events. Printed email correspondence disclose some of the activities of the Charlottesville Police Department and of city council members during and after the demonstrations. Artifacts from the \u003cdate\u003eAugust 11, 2017\u003c/date\u003e torch-lit rally, and from the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally provide evidence of the activities during those events. Printed ephemera, like pamphlets, zines, and flyers reveal some of the activities of Charlottesville's residents and their expressions in anticipation of, and in response to the day's events.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries contains materials relating to the \"Unite the Right\" rally from after \u003cdate\u003eAugust 12, 2017\u003c/date\u003e. The majority of the correspondents in this subseries are condolence materials. Condolence letters and letters of support include those sent or addressed to Mayor Michael Signer, Vice Mayor Wes Bellamy, members of the Charlottesville City Council, Charlottesville City Hall, the city of \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003e, and Heather Heyer. Condolence letters and letters of support were sent from public offices and municipalities, religious organizations, educational and professional institutions, businesses, non-profit organizations, political organizations, and from individuals and communities from around the world. Many of the condolence letters and letters of support that were sent from public offices and municipalities include motions reached at town meetings, proclamations, and resolutions in support of Charlottesville's citizens denouncing white supremacy, white nationalism, and groups demonstrating hate and bigotry. Pledges of solidarity with the city of Charlottesville signed by the citizens were also sent to city hall. Condolence artifacts of various formats were also sent to Charlottesville City Hall and document the varied kinds of expressions of support and solidarity. The artifacts in this subseries also includes the broken nose of the \"Faith\" statue, which is the front of the Stonewall Jackson statute's granite pedestal in Court Square Park.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe other types of correspondence in this subseries include letters, and one restricted typed narrative that presents one person's assessment of the events of August 12, 2017. Some of the letters are addressed to members of Charlottesville City Hall and City Council that express severe criticism of the manner in which the mayor and members of city council, and the Charlottesville Police Department handled the events of August 12, 2017. Other letters also express dissatisfaction of Charlottesville City Council's decision to remove the Lee and Jackson statues, while also attempting to convey a particular narrative of southern history. Some correspondence also express severely racist comments towards black people and people of color, in general.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nAlso in this subseries are materials that demonstrate Charlottesville community plans and responses for the anniversaries of the \"Unite the Right\" Rally. These include flyers for protests one year after the event, fliers and brochures handed out during the \"Reclaim the Park\" anniversary event in 2020, a press conference announcement, zines, and a listing of anti-racist events with a collection of comments from Charlottesville anti-racist activists.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe periodical issues with articles about the events of August 11 and 12 portray the mainstream local and national reactions. The physical (analog) materials and ephemera collected after August 12, the copy of a legal complaint filed against Jason Kessler and other parties, the official report released by lawyers in Charlottesville, and the audio-cassette recording of songs by local musicians all document some of the responses of Charlottesville's communities and residents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Born-Digital materials series consists of digital photo and video documentation, text files, archived email files, archived websites and Twitter data, and Audio files (songs on audio-cassette). Some documentation was contributed by a number of Charlottesville community members, city residents, students, and university staff alike via the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website created by the \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia Library\u003c/corpname\u003e. While some digital photographs were taken at the July 8 KKK rally, the majority were taken during and after the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally. The photographs and videos of protesters and anti-protesters, of police, of symbols and messages, and of people and artwork away from the activities demonstrate the circumstances of the events, and of the community response to the violence and turmoil that unfolded. The written narratives provide documentation of the events and of the community response, as well, but also provide evidence of the emotional responses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe growing collection of archived web pages provides a different kind of record of how the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally was perceived and documented. The collection of news and opinion articles from local, regional, and national sources, along with blogs, reddit threads, and a YouTube music video provides a small representation of responses to August 11 and 12, 2017 on the internet. The archived tweets and Twitter data-sets exhibit other forms of communication, like hashtags and emojis that can be included in the larger community of people responding to the events of August 12, 2017.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","This collection documents the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 that occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia, and the circumstances surrounding them. It also documents the responses to those events from communities in and outside the city of Charlottesville. The contents of this collection include analog and born-digital materials. Some materials were donated, and physically collected by library staff and Charlottesville residents. A significant portion of the physical materials were created by individuals and communities outside of Charlottesville, which were then sent to Charlottesville City Hall, which donated them to the University of Virginia. Library staff also collected born digital materials by means of web crawling and harvesting Twitter data, and by means of participatory archival efforts with the Charlottesville community, and from communities outside Charlottesville.","Several community identities can be identified throughout the collection, most notably residents of Charlottesville and its surrounding areas, many of whom were creators of first-hand documentaion donated to the archive and represented in the collection records. This particular community also includes University of Virginia students, faculty, and staff. Other community identities include those of the ralliers, the counter protesters, people expressing solidarity with and support for Charlotteville residents and the victims of the August 11 and 12 rallies, and people expressing support for the \"Unite the Right\" ralliers. In addition to the physical materials and the photo and video documentaion, evidence of these different communities can also be found in the collections of archived webpages and tweets, which lend themselves to the participatory aspect of the collection.","The Physical (Analog) series follows a chronological organization beginning with the Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries. The collection begins with materials from the July 8, 2017 KKK rally and documents regarding that rally and its aftermath, and some printed email correspondence from police and Charlottesville City Council. These materials document some of the context and backdrop of the \"Unite the Right\" rally.","In the Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries, there is documentation of the events that took place on those days and some of the circumstances surrounding those events. Printed email correspondence disclose some of the activities of the Charlottesville Police Department and of city council members during and after the demonstrations. Artifacts from the August 11, 2017 torch-lit rally, and from the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally provide evidence of the activities during those events. Printed ephemera, like pamphlets, zines, and flyers reveal some of the activities of Charlottesville's residents and their expressions in anticipation of, and in response to the day's events.","The Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries contains materials relating to the \"Unite the Right\" rally from after August 12, 2017. The majority of the correspondents in this subseries are condolence materials. Condolence letters and letters of support include those sent or addressed to Mayor Michael Signer, Vice Mayor Wes Bellamy, members of the Charlottesville City Council, Charlottesville City Hall, the city of Charlottesville, and Heather Heyer. Condolence letters and letters of support were sent from public offices and municipalities, religious organizations, educational and professional institutions, businesses, non-profit organizations, political organizations, and from individuals and communities from around the world. Many of the condolence letters and letters of support that were sent from public offices and municipalities include motions reached at town meetings, proclamations, and resolutions in support of Charlottesville's citizens denouncing white supremacy, white nationalism, and groups demonstrating hate and bigotry. Pledges of solidarity with the city of Charlottesville signed by the citizens were also sent to city hall. Condolence artifacts of various formats were also sent to Charlottesville City Hall and document the varied kinds of expressions of support and solidarity. The artifacts in this subseries also includes the broken nose of the \"Faith\" statue, which is the front of the Stonewall Jackson statute's granite pedestal in Court Square Park.","The other types of correspondence in this subseries include letters, and one restricted typed narrative that presents one person's assessment of the events of August 12, 2017. Some of the letters are addressed to members of Charlottesville City Hall and City Council that express severe criticism of the manner in which the mayor and members of city council, and the Charlottesville Police Department handled the events of August 12, 2017. Other letters also express dissatisfaction of Charlottesville City Council's decision to remove the Lee and Jackson statues, while also attempting to convey a particular narrative of southern history. Some correspondence also express severely racist comments towards black people and people of color, in general.","Also in this subseries are materials that demonstrate Charlottesville community plans and responses for the anniversaries of the \"Unite the Right\" Rally. These include flyers for protests one year after the event, fliers and brochures handed out during the \"Reclaim the Park\" anniversary event in 2020, a press conference announcement, zines, and a listing of anti-racist events with a collection of comments from Charlottesville anti-racist activists.","The periodical issues with articles about the events of August 11 and 12 portray the mainstream local and national reactions. The physical (analog) materials and ephemera collected after August 12, the copy of a legal complaint filed against Jason Kessler and other parties, the official report released by lawyers in Charlottesville, and the audio-cassette recording of songs by local musicians all document some of the responses of Charlottesville's communities and residents.","The Born-Digital materials series consists of digital photo and video documentation, text files, archived email files, archived websites and Twitter data, and Audio files (songs on audio-cassette). Some documentation was contributed by a number of Charlottesville community members, city residents, students, and university staff alike via the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website created by the University of Virginia Library. While some digital photographs were taken at the July 8 KKK rally, the majority were taken during and after the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally. The photographs and videos of protesters and anti-protesters, of police, of symbols and messages, and of people and artwork away from the activities demonstrate the circumstances of the events, and of the community response to the violence and turmoil that unfolded. The written narratives provide documentation of the events and of the community response, as well, but also provide evidence of the emotional responses.","The growing collection of archived web pages provides a different kind of record of how the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally was perceived and documented. The collection of news and opinion articles from local, regional, and national sources, along with blogs, reddit threads, and a YouTube music video provides a small representation of responses to August 11 and 12, 2017 on the internet. The archived tweets and Twitter data-sets exhibit other forms of communication, like hashtags and emojis that can be included in the larger community of people responding to the events of August 12, 2017."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause of the assembled nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the collection. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because of the assembled nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the collection. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)","Charlottesville City Hall","University of Virginia","University of Virginia Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)","Charlottesville City Hall","University of Virginia","University of Virginia Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":4,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02"}},{"id":"viu_viu01838_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"c01: Manuscripts","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01838_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01838_c01"],"id":"viu_viu01838_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01838","_root_":"viu_viu01838","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01838","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01838","parent_ssim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01838"],"title_filing_ssi":"Manuscripts","title_ssm":["c01: Manuscripts"],"title_tesim":["c01: Manuscripts"],"normalized_title_ssm":["c01: Manuscripts"],"text":["c01: Manuscripts","James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":1,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":22,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01838","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01838","_root_":"viu_viu01838","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01838","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01838.xml","title_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"title_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"text":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","11237","26 items","There are no restrictions.","Print Sources\n               \n                  Encyclopedia of the\n                  Confederacy. Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n                  Schuster, 1993.\n               Gregory, G. Howard. \n                  38th Virginia Infantry.\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n                  The Virginia Regimental Histories\n                  Series)\n               Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n                  Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n                  1861-1865. Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n                  Publishing Company, 1996.\n               Sublett, Charles W. \n                  57th Virginia Infantry.\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n                  Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Electronic Sources\n               Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n                  \n                  http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/(9 September,\n               1997).\n               \"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n                  Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n                  \n                  http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm(9 September\n                  1997).\n               Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n                  \n                  http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html(28\n                  August 1997).","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n               Wide Web\n               Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n                  \n                  http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\n               \n               Civil War Miscellany \n                  \n                  http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\n               \n               Pickett's Division \n                     \n                     http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\n               \n               War Links \n                     \n                     http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","James Booker and John Booker\n            The twins, John and James, were born to \n            John Booker (1797-1859)and \n            Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859)on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n            had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n            children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n            (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n            Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).\n            Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n            (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n            (March 29, 1814) (Austin).\n            In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n            the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n            William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n            years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n            Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n            1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).\n            At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n            Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n            1861 in \n            Whitmell, Virginia, in \n            Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").For more\n            information about the regiment see \n            \n                  38th Virginia Infantryby G. Howard Gregory\n            (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988). The Booker brothers\n            remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n            promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n            82).\n            In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n            with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n            after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n            Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n            Virginia, on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n            Chimborazo Hospital. John received a\n            chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n            James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n            August 26, 1864.\n            After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n            on October 31, 1867, he married \n            Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)(nicknamed\n            \"Pat\") of \n            Pittsylvania County, on October 31,\n            1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n            letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n            within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n            listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n            found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n            letters.","Chloe Unity Blair\n            Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n            Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n            was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n            her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n            sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n            letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n            Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n            Bookers.\n            Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n            Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n            undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n            that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n            They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n            often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n            members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n            to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n            clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n            Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n            prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n            you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n            treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n            polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n            letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n            their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n            and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n            who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n            of surrogate mother.\n            Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n            of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n            married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n            few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n            cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n            respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n            Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n            war years.","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n            Regiment\n            On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n            of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n            join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n            Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n            Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n            Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n            38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n            Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n            considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n            killed, or not re-elected.\n            The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n            organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n            Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n            leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.\n            \n               \n                  Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n                  Virginia Infantry\n                  May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n                  Whittle is wounded.\n                  May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n                  38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%.\n                  July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n                  38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n                  11 missing.\n                  September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n                  capturing Harper's Ferry.\n                  September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n                  of Sharpsburg.\n                  July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n                  Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n                  is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n                  participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n                  battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n                  captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43).\n                  May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n                  Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n                  is promoted to Colonel of the 38th.\n                  May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n                  from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded.\n                  September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n                  Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n                  Desertions are frequent.\n                  November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n                  line near Petersburg.\n                  April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks.\n                  April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n                  Creek--the 38th's final battle.\n                  April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n                  Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n                  Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house.\n                  April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n                  home.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities","This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n            1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n            John Booker (1840-1864)and \n            James Booker (1840-1923)of \n            Pittsylvania County, Virginia,to their\n            cousin, \n            Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875);\n            electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n            Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n            transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n            the transcripts was returned to the donor.","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters\n            The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n            what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n            Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n            of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n            dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n            from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n            concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n            Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n            the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n            supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n            soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n            As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n            more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n            feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n            (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n            responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n            grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n            suffering is God's will.","Preparing for Battle\n            The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n            time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n            speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n            Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n            anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n            because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n            acquired much of the information that fueled their\n            speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n            soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n            predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n            his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n            whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n            Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n            forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n            troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n            a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n            instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n            \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n            hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n            will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n            that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n            die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n            others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n            Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n            conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n            that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n            achieving peace (March 1, 1864).\n            Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n            skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n            was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n            complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n            in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n            Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n            as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n            officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n            themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n            troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n            Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).\n            Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n            in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n            In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n            young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n            hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n            it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n            shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n            conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n            executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n            condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n            dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","Health\n            More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n            ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n            disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n            during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n            detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n            soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n            include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n            mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n            the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n            soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n            to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n            and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n            April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n            to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n            the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n            recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n            nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n            September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n            with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n            Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n            stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n            could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n            his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n            commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n            James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n            furlough that he wished for.","Food and Supplies\n            Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n            the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n            later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n            (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n            bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n            bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n            Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n            they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n            38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n            instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n            milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n            (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n            food, whether because they feared or supported the\n            troops.","Interactions with Civilians\n            Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n            consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n            civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n            describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n            and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n            Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n            young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n            1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n            would exchange information about the war with the\n            Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n            Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n            to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n            1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n            Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n            for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n            have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n            rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n            Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n            citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n            providing them food without charging them for it, though\n            James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n            1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n            supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n            home in exchange for lodging.\n            Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n            each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n            the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n            In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n            \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n            (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n            war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n            Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n            looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n            the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n            it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n            especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n            of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n            too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n            Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n            disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n            into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n            hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n            (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n            stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n            1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n            offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n            called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n            \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n            name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Morale\n            Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n            believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n            contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n            noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n            since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n            Booker, June 30, 1863).\n            Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n            longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n            the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n            \n                  \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n               think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n               look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n               Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n               ever\" (September 23, 1863).\n               John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n            certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n            leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n            \n                  \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n               time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n               (March 1, 1864).\n               \n            \n            The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n            elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n            poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n            suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n            First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n            \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n            could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n            enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n            that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n            afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n            fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n            soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n            substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n            substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n            made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n            deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n            someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n            the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n            weakened the Confederate Army: \n            \n                  \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n               can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n               ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).\n               \n            \n            His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n            condemning substitution: \n            \n                  \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n               rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n               some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n               great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n               more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n               people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).\n               \n            \n            Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n            distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n            Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n            sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n            furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n            John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n            themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n            Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n            (Decemeber 22, 1863).\n            As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n            miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n            should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n            derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n            William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n            attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n            the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n            Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n            and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n            on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n            slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n            Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n            that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n            leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n            Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n            soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n            inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n            enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n            dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Religion\n            Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n            getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n            way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n            home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n            occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n            the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n            near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n            his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n            that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n            a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n            to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n            being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n            battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n            to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n            home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n            letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n            quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n            from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n            \n                  Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n               will lead me home.\n               \n            \n            In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n            not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n            since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n            soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n            embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n            his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n            maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n            spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n            me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n            this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n            writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n            more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n            wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital","John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"collection_ssim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["11237"],"unitid_tesim":["11237"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_persname_ssim":["John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital"],"creators_ssim":["John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital"],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the University of Virginia\n            Library on May 20, 1996, by Mrs. Mary H. Payne, Danville,\n            Virginia, through P. L. Anderson, Jr., Danville,\n            Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"physdesc_tesim":["26 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e\n         "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibliography\u003e\n               \u003chead\u003ePrint Sources\u003c/head\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003e\n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eEncyclopedia of the\n                  Confederacy\u003c/emph\u003e. Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026amp;\n                  Schuster, 1993.\u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eGregory, G. Howard. \n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Virginia Regimental Histories\n                  Series\u003c/emph\u003e)\u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eHewett, Janet B., ed. \n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRoster of Confederate Soldiers\n                  1861-1865\u003c/emph\u003e. Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n                  Publishing Company, 1996.\u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eSublett, Charles W. \n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e57th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n                  Virginia Regimental Histories Series)\u003c/bibref\u003e\n            \u003c/bibliography\u003e\n            ","\u003cbibliography\u003e\n               \u003chead\u003eElectronic Sources\u003c/head\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eAustin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\"\u003e\n                  http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September,\n               1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003e\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n                  Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\"\u003e\n                  http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September\n                  1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eWebb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\"\u003e\n                  http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\u003c/extref\u003e(28\n                  August 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n            \u003c/bibliography\u003e\n            ","\u003cbibliography\u003e\n               \u003chead\u003eOther Civil War Sites on the World\n               Wide Web\u003c/head\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eIndex of Civil War Information on the Web \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\"\u003e\n                  http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\n               \u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eCivil War Miscellany \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\"\u003e\n                  http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\u003c/extref\u003e\n               \u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003ePickett's Division \n                     \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\"\u003e\n                     http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\u003c/extref\u003e\n               \u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eWar Links \n                     \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\"\u003e\n                     http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\u003c/extref\u003e\n               \u003c/bibref\u003e\n            \u003c/bibliography\u003e\n         "],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Print Sources\n               \n                  Encyclopedia of the\n                  Confederacy. Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n                  Schuster, 1993.\n               Gregory, G. Howard. \n                  38th Virginia Infantry.\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n                  The Virginia Regimental Histories\n                  Series)\n               Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n                  Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n                  1861-1865. Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n                  Publishing Company, 1996.\n               Sublett, Charles W. \n                  57th Virginia Infantry.\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n                  Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Electronic Sources\n               Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n                  \n                  http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/(9 September,\n               1997).\n               \"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n                  Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n                  \n                  http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm(9 September\n                  1997).\n               Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n                  \n                  http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html(28\n                  August 1997).","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n               Wide Web\n               Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n                  \n                  http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\n               \n               Civil War Miscellany \n                  \n                  http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\n               \n               Pickett's Division \n                     \n                     http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\n               \n               War Links \n                     \n                     http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cbioghist\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eJames Booker and John Booker\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe twins, John and James, were born to \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1797-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n            \u003cpersname\u003eNancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eon October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n            had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n            children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n            (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n            Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eNancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n            (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n            (March 29, 1814) (Austin).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eIn the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n            the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n            William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n            years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n            Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n            1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eAt the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n            Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n            1861 in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eWhitmell, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, in \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eCompany D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").\u003c/corpname\u003eFor more\n            information about the regiment see \n            \u003cbibref\u003e\n                  \u003ctitle\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/title\u003eby G. Howard Gregory\n            (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988)\u003c/bibref\u003e. The Booker brothers\n            remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n            promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n            82).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eIn March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n            with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n            after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eBattle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n            Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eChimborazo Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003e. John received a\n            chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n            James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n            August 26, 1864.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eAfter the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n            on October 31, 1867, he married \n            \u003cpersname\u003eMartha Ann Fulton (?-1923)\u003c/persname\u003e(nicknamed\n            \"Pat\") of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County\u003c/geogname\u003e, on October 31,\n            1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n            letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n            within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n            listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n            found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n            letters.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/bioghist\u003e\n         ","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eChloe Unity Blair\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n            Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n            was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n            her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n            sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n            letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n            Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n            Bookers.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n            Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n            undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n            that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n            They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n            often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n            members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n            to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n            clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n            Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n            prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n            you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n            treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n            polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n            letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n            their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n            and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n            who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n            of surrogate mother.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eIndeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n            of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n            married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n            few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n            cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n            respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n            Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n            war years.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/bioghist\u003e\n         ","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eThe 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n            Regiment\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eOn May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n            of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n            join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n            Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n            Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n            Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n            38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n            Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n            considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n            killed, or not re-elected.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n            organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n            Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n            leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\n               \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n                  \u003chead\u003eEngagements and Assignments of the 38th\n                  Virginia Infantry\u003c/head\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eMay 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n                  Whittle is wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eMay 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n                  38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eJuly 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n                  38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n                  11 missing.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eSeptember 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n                  capturing Harper's Ferry.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eSeptember 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n                  of Sharpsburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eJuly 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n                  Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n                  is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n                  participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n                  battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n                  captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43).\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eMay 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n                  Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n                  is promoted to Colonel of the 38th.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eMay 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n                  from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eSeptember 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n                  Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n                  Desertions are frequent.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eNovember 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n                  line near Petersburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eApril 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eApril 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n                  Creek--the 38th's final battle.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eApril 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n                  Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n                  Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eApril 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n                  home.\u003c/item\u003e\n               \u003c/list\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/bioghist\u003e\n      "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Booker and John Booker\n            The twins, John and James, were born to \n            John Booker (1797-1859)and \n            Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859)on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n            had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n            children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n            (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n            Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).\n            Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n            (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n            (March 29, 1814) (Austin).\n            In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n            the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n            William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n            years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n            Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n            1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).\n            At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n            Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n            1861 in \n            Whitmell, Virginia, in \n            Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").For more\n            information about the regiment see \n            \n                  38th Virginia Infantryby G. Howard Gregory\n            (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988). The Booker brothers\n            remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n            promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n            82).\n            In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n            with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n            after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n            Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n            Virginia, on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n            Chimborazo Hospital. John received a\n            chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n            James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n            August 26, 1864.\n            After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n            on October 31, 1867, he married \n            Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)(nicknamed\n            \"Pat\") of \n            Pittsylvania County, on October 31,\n            1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n            letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n            within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n            listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n            found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n            letters.","Chloe Unity Blair\n            Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n            Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n            was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n            her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n            sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n            letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n            Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n            Bookers.\n            Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n            Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n            undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n            that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n            They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n            often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n            members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n            to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n            clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n            Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n            prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n            you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n            treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n            polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n            letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n            their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n            and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n            who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n            of surrogate mother.\n            Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n            of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n            married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n            few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n            cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n            respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n            Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n            war years.","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n            Regiment\n            On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n            of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n            join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n            Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n            Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n            Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n            38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n            Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n            considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n            killed, or not re-elected.\n            The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n            organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n            Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n            leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.\n            \n               \n                  Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n                  Virginia Infantry\n                  May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n                  Whittle is wounded.\n                  May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n                  38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%.\n                  July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n                  38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n                  11 missing.\n                  September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n                  capturing Harper's Ferry.\n                  September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n                  of Sharpsburg.\n                  July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n                  Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n                  is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n                  participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n                  battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n                  captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43).\n                  May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n                  Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n                  is promoted to Colonel of the 38th.\n                  May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n                  from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded.\n                  September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n                  Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n                  Desertions are frequent.\n                  November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n                  line near Petersburg.\n                  April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks.\n                  April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n                  Creek--the 38th's final battle.\n                  April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n                  Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n                  Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house.\n                  April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n                  home."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames and John Booker\n            Collection, Accession 11237, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n         "],"prefercite_tesim":["James and John Booker\n            Collection, Accession 11237, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n         "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n            1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n            John Booker (1840-1864)and \n            James Booker (1840-1923)of \n            Pittsylvania County, Virginia,to their\n            cousin, \n            Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875);\n            electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n            Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n            transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n            the transcripts was returned to the donor.","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters\n            The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n            what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n            Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n            of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n            dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n            from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n            concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n            Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n            the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n            supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n            soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n            As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n            more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n            feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n            (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n            responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n            grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n            suffering is God's will.","Preparing for Battle\n            The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n            time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n            speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n            Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n            anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n            because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n            acquired much of the information that fueled their\n            speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n            soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n            predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n            his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n            whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n            Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n            forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n            troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n            a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n            instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n            \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n            hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n            will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n            that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n            die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n            others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n            Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n            conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n            that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n            achieving peace (March 1, 1864).\n            Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n            skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n            was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n            complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n            in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n            Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n            as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n            officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n            themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n            troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n            Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).\n            Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n            in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n            In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n            young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n            hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n            it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n            shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n            conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n            executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n            condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n            dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","Health\n            More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n            ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n            disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n            during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n            detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n            soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n            include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n            mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n            the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n            soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n            to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n            and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n            April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n            to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n            the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n            recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n            nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n            September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n            with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n            Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n            stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n            could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n            his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n            commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n            James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n            furlough that he wished for.","Food and Supplies\n            Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n            the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n            later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n            (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n            bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n            bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n            Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n            they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n            38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n            instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n            milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n            (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n            food, whether because they feared or supported the\n            troops.","Interactions with Civilians\n            Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n            consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n            civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n            describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n            and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n            Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n            young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n            1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n            would exchange information about the war with the\n            Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n            Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n            to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n            1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n            Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n            for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n            have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n            rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n            Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n            citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n            providing them food without charging them for it, though\n            James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n            1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n            supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n            home in exchange for lodging.\n            Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n            each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n            the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n            In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n            \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n            (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n            war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n            Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n            looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n            the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n            it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n            especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n            of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n            too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n            Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n            disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n            into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n            hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n            (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n            stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n            1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n            offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n            called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n            \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n            name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Morale\n            Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n            believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n            contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n            noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n            since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n            Booker, June 30, 1863).\n            Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n            longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n            the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n            \n                  \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n               think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n               look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n               Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n               ever\" (September 23, 1863).\n               John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n            certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n            leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n            \n                  \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n               time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n               (March 1, 1864).\n               \n            \n            The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n            elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n            poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n            suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n            First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n            \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n            could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n            enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n            that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n            afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n            fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n            soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n            substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n            substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n            made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n            deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n            someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n            the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n            weakened the Confederate Army: \n            \n                  \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n               can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n               ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).\n               \n            \n            His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n            condemning substitution: \n            \n                  \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n               rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n               some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n               great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n               more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n               people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).\n               \n            \n            Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n            distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n            Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n            sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n            furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n            John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n            themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n            Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n            (Decemeber 22, 1863).\n            As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n            miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n            should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n            derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n            William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n            attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n            the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n            Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n            and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n            on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n            slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n            Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n            that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n            leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n            Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n            soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n            inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n            enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n            dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Religion\n            Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n            getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n            way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n            home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n            occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n            the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n            near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n            his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n            that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n            a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n            to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n            being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n            battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n            to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n            home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n            letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n            quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n            from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n            \n                  Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n               will lead me home.\n               \n            \n            In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n            not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n            since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n            soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n            embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n            his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n            maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n            spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n            me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n            this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n            writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n            more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n            wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e\n         "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n         "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital"],"persname_ssim":["John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital","John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":23,"online_item_count_is":22,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eScope and Content\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n            1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1840-1864)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJames Booker (1840-1923)\u003c/persname\u003eof \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County, Virginia,\u003c/geogname\u003eto their\n            cousin, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)\u003c/persname\u003e;\n            electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n            Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n            transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n            the transcripts was returned to the donor.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n         ","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eOverview of Themes Discussed in the Letters\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n            what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n            Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n            of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n            dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n            from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n            concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n            Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n            the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n            supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n            soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n            As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n            more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n            feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n            (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n            responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n            grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n            suffering is God's will.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n         ","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003ePreparing for Battle\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n            time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n            speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n            Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n            anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n            because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n            acquired much of the information that fueled their\n            speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n            soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n            predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n            his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n            whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n            Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n            forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n            troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n            a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n            instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n            \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n            hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n            will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n            that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n            die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n            others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n            Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n            conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n            that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n            achieving peace (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eAlthough the Bookers participated in several battles and\n            skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n            was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n            complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n            in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n            Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n            as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n            officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n            themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n            troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n            Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eNot only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n            in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n            In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n            young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n            hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n            it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n            shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n            conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n            executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n            condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n            dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n         ","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eHealth\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eMore explainable than violence in the camps, but\n            ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n            disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n            during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n            detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n            soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n            include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n            mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n            the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n            soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n            to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n            and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n            April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n            to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n            the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n            recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n            nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n            September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n            with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n            Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n            stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n            could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n            his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n            commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n            James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n            furlough that he wished for.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n         ","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eFood and Supplies\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eAlthough in his first letter James Booker claims that\n            the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n            later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n            (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n            bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n            bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n            Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n            they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n            38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n            instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n            milk \u0026amp; butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n            (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n            food, whether because they feared or supported the\n            troops.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n         ","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eInteractions with Civilians\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThroughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n            consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n            civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n            describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n            and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n            Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n            young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n            1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n            would exchange information about the war with the\n            Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n            Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n            to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n            1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n            Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n            for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n            have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n            rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n            Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n            citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n            providing them food without charging them for it, though\n            James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n            1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n            supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n            home in exchange for lodging.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eAlthough civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n            each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n            the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n            In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n            \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n            (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n            war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n            Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n            looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n            the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n            it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n            especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n            of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n            too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n            Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n            disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n            into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n            hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n            (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n            stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n            1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n            offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n            called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n            \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n            name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n         ","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eMorale\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eEarly in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n            believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n            contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n            noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n            since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n            Booker, June 30, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eSoon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n            longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n            the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003e\"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n               think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n               look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n               Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n               ever\" (September 23, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003eJohn Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n            certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n            leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003e\"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n               time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n               (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n            elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n            poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n            suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n            First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n            \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n            could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n            enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n            that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n            afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n            fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n            soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n            substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n            substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n            made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n            deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n            someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n            the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n            weakened the Confederate Army: \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003e\"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n               can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n               ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eHis brother John, however, was less tentative in\n            condemning substitution: \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003e\"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n               rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n               some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n               great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n               more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n               people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eFurther feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n            distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n            Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n            sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n            furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n            John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n            themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n            Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n            (Decemeber 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eAs a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n            miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n            should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n            derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n            William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n            attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n            the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n            Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n            and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n            on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n            slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n            Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n            that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n            leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n            Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n            soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n            inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n            enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n            dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n         ","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eReligion\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eWhereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n            getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n            way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n            home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n            occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n            the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n            near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n            his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n            that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n            a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n            to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n            being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n            battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n            to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n            home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n            letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n            quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n            from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003eTis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n               will lead me home.\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eIn March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n            not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n            since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n            soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n            embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n            his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n            maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n            spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n            me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n            this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n            writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n            more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n            wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n      "]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Library of Virginia","value":"Library of Virginia","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Library+of+Virginia"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Longwood University","value":"Longwood University","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Longwood+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"The 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