{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=2008\u0026page=3","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=2008\u0026page=2","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=2008\u0026page=4","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=2008\u0026page=6"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":3,"next_page":4,"prev_page":2,"total_pages":6,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":20,"total_count":52,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1611_c04","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Japanese Text Initiative Web Archive","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1611_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis archived website was a collaborative effort of the University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center and the University of Pittsburgh East Asian Library to make texts of classical Japanese literature available on the World Wide Web. 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Many of the materials regarding the Japanese Text Initiative are copies of source material used for the project, primarily are written in Japanese, that have annotations and notes attached to them, as well as notes, emails, and information about programs and standards used for this project written in English and Japanese. Also included are the records of Kendon Stubbs, Librarian Emeritus of the University of Virginia, that focus on the University's efforts to obtain the Raymond Danowski Poetry Collection and the operations of the Rare Book School. Physical materials are arranged as found and are unprocessed. ","The born-digital part of the collection includes archived web pages from websites created by the University of Virginia Electronic Text Center, or as a partnership with other organizations and groups. The University of Virginia Electronic Text Center Records Archived Web Pages collection record can be found here: https://archive-it.org/collections/22178. 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Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RG.32.401","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/915"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"collection_title_tesim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"collection_ssim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["University of Virginia. 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Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RG.32.401","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/915"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"collection_title_tesim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"collection_ssim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"creator_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"creators_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"access_terms_ssm":["Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia."],"acqinfo_ssim":["RG-32-401 contains examinations from different sources.","The items in Series I came to the Library from various sources including donations, purchases, and internal transfers. Most of them were at one time stored in a \"memorabilia file drawer\" or the Law Library's front circulation office. ","Series II consists of bound examinations that the Law Library transferred from its reserve collection to its special collections department around 2018.","Series III consists of digital examinations that the Law Library transferred from an online environment to its special collections department around 2018. "],"access_subjects_ssim":["Law  -- Examinations, questions, etc.","Law  -- Study and teaching"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Law  -- Examinations, questions, etc.","Law  -- Study and teaching"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":[".5 Cubic Feet 1 archival box","47 Volumes",".096 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":[".5 Cubic Feet 1 archival box","47 Volumes",".096 Gigabytes"],"date_range_isim":[1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe conditions governing access vary across the collection. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The conditions governing access vary across the collection. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Law Library arranged this collection into the following three series and ordered them chronologically:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eI. Unbound examinations;\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eII. Bound examinations;\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIII. Examinations hosted online.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Law Library arranged this collection into the following three series and ordered them chronologically:","I. Unbound examinations;","II. Bound examinations;","III. Examinations hosted online."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers will find more examples of University of Virginia School of Law examinations in the following publications:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.). Law Examinations. Revised and corrected ed. Anderson Bros, 1891.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.), and Thomas Randolph Keith. Law Examinations, Embracing, Examination Papers From the Year 1869 to 1894. 4th ed. Anderson Bros, 1894.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Researchers will find more examples of University of Virginia School of Law examinations in the following publications:","1. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.). Law Examinations. Revised and corrected ed. Anderson Bros, 1891.","2. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.), and Thomas Randolph Keith. Law Examinations, Embracing, Examination Papers From the Year 1869 to 1894. 4th ed. Anderson Bros, 1894."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of examinations that the University of Virginia Law School administered to students between 1890 and 2018. It also includes a few examples of examination answers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe examinations exist in diverse media formats. Most of them are printed on paper, and most printed examinations are bound together into volumes. The other examinations were born digital and were initially made available to students online or on digital media (e.g., CDs, DVDs).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of examinations that the University of Virginia Law School administered to students between 1890 and 2018. It also includes a few examples of examination answers.","The examinations exist in diverse media formats. Most of them are printed on paper, and most printed examinations are bound together into volumes. The other examinations were born digital and were initially made available to students online or on digital media (e.g., CDs, DVDs)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1816,"online_item_count_is":111,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-02T00:27:40.464Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_915_c03_c12_c04"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Loren Roth papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1347#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Roth, Loren H.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1347#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1347#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_1347.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/169336","title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1950-2022","1974-2022"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1974-2022"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1950-2022"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"text":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347","Loren Roth papers","Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union","Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.","While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.","Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.","This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.","The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon","English Russian"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_ssim":["Loren Roth papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creators_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"access_terms_ssm":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["In March 2023, Dr. Loren Henry Roth donated all of the materials in this collection to the University of Virginia Law Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"date_range_isim":[1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFinally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhile it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotes:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. Id, pages xix and xx\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrom April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmong those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["History of the Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists in the U.S.S.R.","History of the 1989 U.S. State Department Investigative Mission to the U.S.S.R.","History of the 2021-2022 Oral History Project"],"bioghist_tesim":["While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"language_ssim":["English Russian"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":263,"online_item_count_is":18,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:42:29.077Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_1347.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/169336","title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1950-2022","1974-2022"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1974-2022"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1950-2022"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"text":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347","Loren Roth papers","Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union","Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.","While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.","Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.","This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.","The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon","English Russian"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_ssim":["Loren Roth papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creators_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"access_terms_ssm":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["In March 2023, Dr. Loren Henry Roth donated all of the materials in this collection to the University of Virginia Law Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"date_range_isim":[1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFinally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhile it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotes:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. Id, pages xix and xx\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrom April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmong those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["History of the Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists in the U.S.S.R.","History of the 1989 U.S. State Department Investigative Mission to the U.S.S.R.","History of the 2021-2022 Oral History Project"],"bioghist_tesim":["While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. 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(Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"language_ssim":["English Russian"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":263,"online_item_count_is":18,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:42:29.077Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1347"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_946_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"May Days Oral History Project","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_946_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection currently includes X interviews with former legal marshals, Law School faculty, and citizens that participated in the various student demonstrations of May 1970. Unless otherwise stated, each interview is presented in video format with an accompanying transcript. Interviews were conducted in-person until the outbreak of the novel COVID-19 virus, in which case they were conducted via Zoom. This collection and associated documentary research are currently available for viewing on the Marshaling May Days online exhibition site. [insert hyperlink]\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_946_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_946_c02","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_946_c02"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_946_c02","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_946","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_946","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_946","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_946","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_946"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_946"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["University of Virginia School of Law oral history collection"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["University of Virginia School of Law oral history collection"],"text":["University of Virginia School of Law oral history collection","May Days Oral History Project","Sullivan, Daniel, \"Dan\"","MacFarlane, Gerald, \"Jake\"","Olson, Robert, \"Bob\"","McDermott, Francis, \"Frank\"","Finch, Edwin, \"Ed\"","English .","The May Days Oral History Project is an ongoing initiative to preserve the history of UVA Law in the era of the Vietnam War. This era of the University's history was a period of intense activism not only about the war but also about issues of race, gender, and American governance. This project aims to honor and preserve a diversity of law school perspectives and experiences from the 1960s and 1970s, but particularly the concentrated period of student demonstrations at the University of Virginia during the month of May of 1970. \nThe primary timeline of events of May 1970 are well-represented in the University of Virginia's archives. However, information on UVA Law's \"legal marshals\" is sparse and has received little attention despite their integral role in maintaining peace during student demonstrations. Considering this fact, Class of 1970 alum Edward \"Ted\" Hogshire contacted UVA Law Special Collections in early 2019 and recommended that the library preserve and tell the \"legal marshal\" story. May 2020 also marks the 50th anniversary of the student strike movement at the University of Virginia. With that encouragement, the Law Special Collections team decided to revitalize the library's oral history program, starting with the stories of student marshals during the \"May Days\" protests.","This collection currently includes X interviews with former legal marshals, Law School faculty, and citizens that participated in the various student demonstrations of May 1970. Unless otherwise stated, each interview is presented in video format with an accompanying transcript. Interviews were conducted in-person until the outbreak of the novel COVID-19 virus, in which case they were conducted via Zoom.\nThis collection and associated documentary research are currently available for viewing on the Marshaling May Days online exhibition site. [insert hyperlink]"],"title_filing_ssi":"May Days Oral History Project","title_ssm":["May Days Oral History Project"],"title_tesim":["May Days Oral History Project"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1960-2020"],"normalized_title_ssm":["May Days Oral History Project"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["University of Virginia School of Law oral history collection"],"extent_ssm":["9 items 9 digital interviews and their accompanying transcripts"],"extent_tesim":["9 items 9 digital interviews and their accompanying transcripts"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":8,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":2,"date_range_isim":[1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020],"names_ssim":["Sullivan, Daniel, \"Dan\"","MacFarlane, Gerald, \"Jake\"","Olson, Robert, \"Bob\"","McDermott, Francis, \"Frank\"","Finch, Edwin, \"Ed\""],"persname_ssim":["Sullivan, Daniel, \"Dan\"","MacFarlane, Gerald, \"Jake\"","Olson, Robert, \"Bob\"","McDermott, Francis, \"Frank\"","Finch, Edwin, \"Ed\""],"language_ssim":["English ."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe May Days Oral History Project is an ongoing initiative to preserve the history of UVA Law in the era of the Vietnam War. This era of the University's history was a period of intense activism not only about the war but also about issues of race, gender, and American governance. This project aims to honor and preserve a diversity of law school perspectives and experiences from the 1960s and 1970s, but particularly the concentrated period of student demonstrations at the University of Virginia during the month of May of 1970. \nThe primary timeline of events of May 1970 are well-represented in the University of Virginia's archives. However, information on UVA Law's \"legal marshals\" is sparse and has received little attention despite their integral role in maintaining peace during student demonstrations. Considering this fact, Class of 1970 alum Edward \"Ted\" Hogshire contacted UVA Law Special Collections in early 2019 and recommended that the library preserve and tell the \"legal marshal\" story. May 2020 also marks the 50th anniversary of the student strike movement at the University of Virginia. With that encouragement, the Law Special Collections team decided to revitalize the library's oral history program, starting with the stories of student marshals during the \"May Days\" protests.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The May Days Oral History Project is an ongoing initiative to preserve the history of UVA Law in the era of the Vietnam War. This era of the University's history was a period of intense activism not only about the war but also about issues of race, gender, and American governance. This project aims to honor and preserve a diversity of law school perspectives and experiences from the 1960s and 1970s, but particularly the concentrated period of student demonstrations at the University of Virginia during the month of May of 1970. \nThe primary timeline of events of May 1970 are well-represented in the University of Virginia's archives. However, information on UVA Law's \"legal marshals\" is sparse and has received little attention despite their integral role in maintaining peace during student demonstrations. Considering this fact, Class of 1970 alum Edward \"Ted\" Hogshire contacted UVA Law Special Collections in early 2019 and recommended that the library preserve and tell the \"legal marshal\" story. May 2020 also marks the 50th anniversary of the student strike movement at the University of Virginia. With that encouragement, the Law Special Collections team decided to revitalize the library's oral history program, starting with the stories of student marshals during the \"May Days\" protests."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection currently includes X interviews with former legal marshals, Law School faculty, and citizens that participated in the various student demonstrations of May 1970. Unless otherwise stated, each interview is presented in video format with an accompanying transcript. Interviews were conducted in-person until the outbreak of the novel COVID-19 virus, in which case they were conducted via Zoom.\nThis collection and associated documentary research are currently available for viewing on the Marshaling May Days online exhibition site. [insert hyperlink]\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection currently includes X interviews with former legal marshals, Law School faculty, and citizens that participated in the various student demonstrations of May 1970. Unless otherwise stated, each interview is presented in video format with an accompanying transcript. Interviews were conducted in-person until the outbreak of the novel COVID-19 virus, in which case they were conducted via Zoom.\nThis collection and associated documentary research are currently available for viewing on the Marshaling May Days online exhibition site. [insert hyperlink]"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:45:03.863Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_946","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_946","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_946","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_946","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_946.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/164739","title_ssm":["University of Virginia School of Law oral history collection"],"title_tesim":["University of Virginia School of Law oral history collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["2020"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["2020"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG.32.405","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/946"],"text":["RG.32.405","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/946","University of Virginia School of Law oral history collection","Arthur J. 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Morris Law Library Special Collections","Sullivan, Daniel, \"Dan\"","MacFarlane, Gerald, \"Jake\"","Olson, Robert, \"Bob\"","McDermott, Francis, \"Frank\"","Finch, Edwin, \"Ed\""],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Sullivan, Daniel, \"Dan\"","MacFarlane, Gerald, \"Jake\"","Olson, Robert, \"Bob\"","McDermott, Francis, \"Frank\"","Finch, Edwin, \"Ed\""],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"total_component_count_is":10,"online_item_count_is":1,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:45:03.863Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_946_c02"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_212_c29_c04","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Medical Center Hour","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_212_c29_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Medical Center Hour is a public forum on medical and society at the UVA School of Medicine. The lecture series is run by the Center for Health Humanities and Ethics at the UVA School of Medicine, previously known as the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Humanities, and originally founded as the Program of Humanities in Medicine by Dr. Edward W. Hook, former Professor and Chair of the UVA Department of Medicine. Materials in this sub-series include lecture recordings, handouts, transcripts, program schedules, and posters. Available materials vary by year and lecture. Many of the Medical Center Hour programs were recorded and are available for viewing. Presently the best way to search Medical Center Hour recordings is through Virgo, the UVA Library Catalog: \u003ca href=\"https://search.lib.virginia.edu/\"\u003esearch.lib.virginia.edu\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_212_c29_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_212_c29_c04","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_7_resources_212_c29_c04"],"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_212_c29_c04","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_212","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_212","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_212_c29","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_212_c29","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_212","viu_repositories_7_resources_212_c29"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_212","viu_repositories_7_resources_212_c29"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["University of Virginia School of Medicine records","Lectures and presentations"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["University of Virginia School of Medicine records","Lectures and presentations"],"text":["University of Virginia School of Medicine records","Lectures and presentations","Medical Center Hour","Potentially Harmful Materials Statement:","These videos may contain distressing or disturbing content in an audiovisual format. Viewers should proceed with caution. ","The Medical Center Hour is a public forum on medical and society at the UVA School of Medicine. The lecture series is run by the Center for Health Humanities and Ethics at the UVA School of Medicine, previously known as the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Humanities, and originally founded as the Program of Humanities in Medicine by Dr. Edward W. Hook, former Professor and Chair of the UVA Department of Medicine. Materials in this sub-series include lecture recordings, handouts, transcripts, program schedules, and posters. Available materials vary by year and lecture. Many of the Medical Center Hour programs were recorded and are available for viewing. Presently the best way to search Medical Center Hour recordings is through Virgo, the UVA Library Catalog:   search.lib.virginia.edu"],"title_filing_ssi":"Medical Center Hour","title_ssm":["Medical Center Hour"],"title_tesim":["Medical Center Hour"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1971-2020"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1971/2020"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Medical Center Hour"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["University of Virginia School of Medicine records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":11,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":3349,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no restrictions on access to the lectures and presentations."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Copyright restrictions may apply."],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"Medical Center Hour Lectures\",\"href\":\"https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/collections/ks65hc20t\"}"],"date_range_isim":[1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePotentially Harmful Materials Statement:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese videos may contain distressing or disturbing content in an audiovisual format. Viewers should proceed with caution. \u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Potentially Harmful Materials Statement:","These videos may contain distressing or disturbing content in an audiovisual format. Viewers should proceed with caution. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Medical Center Hour is a public forum on medical and society at the UVA School of Medicine. The lecture series is run by the Center for Health Humanities and Ethics at the UVA School of Medicine, previously known as the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Humanities, and originally founded as the Program of Humanities in Medicine by Dr. Edward W. Hook, former Professor and Chair of the UVA Department of Medicine. Materials in this sub-series include lecture recordings, handouts, transcripts, program schedules, and posters. Available materials vary by year and lecture. Many of the Medical Center Hour programs were recorded and are available for viewing. Presently the best way to search Medical Center Hour recordings is through Virgo, the UVA Library Catalog:  \u003ca href=\"https://search.lib.virginia.edu/\"\u003esearch.lib.virginia.edu\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Medical Center Hour is a public forum on medical and society at the UVA School of Medicine. The lecture series is run by the Center for Health Humanities and Ethics at the UVA School of Medicine, previously known as the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Humanities, and originally founded as the Program of Humanities in Medicine by Dr. Edward W. Hook, former Professor and Chair of the UVA Department of Medicine. Materials in this sub-series include lecture recordings, handouts, transcripts, program schedules, and posters. Available materials vary by year and lecture. Many of the Medical Center Hour programs were recorded and are available for viewing. Presently the best way to search Medical Center Hour recordings is through Virgo, the UVA Library Catalog:   search.lib.virginia.edu"],"_nest_path_":"/components#28/components#3","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:52:19.998Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_212","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_212","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_212","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_212","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_7_resources_212.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/142986","title_ssm":["University of Virginia School of Medicine records"],"title_tesim":["University of Virginia School of Medicine records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1825-present"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1825-present"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG.17.1","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/212"],"text":["RG.17.1","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/212","University of Virginia School of Medicine records","University of Virginia","All materials in this collection are available for public access unless otherwise noted. Restrictions on access are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act, and any related policies or regulations.","\nThe UVA School of Medicine records (RG-17-1) is part of a larger records group for the UVA Health System (RG-17). The School of Medicine records are further arranged into subdivisions, generally based on format. These subdivisions in many cases were chosen to reflect the Records Retention and Disposition Schedules Record Series maintained by the Library of Virginia (LVA); however, in some cases subdivisions do no have clear equivalents in the LVA schema. Some subdivisions (noted as \"Series\" in ArchivesSpace) are further divided into Sub-Series). Files are arranged alphabetically, by date, or by some other system best-suited to the contents.\n","\nSubdivisions in use for the UVA Health System records (RG-17) are listed below:\n","Department and Legacy Collections Annual Reports Correspondence and Subject Files of Selected Deans [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Correspondence and Subject Files of Major Department Heads Commencement Records Planning Documents and Reports Motion Pictures [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Final Accreditation Files Photographs, Slides, and Negatives Public Relations Files [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Publications Audiovisual Recordings [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Final Research Reports [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Student Organization Records and Publications Webpages Organizational Charts Policies, Procedures, and Handbooks Syllabi and Other Course Materials Major Donor Records [Not included in RG-17-1] Fundraising Planning and Reporting [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Trust and Endowment Records [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Course Schedules and Catalogs Library Accession Records [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Library Deaccessioning Records [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Admissions Publications Foundation Agreements and Management Reports Final Budget [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Conference Programs and Reports Legacy Patient Records [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Histories and Biographical Files Management Reports Other Reports (Historically Significant) Medical Student Records Directories Meeting Minutes Awards and Honors Lectures and Presentations Roll Books [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Other Logs and Ledgers [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Exhibit Materials [Not currently included in RG-17-1]","Historical Overview of the School of Medicine\n","","\nThe School of Medicine* at the University of Virginia has been a key part of the University since its establishment in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson. In his early plans, Jefferson recommended the creation of a School of Anatomy and Medicine with a rigorous academic model, where students could attain medical education in nine months, a term that was twice as long as many schools at the time. Students would read, attend lectures, and watch demonstrations, but there would be few opportunities for them to work firsthand with patients, because there was no teaching hospital in Charlottesville. When the University opened its doors to students in 1825, Dr. Robley Dunglison taught all of the classes offered by the School of Anatomy and Medicine. Beginning in 1827, medical classes were held in the Anatomical Theatre, a building designed by Jefferson (though completed after his death) to accomodate a space for anatomical dissections. The study of anatomy was an important piece of early medical education; however, there was no systematic way for medical schools to obtain bodies for dissection prior to the Virginia Anatomical Act of 1884, and so cadavers were frequently procured through illegal and unethical means. Often this involved body snatching from local graves, most commonly those found in cemeteries of Virginia's slave, free black, and poor white populations. \n","","\nDunglison remained at UVA until 1833, and during that time he persuaded the UVA Board of Visitors to hire additional faculty for his medical department. In the mid-19th century, the UVA medical school was known for providing a good theoretical education. Academic activities were largely stagnant during the years of the Civil War, when Professor of Anatomy and Surgery James L. Cabell oversaw a Confederate military hospital erected in part on the Grounds of UVA, and later when Charlottesville was occupied by Union troops at the end of the war. In the decades after the Civil War, a period of biomedical revolution began to redefine the practice of medicine. In response, UVA initiated educational reforms to its medical curriculum, gradually lengthening the degree program to four years by the end of the 19th century, and introducing coursework in new fields like bacteriology and histology. In order to create increasingly important clinical opportunities for students, UVA committed to building its own facilities, including a dispensary for out-patient care in 1892 and finally a hospital, which opened in 1901. While science and medicine had entered a period of dramatic revolution, social systems were less inclined to evolve, and access to medical education at UVA remained restricted for many members of the population.\n","","\nIn the early 20th century, the University of Virginia was transforming into a modern university, dedicated to both education and research. At the center of this change were UVA's health sciences programs. The University invested heavily in the School of Medicine, increasing the number of faculty in order to support emerging medical specialties and a new research mission. This period was also marked by the culmination of a fierce debate over the dual existence of state-supported medical programs in both Charlottesville and Richmond, VA. In 1921, a state-appointed commission recommended the relocation of the UVA School of Medicine to Richmond. UVA mobilized alumni and recruited political allies in order to wage a fierce campaign for the preservation of its medical program. They were ultimately successful, with the General Assembly deciding in favor of UVA. The period that followed was marked by continued expansion to the University's academic medical center, including greater specialization across the field of medicine and an increase of students, faculty, and associated personnel throughout the health sciences programs.\n","","\nAlso of note during this time, in 1920 a resolution of the UVA Board of Visitors agreed to admit women into graduate and professional degree programs at UVA. The first woman to graduate from the School of Medicine, Sarah Ruth Dean, a transfer student, did so in 1922. In 1924, Lila Morse Bonner became the second woman to graduate from the School of Medicine and the first to attend all four years of medical school at UVA.\n","","\nBy the 1940s, public confidence in the health professions was strong among much of the U.S. public. After World War II, there was broad support for wider investment in academic medical centers. At UVA, federal grants were used to build new facilities, including the construction of a multi-story hospital tower. However, also at this time, access to education, employment opportunities, and health care at UVA continued to be unequal. With the rise of the Civil Rights movement, a combination of factors including, community activism, federal legislation, and court rulings compelled the University to start removing barriers to access. In 1953, Edward Bertram Nash and Edward Thomas Wood became the first two African Americans to be admitted to the UVA School of Medicine. Both went on to graduate in 1957.\n","","\nThroughout the second half of the 20th century, the UVA health system continued to expand. A new medical education building was dedicated in 1972. (Originally named for Harvey E. Jordan, a former Dean of the School of Medicine and known proponent of eugenics; the building was renamed in honor of Dr. Vivian W. Pinn in 2016). This era of expansion also saw the opening of a nursing education building, health sciences library, primary care center, and finally, in 1989, a massive new hospital building. The 1980s and 1990s also saw efforts at the School of Medicine to increase access to the health professions among under-represented groups, including women and people of color.\n","","\nRapid developments in the health sciences continued to demand new facilities for research and education. The Claude Moore Medical Education Building opened as the new central location for the School of Medicine in 2010. Also in 2010, the School of Medicine launched a four college system, designed to preserve close student-faculty relationships and maintain a high-quality student experience while accommodating increased medical class size and a revised curriculum. Ten years later, the School of Medicine embraced further expansions with the launch of its Inova Campus in Northern Virginia, which provides clerkship opportunities for some upperclass medical students. The first cohort to spend their third and fourth years of medical school at the Northern Virginia campus arrived there in 2021.\n","","\n*Note about naming conventions: Briefly known as the \"School of Anatomy and Medicine\" (1825-1827), the name \"School of Medicine\" was adopted by the Board of Visitors in July 1827. However, shortly later the name \"Department of Medicine\" came to be used (though some records still refer to the institution as \"School of Medicine\"). By the 1950s, the preferred name was again \"School of Medicine\". \n","\nDeans of the UVA School of Medicine\n","Richard Henry Whitehead, MD, 1905-1916 Theodore Hough, PhD, [Acting Dean: 1916-1917], 1917-1924 James Caroll Flippin, MD, [Acting Dean: 1925-1927] 1927-1939 Harvey Ernest Jordan, PhD, 1939-1949 Vernon W. Lippard, MD, 1949-1953 Thomas Harrison Hunter, MD, 1953-1964 [Leave of Absence: 1962-1964] Kenneth R. Crispell, MD, [Acting Dean: 1962-1964], 1964-1971 James T. Hamlin III, MD, [Acting Dean: 1971-1972] William R. Drucker, MD, 1972-1977 Norman J. Knorr, MD, 1977-1986 Robert M. Carey, MD, 1986-2002 Arthur \"Tim\" Garson Jr., MD, MPH 2002-2007 Sharon L. Hostler, MD, Interim Dean: 2007-2008 Steven T. DeKosky, MD, 2008-2013 Nancy E. Dunlap, MD, PhD, 2013-2014 Randolph J. Canterbury, MD, Interim Dean: 2014-2015 David S. Wilkes, MD, 2015-2021 Melina R. Kibbe, MD, 2021-","\nPrior to Richard Henry Whitehead's appointment by the Board of Visitors to the position of Dean of the Medical Faculty (as found in the UVA Board of Visitors Meeting Minutes, July 20, 1905), the position of Dean at the UVA School of Medicine was not in use. The appointment dates listed above are derived from the Board of Visitors Meeting Minutes.\n","Potentially Harmful Materials Statement:\nMaterials in this collection may contain distressing or disturbing content in a written, visual, or/and audiovisual format. Viewers should proceed with caution.","RG-17-1 includes records from multiple legacy collections held by the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, including the UVA School of Medicine Reports (MS-66), UVA School of Medicine Biographical Files (MS-36), UVA Hospital Professional Staff Files (MS-25), UVA School of Medicine Chapter of Alpha Omega Alpha records (MS-53), and UVA Department of Medicine Housestaff and Chief Residents Photograph collection (MS-62). RG-17-1 also includes materials previously cataloged as separate items in Virgo (such as journals, newsletters, and reports), and materials from semi-processed legacy accessions, including the UVA School of Medicine Council on Medical Education records (Viuh-2015-26), UVA School of Medicine Faculty Files (Viuh-2015-27), and UVA School of Medicine Faculty Minutes (Viuh-2015-28). Bound materials are housed separately from the rest of the collection, and are generally referenced by individual item records (e.g. \"BIR-100\").","Materials found within the RG-17 classifications are frequently inter-related. Researchers of RG-17-1 UVA School of Medicine records may also want to consult: RG-17-2 UVA Medical Center records, RG-17-3 UVA School of Nursing records, RG-17-4 Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records, RG-17-5 Office of the Vice President for Health Affairs records, and RG-17-6 Department of Student Health records. [Some of these materials may not be currently available. All finding aids are works-in-progress.]","The UVA School of Medicine records primarily document the history of the School at all levels of the organization during the 20th and 21st centuries.","Administrative records, including annual reports, meeting minutes, planning documents policies, and other materials, document operations, strategic initiatives, and decision making.","Communications records, including newsletters, blogs, websites, pamphlets, publications, and recordings, document events and public relations work.","Medical education and research records, including accreditation files, student records, syllabi, course catalogs, student organization records, commencement records, lectures, and conference reports, document the School's primary missions.","\nThe collection includes a number of records previously described elsewhere (e.g. as part of a former archival collection or as an indiviudal item described in the Library catalog). Among these are a large group of bound items. \n","\nThe UVA School of Medicine continues to transfer analog and digital records to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library for inclusion in this collection.\n","Unless otherwise noted, the University of Virginia owns the copyright to the materials in this collection that have not yet entered the public domain. You are free to use collection materials in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).","Note: Oversize materials are located on Row 19, located behind Row 1.","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RG.17.1","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/212"],"normalized_title_ssm":["University of Virginia School of Medicine records"],"collection_title_tesim":["University of Virginia School of Medicine records"],"collection_ssim":["University of Virginia School of Medicine records"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["Unless otherwise noted, the University of Virginia owns the copyright to the materials in this collection that have not yet entered the public domain. You are free to use collection materials in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["University of Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["University of Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["71 Linear Feet 11 Records boxes, 76 document boxes, and (approximately) 22 linear feet of bound material."],"extent_tesim":["71 Linear Feet 11 Records boxes, 76 document boxes, and (approximately) 22 linear feet of bound material."],"date_range_isim":[1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll materials in this collection are available for public access unless otherwise noted. Restrictions on access are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act, and any related policies or regulations.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["All materials in this collection are available for public access unless otherwise noted. Restrictions on access are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act, and any related policies or regulations."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nThe UVA School of Medicine records (RG-17-1) is part of a larger records group for the UVA Health System (RG-17). The School of Medicine records are further arranged into subdivisions, generally based on format. These subdivisions in many cases were chosen to reflect the Records Retention and Disposition Schedules Record Series maintained by the Library of Virginia (LVA); however, in some cases subdivisions do no have clear equivalents in the LVA schema. Some subdivisions (noted as \"Series\" in ArchivesSpace) are further divided into Sub-Series). Files are arranged alphabetically, by date, or by some other system best-suited to the contents.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSubdivisions in use for the UVA Health System records (RG-17) are listed below:\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003col\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eDepartment and Legacy Collections\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eAnnual Reports\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eCorrespondence and Subject Files of Selected Deans [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eCorrespondence and Subject Files of Major Department Heads\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eCommencement Records\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003ePlanning Documents and Reports\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eMotion Pictures [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eFinal Accreditation Files\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003ePhotographs, Slides, and Negatives\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003ePublic Relations Files [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003ePublications\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eAudiovisual Recordings [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eFinal Research Reports [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eStudent Organization Records and Publications\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eWebpages\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eOrganizational Charts\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003ePolicies, Procedures, and Handbooks\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eSyllabi and Other Course Materials\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eMajor Donor Records [Not included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eFundraising Planning and Reporting [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eTrust and Endowment Records [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eCourse Schedules and Catalogs\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eLibrary Accession Records [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eLibrary Deaccessioning Records [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eAdmissions Publications\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eFoundation Agreements and Management Reports\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eFinal Budget [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eConference Programs and Reports\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eLegacy Patient Records [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eHistories and Biographical Files\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eManagement Reports\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eOther Reports (Historically Significant)\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eMedical Student Records\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eDirectories\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eMeeting Minutes\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eAwards and Honors\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eLectures and Presentations\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eRoll Books [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eOther Logs and Ledgers [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eExhibit Materials [Not currently included in RG-17-1]\u003c/il\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["\nThe UVA School of Medicine records (RG-17-1) is part of a larger records group for the UVA Health System (RG-17). The School of Medicine records are further arranged into subdivisions, generally based on format. These subdivisions in many cases were chosen to reflect the Records Retention and Disposition Schedules Record Series maintained by the Library of Virginia (LVA); however, in some cases subdivisions do no have clear equivalents in the LVA schema. Some subdivisions (noted as \"Series\" in ArchivesSpace) are further divided into Sub-Series). Files are arranged alphabetically, by date, or by some other system best-suited to the contents.\n","\nSubdivisions in use for the UVA Health System records (RG-17) are listed below:\n","Department and Legacy Collections Annual Reports Correspondence and Subject Files of Selected Deans [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Correspondence and Subject Files of Major Department Heads Commencement Records Planning Documents and Reports Motion Pictures [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Final Accreditation Files Photographs, Slides, and Negatives Public Relations Files [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Publications Audiovisual Recordings [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Final Research Reports [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Student Organization Records and Publications Webpages Organizational Charts Policies, Procedures, and Handbooks Syllabi and Other Course Materials Major Donor Records [Not included in RG-17-1] Fundraising Planning and Reporting [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Trust and Endowment Records [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Course Schedules and Catalogs Library Accession Records [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Library Deaccessioning Records [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Admissions Publications Foundation Agreements and Management Reports Final Budget [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Conference Programs and Reports Legacy Patient Records [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Histories and Biographical Files Management Reports Other Reports (Historically Significant) Medical Student Records Directories Meeting Minutes Awards and Honors Lectures and Presentations Roll Books [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Other Logs and Ledgers [Not currently included in RG-17-1] Exhibit Materials [Not currently included in RG-17-1]"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHistorical Overview of the School of Medicine\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cbr\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe School of Medicine* at the University of Virginia has been a key part of the University since its establishment in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson. In his early plans, Jefferson recommended the creation of a School of Anatomy and Medicine with a rigorous academic model, where students could attain medical education in nine months, a term that was twice as long as many schools at the time. Students would read, attend lectures, and watch demonstrations, but there would be few opportunities for them to work firsthand with patients, because there was no teaching hospital in Charlottesville. When the University opened its doors to students in 1825, Dr. Robley Dunglison taught all of the classes offered by the School of Anatomy and Medicine. Beginning in 1827, medical classes were held in the Anatomical Theatre, a building designed by Jefferson (though completed after his death) to accomodate a space for anatomical dissections. The study of anatomy was an important piece of early medical education; however, there was no systematic way for medical schools to obtain bodies for dissection prior to the Virginia Anatomical Act of 1884, and so cadavers were frequently procured through illegal and unethical means. Often this involved body snatching from local graves, most commonly those found in cemeteries of Virginia's slave, free black, and poor white populations. \n\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbr\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nDunglison remained at UVA until 1833, and during that time he persuaded the UVA Board of Visitors to hire additional faculty for his medical department. In the mid-19th century, the UVA medical school was known for providing a good theoretical education. Academic activities were largely stagnant during the years of the Civil War, when Professor of Anatomy and Surgery James L. Cabell oversaw a Confederate military hospital erected in part on the Grounds of UVA, and later when Charlottesville was occupied by Union troops at the end of the war. In the decades after the Civil War, a period of biomedical revolution began to redefine the practice of medicine. In response, UVA initiated educational reforms to its medical curriculum, gradually lengthening the degree program to four years by the end of the 19th century, and introducing coursework in new fields like bacteriology and histology. In order to create increasingly important clinical opportunities for students, UVA committed to building its own facilities, including a dispensary for out-patient care in 1892 and finally a hospital, which opened in 1901. While science and medicine had entered a period of dramatic revolution, social systems were less inclined to evolve, and access to medical education at UVA remained restricted for many members of the population.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbr\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nIn the early 20th century, the University of Virginia was transforming into a modern university, dedicated to both education and research. At the center of this change were UVA's health sciences programs. The University invested heavily in the School of Medicine, increasing the number of faculty in order to support emerging medical specialties and a new research mission. This period was also marked by the culmination of a fierce debate over the dual existence of state-supported medical programs in both Charlottesville and Richmond, VA. In 1921, a state-appointed commission recommended the relocation of the UVA School of Medicine to Richmond. UVA mobilized alumni and recruited political allies in order to wage a fierce campaign for the preservation of its medical program. They were ultimately successful, with the General Assembly deciding in favor of UVA. The period that followed was marked by continued expansion to the University's academic medical center, including greater specialization across the field of medicine and an increase of students, faculty, and associated personnel throughout the health sciences programs.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbr\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nAlso of note during this time, in 1920 a resolution of the UVA Board of Visitors agreed to admit women into graduate and professional degree programs at UVA. The first woman to graduate from the School of Medicine, Sarah Ruth Dean, a transfer student, did so in 1922. In 1924, Lila Morse Bonner became the second woman to graduate from the School of Medicine and the first to attend all four years of medical school at UVA.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbr\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nBy the 1940s, public confidence in the health professions was strong among much of the U.S. public. After World War II, there was broad support for wider investment in academic medical centers. At UVA, federal grants were used to build new facilities, including the construction of a multi-story hospital tower. However, also at this time, access to education, employment opportunities, and health care at UVA continued to be unequal. With the rise of the Civil Rights movement, a combination of factors including, community activism, federal legislation, and court rulings compelled the University to start removing barriers to access. In 1953, Edward Bertram Nash and Edward Thomas Wood became the first two African Americans to be admitted to the UVA School of Medicine. Both went on to graduate in 1957.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbr\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThroughout the second half of the 20th century, the UVA health system continued to expand. A new medical education building was dedicated in 1972. (Originally named for Harvey E. Jordan, a former Dean of the School of Medicine and known proponent of eugenics; the building was renamed in honor of Dr. Vivian W. Pinn in 2016). This era of expansion also saw the opening of a nursing education building, health sciences library, primary care center, and finally, in 1989, a massive new hospital building. The 1980s and 1990s also saw efforts at the School of Medicine to increase access to the health professions among under-represented groups, including women and people of color.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbr\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nRapid developments in the health sciences continued to demand new facilities for research and education. The Claude Moore Medical Education Building opened as the new central location for the School of Medicine in 2010. Also in 2010, the School of Medicine launched a four college system, designed to preserve close student-faculty relationships and maintain a high-quality student experience while accommodating increased medical class size and a revised curriculum. Ten years later, the School of Medicine embraced further expansions with the launch of its Inova Campus in Northern Virginia, which provides clerkship opportunities for some upperclass medical students. The first cohort to spend their third and fourth years of medical school at the Northern Virginia campus arrived there in 2021.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbr\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n*Note about naming conventions: Briefly known as the \"School of Anatomy and Medicine\" (1825-1827), the name \"School of Medicine\" was adopted by the Board of Visitors in July 1827. However, shortly later the name \"Department of Medicine\" came to be used (though some records still refer to the institution as \"School of Medicine\"). By the 1950s, the preferred name was again \"School of Medicine\". \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nDeans of the UVA School of Medicine\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eRichard Henry Whitehead, MD, 1905-1916\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eTheodore Hough, PhD, [Acting Dean: 1916-1917], 1917-1924\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eJames Caroll Flippin, MD, [Acting Dean: 1925-1927] 1927-1939\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eHarvey Ernest Jordan, PhD, 1939-1949\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eVernon W. Lippard, MD, 1949-1953\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eThomas Harrison Hunter, MD, 1953-1964 [Leave of Absence: 1962-1964]\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eKenneth R. Crispell, MD, [Acting Dean: 1962-1964], 1964-1971\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eJames T. Hamlin III, MD, [Acting Dean: 1971-1972]\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eWilliam R. Drucker, MD, 1972-1977\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eNorman J. Knorr, MD, 1977-1986\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eRobert M. Carey, MD, 1986-2002\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eArthur \"Tim\" Garson Jr., MD, MPH 2002-2007\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eSharon L. Hostler, MD, Interim Dean: 2007-2008\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eSteven T. DeKosky, MD, 2008-2013\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eNancy E. Dunlap, MD, PhD, 2013-2014\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eRandolph J. Canterbury, MD, Interim Dean: 2014-2015\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eDavid S. Wilkes, MD, 2015-2021\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cil\u003eMelina R. Kibbe, MD, 2021-\u003c/il\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nPrior to Richard Henry Whitehead's appointment by the Board of Visitors to the position of Dean of the Medical Faculty (as found in the UVA Board of Visitors Meeting Minutes, July 20, 1905), the position of Dean at the UVA School of Medicine was not in use. The appointment dates listed above are derived from the Board of Visitors Meeting Minutes.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Historical Overview of the School of Medicine\n","","\nThe School of Medicine* at the University of Virginia has been a key part of the University since its establishment in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson. In his early plans, Jefferson recommended the creation of a School of Anatomy and Medicine with a rigorous academic model, where students could attain medical education in nine months, a term that was twice as long as many schools at the time. Students would read, attend lectures, and watch demonstrations, but there would be few opportunities for them to work firsthand with patients, because there was no teaching hospital in Charlottesville. When the University opened its doors to students in 1825, Dr. Robley Dunglison taught all of the classes offered by the School of Anatomy and Medicine. Beginning in 1827, medical classes were held in the Anatomical Theatre, a building designed by Jefferson (though completed after his death) to accomodate a space for anatomical dissections. The study of anatomy was an important piece of early medical education; however, there was no systematic way for medical schools to obtain bodies for dissection prior to the Virginia Anatomical Act of 1884, and so cadavers were frequently procured through illegal and unethical means. Often this involved body snatching from local graves, most commonly those found in cemeteries of Virginia's slave, free black, and poor white populations. \n","","\nDunglison remained at UVA until 1833, and during that time he persuaded the UVA Board of Visitors to hire additional faculty for his medical department. In the mid-19th century, the UVA medical school was known for providing a good theoretical education. Academic activities were largely stagnant during the years of the Civil War, when Professor of Anatomy and Surgery James L. Cabell oversaw a Confederate military hospital erected in part on the Grounds of UVA, and later when Charlottesville was occupied by Union troops at the end of the war. In the decades after the Civil War, a period of biomedical revolution began to redefine the practice of medicine. In response, UVA initiated educational reforms to its medical curriculum, gradually lengthening the degree program to four years by the end of the 19th century, and introducing coursework in new fields like bacteriology and histology. In order to create increasingly important clinical opportunities for students, UVA committed to building its own facilities, including a dispensary for out-patient care in 1892 and finally a hospital, which opened in 1901. While science and medicine had entered a period of dramatic revolution, social systems were less inclined to evolve, and access to medical education at UVA remained restricted for many members of the population.\n","","\nIn the early 20th century, the University of Virginia was transforming into a modern university, dedicated to both education and research. At the center of this change were UVA's health sciences programs. The University invested heavily in the School of Medicine, increasing the number of faculty in order to support emerging medical specialties and a new research mission. This period was also marked by the culmination of a fierce debate over the dual existence of state-supported medical programs in both Charlottesville and Richmond, VA. In 1921, a state-appointed commission recommended the relocation of the UVA School of Medicine to Richmond. UVA mobilized alumni and recruited political allies in order to wage a fierce campaign for the preservation of its medical program. They were ultimately successful, with the General Assembly deciding in favor of UVA. The period that followed was marked by continued expansion to the University's academic medical center, including greater specialization across the field of medicine and an increase of students, faculty, and associated personnel throughout the health sciences programs.\n","","\nAlso of note during this time, in 1920 a resolution of the UVA Board of Visitors agreed to admit women into graduate and professional degree programs at UVA. The first woman to graduate from the School of Medicine, Sarah Ruth Dean, a transfer student, did so in 1922. In 1924, Lila Morse Bonner became the second woman to graduate from the School of Medicine and the first to attend all four years of medical school at UVA.\n","","\nBy the 1940s, public confidence in the health professions was strong among much of the U.S. public. After World War II, there was broad support for wider investment in academic medical centers. At UVA, federal grants were used to build new facilities, including the construction of a multi-story hospital tower. However, also at this time, access to education, employment opportunities, and health care at UVA continued to be unequal. With the rise of the Civil Rights movement, a combination of factors including, community activism, federal legislation, and court rulings compelled the University to start removing barriers to access. In 1953, Edward Bertram Nash and Edward Thomas Wood became the first two African Americans to be admitted to the UVA School of Medicine. Both went on to graduate in 1957.\n","","\nThroughout the second half of the 20th century, the UVA health system continued to expand. A new medical education building was dedicated in 1972. (Originally named for Harvey E. Jordan, a former Dean of the School of Medicine and known proponent of eugenics; the building was renamed in honor of Dr. Vivian W. Pinn in 2016). This era of expansion also saw the opening of a nursing education building, health sciences library, primary care center, and finally, in 1989, a massive new hospital building. The 1980s and 1990s also saw efforts at the School of Medicine to increase access to the health professions among under-represented groups, including women and people of color.\n","","\nRapid developments in the health sciences continued to demand new facilities for research and education. The Claude Moore Medical Education Building opened as the new central location for the School of Medicine in 2010. Also in 2010, the School of Medicine launched a four college system, designed to preserve close student-faculty relationships and maintain a high-quality student experience while accommodating increased medical class size and a revised curriculum. Ten years later, the School of Medicine embraced further expansions with the launch of its Inova Campus in Northern Virginia, which provides clerkship opportunities for some upperclass medical students. The first cohort to spend their third and fourth years of medical school at the Northern Virginia campus arrived there in 2021.\n","","\n*Note about naming conventions: Briefly known as the \"School of Anatomy and Medicine\" (1825-1827), the name \"School of Medicine\" was adopted by the Board of Visitors in July 1827. However, shortly later the name \"Department of Medicine\" came to be used (though some records still refer to the institution as \"School of Medicine\"). By the 1950s, the preferred name was again \"School of Medicine\". \n","\nDeans of the UVA School of Medicine\n","Richard Henry Whitehead, MD, 1905-1916 Theodore Hough, PhD, [Acting Dean: 1916-1917], 1917-1924 James Caroll Flippin, MD, [Acting Dean: 1925-1927] 1927-1939 Harvey Ernest Jordan, PhD, 1939-1949 Vernon W. Lippard, MD, 1949-1953 Thomas Harrison Hunter, MD, 1953-1964 [Leave of Absence: 1962-1964] Kenneth R. Crispell, MD, [Acting Dean: 1962-1964], 1964-1971 James T. Hamlin III, MD, [Acting Dean: 1971-1972] William R. Drucker, MD, 1972-1977 Norman J. Knorr, MD, 1977-1986 Robert M. Carey, MD, 1986-2002 Arthur \"Tim\" Garson Jr., MD, MPH 2002-2007 Sharon L. Hostler, MD, Interim Dean: 2007-2008 Steven T. DeKosky, MD, 2008-2013 Nancy E. Dunlap, MD, PhD, 2013-2014 Randolph J. Canterbury, MD, Interim Dean: 2014-2015 David S. Wilkes, MD, 2015-2021 Melina R. Kibbe, MD, 2021-","\nPrior to Richard Henry Whitehead's appointment by the Board of Visitors to the position of Dean of the Medical Faculty (as found in the UVA Board of Visitors Meeting Minutes, July 20, 1905), the position of Dean at the UVA School of Medicine was not in use. The appointment dates listed above are derived from the Board of Visitors Meeting Minutes.\n"],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePotentially Harmful Materials Statement:\nMaterials in this collection may contain distressing or disturbing content in a written, visual, or/and audiovisual format. Viewers should proceed with caution.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Potentially Harmful Materials Statement:\nMaterials in this collection may contain distressing or disturbing content in a written, visual, or/and audiovisual format. Viewers should proceed with caution."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRG-17-1 includes records from multiple legacy collections held by the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, including the UVA School of Medicine Reports (MS-66), UVA School of Medicine Biographical Files (MS-36), UVA Hospital Professional Staff Files (MS-25), UVA School of Medicine Chapter of Alpha Omega Alpha records (MS-53), and UVA Department of Medicine Housestaff and Chief Residents Photograph collection (MS-62). RG-17-1 also includes materials previously cataloged as separate items in Virgo (such as journals, newsletters, and reports), and materials from semi-processed legacy accessions, including the UVA School of Medicine Council on Medical Education records (Viuh-2015-26), UVA School of Medicine Faculty Files (Viuh-2015-27), and UVA School of Medicine Faculty Minutes (Viuh-2015-28). Bound materials are housed separately from the rest of the collection, and are generally referenced by individual item records (e.g. \"BIR-100\").\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["RG-17-1 includes records from multiple legacy collections held by the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, including the UVA School of Medicine Reports (MS-66), UVA School of Medicine Biographical Files (MS-36), UVA Hospital Professional Staff Files (MS-25), UVA School of Medicine Chapter of Alpha Omega Alpha records (MS-53), and UVA Department of Medicine Housestaff and Chief Residents Photograph collection (MS-62). RG-17-1 also includes materials previously cataloged as separate items in Virgo (such as journals, newsletters, and reports), and materials from semi-processed legacy accessions, including the UVA School of Medicine Council on Medical Education records (Viuh-2015-26), UVA School of Medicine Faculty Files (Viuh-2015-27), and UVA School of Medicine Faculty Minutes (Viuh-2015-28). Bound materials are housed separately from the rest of the collection, and are generally referenced by individual item records (e.g. \"BIR-100\")."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials found within the RG-17 classifications are frequently inter-related. Researchers of RG-17-1 UVA School of Medicine records may also want to consult: RG-17-2 UVA Medical Center records, RG-17-3 UVA School of Nursing records, RG-17-4 Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records, RG-17-5 Office of the Vice President for Health Affairs records, and RG-17-6 Department of Student Health records. [Some of these materials may not be currently available. All finding aids are works-in-progress.]\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Materials found within the RG-17 classifications are frequently inter-related. Researchers of RG-17-1 UVA School of Medicine records may also want to consult: RG-17-2 UVA Medical Center records, RG-17-3 UVA School of Nursing records, RG-17-4 Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records, RG-17-5 Office of the Vice President for Health Affairs records, and RG-17-6 Department of Student Health records. [Some of these materials may not be currently available. All finding aids are works-in-progress.]"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe UVA School of Medicine records primarily document the history of the School at all levels of the organization during the 20th and 21st centuries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdministrative records, including annual reports, meeting minutes, planning documents policies, and other materials, document operations, strategic initiatives, and decision making.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCommunications records, including newsletters, blogs, websites, pamphlets, publications, and recordings, document events and public relations work.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMedical education and research records, including accreditation files, student records, syllabi, course catalogs, student organization records, commencement records, lectures, and conference reports, document the School's primary missions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe collection includes a number of records previously described elsewhere (e.g. as part of a former archival collection or as an indiviudal item described in the Library catalog). Among these are a large group of bound items. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe UVA School of Medicine continues to transfer analog and digital records to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library for inclusion in this collection.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The UVA School of Medicine records primarily document the history of the School at all levels of the organization during the 20th and 21st centuries.","Administrative records, including annual reports, meeting minutes, planning documents policies, and other materials, document operations, strategic initiatives, and decision making.","Communications records, including newsletters, blogs, websites, pamphlets, publications, and recordings, document events and public relations work.","Medical education and research records, including accreditation files, student records, syllabi, course catalogs, student organization records, commencement records, lectures, and conference reports, document the School's primary missions.","\nThe collection includes a number of records previously described elsewhere (e.g. as part of a former archival collection or as an indiviudal item described in the Library catalog). Among these are a large group of bound items. \n","\nThe UVA School of Medicine continues to transfer analog and digital records to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library for inclusion in this collection.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnless otherwise noted, the University of Virginia owns the copyright to the materials in this collection that have not yet entered the public domain. You are free to use collection materials in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unless otherwise noted, the University of Virginia owns the copyright to the materials in this collection that have not yet entered the public domain. You are free to use collection materials in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. 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MLN blog posts provide information about Library collections, policies, services, and events.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08_c01"],"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_215","viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_215","viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records","Blogs"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records","Blogs"],"text":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records","Blogs","Moore Library News","English","The Moore Library News (MLN) blog is produced by the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. 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Decisions to close records to research are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (VAFOIA), the policies of the University of Virginia, and other relevent laws, regulations, or policies.","Records are generally organized according to the records retention and disposition schedules series maintained by the Library of Virginia (LVA). When necessary, additional subdivisions have been created for materials that do not have clear equivalents in the LVA resources.","\nBetween 1826 and 1929, the University of Virginia's collection of medical books and journals were kept with the general library collections in the Rotunda. 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March 1934-June 1934: Dora Mitchell Brown serves as the Medical Librarian. 1934-1936: Miriam Thomas Buchanan serves as the Medical Librarian. 1935: The Medical Library institutes its first orientation for first year medical students. 1936-1943: Anne Lewis Morris serves as the Medical Librarian. 1943-1944: Mary Elizabeth Mayo serves as the Medical Librarian. 1944-1947: Mabel Cook Wyllie serves as the Medical Librarian. 1945-1949: The Nursing Library is placed under the Supervision of the Medical Librarian until the appointment of a clerk to manage the Nursing collection. 1947-1962: Elizabeth Frances Adkins serves as the Medical Librarian. September 1962: Wilhelm Moll is appointed the Director of the Medical Library. 1962-1963: As the result of administrative reorganizations during this period, the Medical Library is separated from the central University Library system and placed under the control of the School of Medicine. 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In 1929, the University moved the collections to the new Medical Library inside the recently-constructed Medical School Building. \n","\nBetween 1929 and 1962, a medical librarian with a small staff of student and clerical workers stewarded the library's collections. The Medical Library at this time, although physically separate from the rest of the University's libraries, was administered as part of the central University library system with oversight from School of Medicine faculty serving on the Medical Library Committee. In addition to the management of collections, the medical librarians in this era began to curate exhibits and provide instruction. Only a few of the medical librarians who served in this period had professional library training.\n","\nIn 1962, Wilhelm Moll was appointed the first Director of the Medical Library. During his tenure, Moll oversaw the radical trasnformation of a small branch library into an independent research library. 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It largely consists of stories authored by the School of Law's Communications and Media Relations department. They cover a wide range of topics including, but not limited to, faculty research, student life, major events, alumni/alumnae activities, accolades, curricular developments, and significant policy changes.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1492_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1492_c03","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1492_c03"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1492_c03","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1492","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1492","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1492","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1492","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1492"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1492"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Online news and media - University of Virginia School of Law"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Online news and media - University of Virginia School of Law"],"text":["Online news and media - University of Virginia School of Law","News Archive","English","The University of Virginia School of Law maintains a public archive of news articles on its website that documents and promotes the School's work. It largely consists of stories authored by the School of Law's Communications and Media Relations department. They cover a wide range of topics including, but not limited to, faculty research, student life, major events, alumni/alumnae activities, accolades, curricular developments, and significant policy changes.","The School of Law's Communications and Media Relations department added features to the archive that facilitate research. Individuals using the archive can filter articles by either year or topic. This resource does not include sound recordings and videos that originally were linked to the news archive. Researchers can access copies of these materials in the School of Law's related Video and Audio Archive."],"title_filing_ssi":"News Archive","title_ssm":["News Archive"],"title_tesim":["News Archive"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["2006-2023"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2006/2023"],"normalized_title_ssm":["News Archive"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Online news and media - University of Virginia School of Law"],"extent_ssm":["60.592882688 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":["60.592882688 Gigabytes"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":1,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":5,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The materials in this collection have no access restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the materials. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia."],"date_range_isim":[2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023],"acqinfo_ssim":["Staff members at the University of Virginia Law Library annually capture the News Archive from the Internet."],"language_ssim":["English"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe University of Virginia School of Law maintains a public archive of news articles on its website that documents and promotes the School's work. It largely consists of stories authored by the School of Law's Communications and Media Relations department. They cover a wide range of topics including, but not limited to, faculty research, student life, major events, alumni/alumnae activities, accolades, curricular developments, and significant policy changes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe School of Law's Communications and Media Relations department added features to the archive that facilitate research. Individuals using the archive can filter articles by either year or topic. This resource does not include sound recordings and videos that originally were linked to the news archive. Researchers can access copies of these materials in the School of Law's related Video and Audio Archive.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The University of Virginia School of Law maintains a public archive of news articles on its website that documents and promotes the School's work. It largely consists of stories authored by the School of Law's Communications and Media Relations department. They cover a wide range of topics including, but not limited to, faculty research, student life, major events, alumni/alumnae activities, accolades, curricular developments, and significant policy changes.","The School of Law's Communications and Media Relations department added features to the archive that facilitate research. Individuals using the archive can filter articles by either year or topic. This resource does not include sound recordings and videos that originally were linked to the news archive. Researchers can access copies of these materials in the School of Law's related Video and Audio Archive."],"_nest_path_":"/components#2","timestamp":"2026-05-07T07:12:32.081Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1492","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1492","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1492","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1492","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_1492.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/188982","title_ssm":["Online news and media - University of Virginia School of Law"],"title_tesim":["Online news and media - University of Virginia School of Law"],"unitdate_ssm":["2005-2023"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["2005-2023"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG.32.504","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1492"],"text":["RG.32.504","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1492","Online news and media - University of Virginia School of Law","Law schools -- United States","University of Virginia. School of Law","The materials in this collection have no access restrictions.","The materials in this collection initially existed as web pages linked to the School of Law website. Archivists strive to capture the School of Law's online resources and preserve them in a state close to how they would have appeared to users when they were live. However, to overcome technological limitations and to allow for sustainable preservation, archivists often made appraisal decisions that resulted in archived websites that function and look different from the originals. For example, when the School of Law media archive was too large to crawl and preserve as a single resource, archivists divided it into facets and crawled each part separately.","When using the web archives in this collection, researchers should know that these resources are not identical copies of the original websites. Instead, they are close representations shaped by the appraisal decisions of archivists.","This resource consists of online media collections that the University of Virginia School of Law curated and disseminated online. They generally consist of news articles, videos, and sound recordings. These materials document the School of Law's wide-ranging work and provide evidence of how the School markets itself to the broader world.","Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the materials. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RG.32.504","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1492"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Online news and media - University of Virginia School of Law"],"collection_title_tesim":["Online news and media - University of Virginia School of Law"],"collection_ssim":["Online news and media - University of Virginia School of Law"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"creator_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"creators_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"access_terms_ssm":["Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the materials. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Archivists at the Arthur J. Morris Law Library captured the materials in this collection from the University of Virginia School of Law's website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Law schools -- United States","University of Virginia. School of Law"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Law schools -- United States","University of Virginia. School of Law"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["368.3126859 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":["368.3126859 Gigabytes"],"date_range_isim":[2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this collection have no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The materials in this collection have no access restrictions."],"appraisal_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this collection initially existed as web pages linked to the School of Law website. Archivists strive to capture the School of Law's online resources and preserve them in a state close to how they would have appeared to users when they were live. However, to overcome technological limitations and to allow for sustainable preservation, archivists often made appraisal decisions that resulted in archived websites that function and look different from the originals. For example, when the School of Law media archive was too large to crawl and preserve as a single resource, archivists divided it into facets and crawled each part separately.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhen using the web archives in this collection, researchers should know that these resources are not identical copies of the original websites. Instead, they are close representations shaped by the appraisal decisions of archivists.\u003c/p\u003e"],"appraisal_heading_ssm":["Appraisal"],"appraisal_tesim":["The materials in this collection initially existed as web pages linked to the School of Law website. Archivists strive to capture the School of Law's online resources and preserve them in a state close to how they would have appeared to users when they were live. However, to overcome technological limitations and to allow for sustainable preservation, archivists often made appraisal decisions that resulted in archived websites that function and look different from the originals. For example, when the School of Law media archive was too large to crawl and preserve as a single resource, archivists divided it into facets and crawled each part separately.","When using the web archives in this collection, researchers should know that these resources are not identical copies of the original websites. Instead, they are close representations shaped by the appraisal decisions of archivists."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis resource consists of online media collections that the University of Virginia School of Law curated and disseminated online. They generally consist of news articles, videos, and sound recordings. These materials document the School of Law's wide-ranging work and provide evidence of how the School markets itself to the broader world.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This resource consists of online media collections that the University of Virginia School of Law curated and disseminated online. They generally consist of news articles, videos, and sound recordings. These materials document the School of Law's wide-ranging work and provide evidence of how the School markets itself to the broader world."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the materials. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the materials. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":22,"online_item_count_is":18,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-07T07:12:32.081Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1492_c03"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c19_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Online Exhibits","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c19_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series contains web archived online exhibits created by Historical Collections and Services between 2007 and circa 2023, although some of the creation dates of the websites are questionable. These 21 exhibits were hosted on the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library website but are now available via the Internet Archives' Wayback Machine.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c19_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c19_c02","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c19_c02"],"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c19_c02","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c19","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c19","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_215","viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c19"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_215","viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c19"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records","Exhibits"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records","Exhibits"],"text":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records","Exhibits","Online Exhibits","These items are arranged alphabetically.","Some exhibit pages do not have creation dates listed anywhere, but they do have copyright dates at the bottom of the page. This can be confusing in understanding what is the true date of creation.","Many of these online exhibits were once physical exhibits on display in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Exhibit placards, text, images, curation notes, and other preparation documents may be found in folders with the same exhibit title in this records group in the sub series entitled \"Exhibit Files, 1970-2019, undated.\"","Exhibit placards, text, images, curation notes, and other preparation documents may be found in folders with the same exhibit title in this records group in the sub series entitled \"Exhibit Files, 1970-2019, undated.\"","This series contains web archived online exhibits created by Historical Collections and Services between 2007 and circa 2023, although some of the creation dates of the websites are questionable. These 21 exhibits were hosted on the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library website but are now available via the Internet Archives' Wayback Machine."],"title_filing_ssi":"Online Exhibits","title_ssm":["Online Exhibits"],"title_tesim":["Online Exhibits"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1998-2023","2007-2023"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1998/2023, 2007/2023"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Online Exhibits"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"extent_ssm":["21 websites"],"extent_tesim":["21 websites"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":21,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":446,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The exhibit records are open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to exhibit content created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies."],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"Historical Collections Online Exhibits\",\"href\":\"https://web.archive.org/web/20251212004441/https://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/\"}"],"date_range_isim":[1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese items are arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["These items are arranged alphabetically."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome exhibit pages do not have creation dates listed anywhere, but they do have copyright dates at the bottom of the page. This can be confusing in understanding what is the true date of creation.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Date Discrepancies"],"odd_tesim":["Some exhibit pages do not have creation dates listed anywhere, but they do have copyright dates at the bottom of the page. This can be confusing in understanding what is the true date of creation."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMany of these online exhibits were once physical exhibits on display in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Exhibit placards, text, images, curation notes, and other preparation documents may be found in folders with the same exhibit title in this records group in the sub series entitled \"Exhibit Files, 1970-2019, undated.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["Many of these online exhibits were once physical exhibits on display in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Exhibit placards, text, images, curation notes, and other preparation documents may be found in folders with the same exhibit title in this records group in the sub series entitled \"Exhibit Files, 1970-2019, undated.\""],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eExhibit placards, text, images, curation notes, and other preparation documents may be found in folders with the same exhibit title in this records group in the sub series entitled \"Exhibit Files, 1970-2019, undated.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Exhibit placards, text, images, curation notes, and other preparation documents may be found in folders with the same exhibit title in this records group in the sub series entitled \"Exhibit Files, 1970-2019, undated.\""],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series contains web archived online exhibits created by Historical Collections and Services between 2007 and circa 2023, although some of the creation dates of the websites are questionable. These 21 exhibits were hosted on the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library website but are now available via the Internet Archives' Wayback Machine.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series contains web archived online exhibits created by Historical Collections and Services between 2007 and circa 2023, although some of the creation dates of the websites are questionable. These 21 exhibits were hosted on the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library website but are now available via the Internet Archives' Wayback Machine."],"_nest_path_":"/components#18/components#1","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:45:52.592Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_7_resources_215.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/133046","title_ssm":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"title_tesim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1942-2025","1848-2019"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1942-2025"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1848-2019"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG.17.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/215"],"text":["RG.17.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/215","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records","University of Virginia","The records of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library are open to researchers, except where it is noted. Decisions to close records to research are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (VAFOIA), the policies of the University of Virginia, and other relevent laws, regulations, or policies.","Records are generally organized according to the records retention and disposition schedules series maintained by the Library of Virginia (LVA). When necessary, additional subdivisions have been created for materials that do not have clear equivalents in the LVA resources.","\nBetween 1826 and 1929, the University of Virginia's collection of medical books and journals were kept with the general library collections in the Rotunda. In 1929, the University moved the collections to the new Medical Library inside the recently-constructed Medical School Building. \n","\nBetween 1929 and 1962, a medical librarian with a small staff of student and clerical workers stewarded the library's collections. The Medical Library at this time, although physically separate from the rest of the University's libraries, was administered as part of the central University library system with oversight from School of Medicine faculty serving on the Medical Library Committee. In addition to the management of collections, the medical librarians in this era began to curate exhibits and provide instruction. Only a few of the medical librarians who served in this period had professional library training.\n","\nIn 1962, Wilhelm Moll was appointed the first Director of the Medical Library. During his tenure, Moll oversaw the radical trasnformation of a small branch library into an independent research library. The full-time library staff expanded from 4 to 30, the University built a new library building over Jefferson Park Avenue, the nursing and medical libraries merged to form the Health Sciences Library, a history of medicine program was founded, and the library began to adopt digital technologies.\n","\nAfter Moll's death in 1979, the University apppointed Terry Thorkildsen as the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.  Thorkildsen and his successors Linda Watson (1990-2005) and Gretchen Arnold (2005-present) led the library during an era when revolutionary advances in digital technologies (e.g. the Internet, personal computers, databases) presented new challenges and opportunities for the Library.\n","","September 1826: The University of Virginia Library opens in the Rotunda and it includes a collection of medical books. 1911: The University Library's entire collection of medical books and journals are gathered together and moved to the basement of the Rotunda. September 13, 1915: Richard Henry Whitehead, Dean of the School of Medicine, creates the Medical Library Committee. 1919-June 1929: Ella Watson Johnson serves as the Medical Librarian. June 1929: The Medical Library moves from the basement of the Rotunda to its own space in the new Medical School Building, the Medical Library remains a department of the central University Library System. June 1929-September 1929: Margaret Otto serves as the Medical Librarian. 1929-1931: Anne Ashhurst Gwathmey serves as the Medical Librarian. 1931-1934: Caroline Hill Davis serves as the Medical Librarian. March 1934-June 1934: Dora Mitchell Brown serves as the Medical Librarian. 1934-1936: Miriam Thomas Buchanan serves as the Medical Librarian. 1935: The Medical Library institutes its first orientation for first year medical students. 1936-1943: Anne Lewis Morris serves as the Medical Librarian. 1943-1944: Mary Elizabeth Mayo serves as the Medical Librarian. 1944-1947: Mabel Cook Wyllie serves as the Medical Librarian. 1945-1949: The Nursing Library is placed under the Supervision of the Medical Librarian until the appointment of a clerk to manage the Nursing collection. 1947-1962: Elizabeth Frances Adkins serves as the Medical Librarian. September 1962: Wilhelm Moll is appointed the Director of the Medical Library. 1962-1963: As the result of administrative reorganizations during this period, the Medical Library is separated from the central University Library system and placed under the control of the School of Medicine. November 1970: Librarians conduct the first online searches of a database at the University of Virginia Medical Library using the experimental AIM-TWX service developed by the National Library of Medicine's Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications. November 1971: Librarians begin using the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE system to conduct online searches for patrons. August 1975: The Medical Library and Nursing Library are merged into the Health Sciences Library and Information Center and moved into a new building that spans over Jefferson Park Avenue. Wilhelm Moll is made the Director of the Health Sciences Library. April 1976: The Health Sciences Library is formally dedicated and named after Claude Moore, an alumnus of and donor to the University of Virginia. 1979: Terry Thorkildsen is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. 1989: The library card catalog is digitized and made available through computer terminals. 1990: Linda Watson is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. 2005: Gretchen Arnold is appointed the interim Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library and is then made Director in 2007. 2022: Bart Ragon is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.","This collection consists of permanent and historically significant institutional records created by the University of Virginia Health Sciences Library and the antecedent Medical Library. These records include, but are not limited to: annual reports, planning documents, newsletters, online exhibits, blogs, social media content, conference programs, department histories, committee records, and library-sponsored lecture materials.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this collection varies.","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RG.17.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/215"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"collection_title_tesim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"collection_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this collection varies."],"access_subjects_ssim":["University of Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["University of Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["97 Volumes 97 bound volumes and enclosures on book shelves","8 Linear Feet 29 archival boxes"],"extent_tesim":["97 Volumes 97 bound volumes and enclosures on book shelves","8 Linear Feet 29 archival boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library are open to researchers, except where it is noted. Decisions to close records to research are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (VAFOIA), the policies of the University of Virginia, and other relevent laws, regulations, or policies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The records of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library are open to researchers, except where it is noted. Decisions to close records to research are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (VAFOIA), the policies of the University of Virginia, and other relevent laws, regulations, or policies."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords are generally organized according to the records retention and disposition schedules series maintained by the Library of Virginia (LVA). When necessary, additional subdivisions have been created for materials that do not have clear equivalents in the LVA resources.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Records are generally organized according to the records retention and disposition schedules series maintained by the Library of Virginia (LVA). When necessary, additional subdivisions have been created for materials that do not have clear equivalents in the LVA resources."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nBetween 1826 and 1929, the University of Virginia's collection of medical books and journals were kept with the general library collections in the Rotunda. In 1929, the University moved the collections to the new Medical Library inside the recently-constructed Medical School Building. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nBetween 1929 and 1962, a medical librarian with a small staff of student and clerical workers stewarded the library's collections. The Medical Library at this time, although physically separate from the rest of the University's libraries, was administered as part of the central University library system with oversight from School of Medicine faculty serving on the Medical Library Committee. In addition to the management of collections, the medical librarians in this era began to curate exhibits and provide instruction. Only a few of the medical librarians who served in this period had professional library training.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1962, Wilhelm Moll was appointed the first Director of the Medical Library. During his tenure, Moll oversaw the radical trasnformation of a small branch library into an independent research library. The full-time library staff expanded from 4 to 30, the University built a new library building over Jefferson Park Avenue, the nursing and medical libraries merged to form the Health Sciences Library, a history of medicine program was founded, and the library began to adopt digital technologies.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nAfter Moll's death in 1979, the University apppointed Terry Thorkildsen as the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.  Thorkildsen and his successors Linda Watson (1990-2005) and Gretchen Arnold (2005-present) led the library during an era when revolutionary advances in digital technologies (e.g. the Internet, personal computers, databases) presented new challenges and opportunities for the Library.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbr\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeptember 1826: The University of Virginia Library opens in the Rotunda and it includes a collection of medical books.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1911: The University Library's entire collection of medical books and journals are gathered together and moved to the basement of the Rotunda.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeptember 13, 1915: Richard Henry Whitehead, Dean of the School of Medicine, creates the Medical Library Committee.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1919-June 1929: Ella Watson Johnson serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJune 1929: The Medical Library moves from the basement of the Rotunda to its own space in the new Medical School Building, the Medical Library remains a department of the central University Library System.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJune 1929-September 1929: Margaret Otto serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1929-1931: Anne Ashhurst Gwathmey serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1931-1934: Caroline Hill Davis serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarch 1934-June 1934: Dora Mitchell Brown serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1934-1936: Miriam Thomas Buchanan serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1935: The Medical Library institutes its first orientation for first year medical students.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1936-1943: Anne Lewis Morris serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1943-1944: Mary Elizabeth Mayo serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1944-1947: Mabel Cook Wyllie serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1945-1949: The Nursing Library is placed under the Supervision of the Medical Librarian until the appointment of a clerk to manage the Nursing collection.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1947-1962: Elizabeth Frances Adkins serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeptember 1962: Wilhelm Moll is appointed the Director of the Medical Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1962-1963: As the result of administrative reorganizations during this period, the Medical Library is separated from the central University Library system and placed under the control of the School of Medicine.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNovember 1970: Librarians conduct the first online searches of a database at the University of Virginia Medical Library using the experimental AIM-TWX service developed by the National Library of Medicine's Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNovember 1971: Librarians begin using the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE system to conduct online searches for patrons.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAugust 1975: The Medical Library and Nursing Library are merged into the Health Sciences Library and Information Center and moved into a new building that spans over Jefferson Park Avenue. Wilhelm Moll is made the Director of the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApril 1976: The Health Sciences Library is formally dedicated and named after Claude Moore, an alumnus of and donor to the University of Virginia.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1979: Terry Thorkildsen is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1989: The library card catalog is digitized and made available through computer terminals.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1990: Linda Watson is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2005: Gretchen Arnold is appointed the interim Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library and is then made Director in 2007.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2022: Bart Ragon is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["\nBetween 1826 and 1929, the University of Virginia's collection of medical books and journals were kept with the general library collections in the Rotunda. In 1929, the University moved the collections to the new Medical Library inside the recently-constructed Medical School Building. \n","\nBetween 1929 and 1962, a medical librarian with a small staff of student and clerical workers stewarded the library's collections. The Medical Library at this time, although physically separate from the rest of the University's libraries, was administered as part of the central University library system with oversight from School of Medicine faculty serving on the Medical Library Committee. In addition to the management of collections, the medical librarians in this era began to curate exhibits and provide instruction. Only a few of the medical librarians who served in this period had professional library training.\n","\nIn 1962, Wilhelm Moll was appointed the first Director of the Medical Library. During his tenure, Moll oversaw the radical trasnformation of a small branch library into an independent research library. The full-time library staff expanded from 4 to 30, the University built a new library building over Jefferson Park Avenue, the nursing and medical libraries merged to form the Health Sciences Library, a history of medicine program was founded, and the library began to adopt digital technologies.\n","\nAfter Moll's death in 1979, the University apppointed Terry Thorkildsen as the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.  Thorkildsen and his successors Linda Watson (1990-2005) and Gretchen Arnold (2005-present) led the library during an era when revolutionary advances in digital technologies (e.g. the Internet, personal computers, databases) presented new challenges and opportunities for the Library.\n","","September 1826: The University of Virginia Library opens in the Rotunda and it includes a collection of medical books. 1911: The University Library's entire collection of medical books and journals are gathered together and moved to the basement of the Rotunda. September 13, 1915: Richard Henry Whitehead, Dean of the School of Medicine, creates the Medical Library Committee. 1919-June 1929: Ella Watson Johnson serves as the Medical Librarian. June 1929: The Medical Library moves from the basement of the Rotunda to its own space in the new Medical School Building, the Medical Library remains a department of the central University Library System. June 1929-September 1929: Margaret Otto serves as the Medical Librarian. 1929-1931: Anne Ashhurst Gwathmey serves as the Medical Librarian. 1931-1934: Caroline Hill Davis serves as the Medical Librarian. March 1934-June 1934: Dora Mitchell Brown serves as the Medical Librarian. 1934-1936: Miriam Thomas Buchanan serves as the Medical Librarian. 1935: The Medical Library institutes its first orientation for first year medical students. 1936-1943: Anne Lewis Morris serves as the Medical Librarian. 1943-1944: Mary Elizabeth Mayo serves as the Medical Librarian. 1944-1947: Mabel Cook Wyllie serves as the Medical Librarian. 1945-1949: The Nursing Library is placed under the Supervision of the Medical Librarian until the appointment of a clerk to manage the Nursing collection. 1947-1962: Elizabeth Frances Adkins serves as the Medical Librarian. September 1962: Wilhelm Moll is appointed the Director of the Medical Library. 1962-1963: As the result of administrative reorganizations during this period, the Medical Library is separated from the central University Library system and placed under the control of the School of Medicine. November 1970: Librarians conduct the first online searches of a database at the University of Virginia Medical Library using the experimental AIM-TWX service developed by the National Library of Medicine's Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications. November 1971: Librarians begin using the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE system to conduct online searches for patrons. August 1975: The Medical Library and Nursing Library are merged into the Health Sciences Library and Information Center and moved into a new building that spans over Jefferson Park Avenue. Wilhelm Moll is made the Director of the Health Sciences Library. April 1976: The Health Sciences Library is formally dedicated and named after Claude Moore, an alumnus of and donor to the University of Virginia. 1979: Terry Thorkildsen is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. 1989: The library card catalog is digitized and made available through computer terminals. 1990: Linda Watson is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. 2005: Gretchen Arnold is appointed the interim Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library and is then made Director in 2007. 2022: Bart Ragon is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of permanent and historically significant institutional records created by the University of Virginia Health Sciences Library and the antecedent Medical Library. These records include, but are not limited to: annual reports, planning documents, newsletters, online exhibits, blogs, social media content, conference programs, department histories, committee records, and library-sponsored lecture materials.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of permanent and historically significant institutional records created by the University of Virginia Health Sciences Library and the antecedent Medical Library. These records include, but are not limited to: annual reports, planning documents, newsletters, online exhibits, blogs, social media content, conference programs, department histories, committee records, and library-sponsored lecture materials."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this collection varies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this collection varies."],"names_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":471,"online_item_count_is":26,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:45:52.592Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c19_c02"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1517_c08","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Online faculty, staff, and department directories","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1517_c08#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Virginia School of Law shared faculty, staff, and department directories on its public website. The online directories provide lists of names, titles, and contact information. Many versions of them also include photographs, biographies, and department affiliations.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1517_c08#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1517_c08","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1517_c08"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1517_c08","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1517","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1517","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1517","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1517","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1517"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1517"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Directories - University of Virginia School of Law"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Directories - University of Virginia School of Law"],"text":["Directories - University of Virginia School of Law","Online faculty, staff, and department directories","There are no restrictions on access to the online directories.","The online directories originally existed as a series of web pages. Archivists strive to capture the directories in a state close to how they would have appeared to users when it was live. However, to overcome technological limitations and to allow for sustainable preservation, archivists made appraisal decisions that resulted in the creation of archived resources that might function and look different from the originals.","When using copies of the online directories, researchers should know that they are not identical to the originals. They are close representations shaped by the appraisal decisions of archivists.","The University of Virginia School of Law shared faculty, staff, and department directories on its public website. The online directories provide lists of names, titles, and contact information. Many versions of them also include photographs, biographies, and department affiliations.","The items in this series are representations of the online directories. Some versions are represented in printed resources, and others as digital objects.","The University of Virginia produced the directories in this series. The copyright status of each of these items is unknown, either the University owns the copyright to them, or they are in the public domain."],"title_filing_ssi":"Online faculty, staff, and department directories","title_ssm":["Online faculty, staff, and department directories"],"title_tesim":["Online faculty, staff, and department directories"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["2003-2024"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2003/2024"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Online faculty, staff, and department directories"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Directories - University of Virginia School of Law"],"extent_ssm":["35.845 Gigabytes",".2 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["35.845 Gigabytes",".2 Linear Feet"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":7,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":89,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no restrictions on access to the items in this collection."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The University of Virginia produced the directories in this series. The copyright status of each of these items is unknown, either the University owns the copyright to them, or they are in the public domain."],"date_range_isim":[2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],"acqinfo_ssim":["At different dates, staff members at the Arthur J. Morris Law Library downloaded directory data from the Law School website, created the representations in this series, and transferred them to the Library's archive."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on access to the online directories.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions on access to the online directories."],"appraisal_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe online directories originally existed as a series of web pages. Archivists strive to capture the directories in a state close to how they would have appeared to users when it was live. However, to overcome technological limitations and to allow for sustainable preservation, archivists made appraisal decisions that resulted in the creation of archived resources that might function and look different from the originals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen using copies of the online directories, researchers should know that they are not identical to the originals. They are close representations shaped by the appraisal decisions of archivists.\u003c/p\u003e"],"appraisal_heading_ssm":["Appraisal"],"appraisal_tesim":["The online directories originally existed as a series of web pages. Archivists strive to capture the directories in a state close to how they would have appeared to users when it was live. However, to overcome technological limitations and to allow for sustainable preservation, archivists made appraisal decisions that resulted in the creation of archived resources that might function and look different from the originals.","When using copies of the online directories, researchers should know that they are not identical to the originals. They are close representations shaped by the appraisal decisions of archivists."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe University of Virginia School of Law shared faculty, staff, and department directories on its public website. The online directories provide lists of names, titles, and contact information. Many versions of them also include photographs, biographies, and department affiliations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe items in this series are representations of the online directories. 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The copyright status of each of these items is unknown, either the University owns the copyright to them, or they are in the public domain.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The University of Virginia produced the directories in this series. The copyright status of each of these items is unknown, either the University owns the copyright to them, or they are in the public domain."],"_nest_path_":"/components#7","timestamp":"2026-05-07T07:12:02.517Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1517","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1517","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1517","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1517","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_1517.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189280","title_ssm":["Directories - University of Virginia School of Law"],"title_tesim":["Directories - University of Virginia School of Law"],"unitdate_ssm":["1940-2023"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1940-2023"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG.32.502","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1517"],"text":["RG.32.502","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1517","Directories - University of Virginia School of Law","University of Virginia. School of Law","There are no restrictions on access to the items in this collection.","The Arthur J. Morris Law Library expects to add items to this collection.","The series in this collection are arranged in chronological order.","During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the University of Virginia published lists of law faculty, staff, and students in the University of Virginia general and School of Law catalogs.","This collection of print and digital directories list the faculty, staff, students, and alumni of the University of Virginia School of Law. It contains the following series of materials:","Alumni Directories of the University of Virginia School of Law (1940-2005)","Directory of the Faculty and Students of the University of Virginia (1942-1943)","Directory of the Law School, University of Virginia (1947-1973)","Faculty Directories of the University of Virginia School of Law (1974, 1982-2000)","\nGraduate Studies Directories, University of Virginia School of Law (1998-2012)","Law School Telephone Directories, University of Virginia (1998-2020)","University of Virginia Telephone Directories (2002-2014)","Online Faculty, Staff, and Department Directories of the University of Virginia School of Law (2003-2023)","Photograph Directories of the University of Virginia School of Law (2010-2023)","Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status might vary across the materials. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property that it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law","University of Virginia. School of Law. Law School Foundation","Young Men's Christian Association (Alexandria,VA)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RG.32.502","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1517"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Directories - University of Virginia School of Law"],"collection_title_tesim":["Directories - University of Virginia School of Law"],"collection_ssim":["Directories - University of Virginia School of Law"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["University of Virginia. School of Law","University of Virginia. School of Law. Law School Foundation","Young Men's Christian Association (Alexandria,VA)"],"creator_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law","University of Virginia. School of Law. Law School Foundation","Young Men's Christian Association (Alexandria,VA)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law","University of Virginia. School of Law. Law School Foundation","Young Men's Christian Association (Alexandria,VA)"],"creators_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law","University of Virginia. School of Law. Law School Foundation","Young Men's Christian Association (Alexandria,VA)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status might vary across the materials. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property that it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The directories came to the Arthur J. Morris Law Library from various sources. When the source of a single directory or group of directories is known, archivists include that information in the finding aid inventory."],"access_subjects_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"access_subjects_ssm":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["35.973 Gigabytes","3.13 Linear Feet","24 Volumes"],"extent_tesim":["35.973 Gigabytes","3.13 Linear Feet","24 Volumes"],"date_range_isim":[1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on access to the items in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions on access to the items in this collection."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Arthur J. Morris Law Library expects to add items to this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals"],"accruals_tesim":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library expects to add items to this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe series in this collection are arranged in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The series in this collection are arranged in chronological order."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDuring the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the University of Virginia published lists of law faculty, staff, and students in the University of Virginia general and School of Law catalogs.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the University of Virginia published lists of law faculty, staff, and students in the University of Virginia general and School of Law catalogs."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of print and digital directories list the faculty, staff, students, and alumni of the University of Virginia School of Law. It contains the following series of materials:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlumni Directories of the University of Virginia School of Law (1940-2005)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDirectory of the Faculty and Students of the University of Virginia (1942-1943)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDirectory of the Law School, University of Virginia (1947-1973)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFaculty Directories of the University of Virginia School of Law (1974, 1982-2000)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nGraduate Studies Directories, University of Virginia School of Law (1998-2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLaw School Telephone Directories, University of Virginia (1998-2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUniversity of Virginia Telephone Directories (2002-2014)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOnline Faculty, Staff, and Department Directories of the University of Virginia School of Law (2003-2023)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph Directories of the University of Virginia School of Law (2010-2023)\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of print and digital directories list the faculty, staff, students, and alumni of the University of Virginia School of Law. It contains the following series of materials:","Alumni Directories of the University of Virginia School of Law (1940-2005)","Directory of the Faculty and Students of the University of Virginia (1942-1943)","Directory of the Law School, University of Virginia (1947-1973)","Faculty Directories of the University of Virginia School of Law (1974, 1982-2000)","\nGraduate Studies Directories, University of Virginia School of Law (1998-2012)","Law School Telephone Directories, University of Virginia (1998-2020)","University of Virginia Telephone Directories (2002-2014)","Online Faculty, Staff, and Department Directories of the University of Virginia School of Law (2003-2023)","Photograph Directories of the University of Virginia School of Law (2010-2023)"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this collection, copyright status might vary across the materials. 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