{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?page=2","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?page=226049"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":226049,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":2260481,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1547_c61","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"-","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1547_c61#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1547_c61","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1547_c61"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1547_c61","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1547","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1547","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1547","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1547","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1547"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1547"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["McKim, Mead, and White architectural drawings"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["McKim, Mead, and White architectural drawings"],"text":["McKim, Mead, and White architectural drawings","-","Oversize_Flat_File_folder 2"],"title_filing_ssi":"-","title_ssm":["-"],"title_tesim":["-"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["undated"],"normalized_title_ssm":["-"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["McKim, Mead, and White architectural drawings"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":61,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research use."],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"-, undated\",\"href\":\"https://iiifman.lib.virginia.edu/pid/tsb:107344\"}"],"containers_ssim":["Oversize_Flat_File_folder 2"],"_nest_path_":"/components#60","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:51:17.647Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1547","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1547","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1547","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1547","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1547.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/190346","title_ssm":["McKim, Mead, and White architectural drawings"],"title_tesim":["McKim, Mead, and White architectural drawings"],"unitdate_ssm":["1895-1907"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1895-1907"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":[" RG-31/1/2:2.872","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1547"],"text":[" RG-31/1/2:2.872","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1547","McKim, Mead, and White architectural drawings","University of Virginia Rotunda (Charlottesville, Va.)","University of Virginia -- Buildings -- Designs and plans","University of Virginia. Rouss Hall","University of Virginia. Cocke Hall","University of Virginia. Garrett Hall","University of Virginia -- Fire, 1895","Architecture, Domestic -- Designs and plans.","Architecture, Domestic -- Virginia -- Charlottesville.","Public utilities -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Sewerage -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Gas pipelines -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Waterworks -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Historical maps ","Blueprints","The collection is open for research use.","The drawings, grouped by project, are arranged and listed by the drawing number assigned by the firm. The result is a chronological arrangement of sheets for each building project, with details, plans, elevations and sections interspersed among each grouping. Frequently, as many as three or four copies of a particular drawing, in a variety of media, survive.","Established by Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White in 1879, the McKim, Mead, and White firm quickly rose to prominence with its Beaux Arts masterpieces heavily inspired from the trio's travels through Europe. Among their works are the original Pennsylvania Station, Columbia University's library, and the Brooklyn Museum in New York City, not to mention the Boston Public Library. Stanford White was commissioned by the University of Virginia to oversee new construction after a destructive fire in 1895 razed the Rotunda Annex and reduced the Rotunda to its outer walls. The resulting building program restored the Rotunda, provided new classroom facilities to replace the space lost with the destruction of the Rotunda Annex, and addressed other building needs.","Kaigiro Sugino attended University of Virginia from 1890-1894 and later worked [as a mining engineer?] in Ivanhoe, Va. The alumni directory for 1910 lists him as a resident of Sapporo, Japan. The directory for 1921 lists him in Kobe and manager of the Japan Tourist Board.","MSS 1414, 1414-a, 1414-b, 1414-c: transferred to RG-31/1/2:2.872 1987 Sep 21.\nOriginally accessioned as MSS 8918 and MSS 1414, 1414-a, 1414-b, 1414-c AND MSS 6846-p.","The collection include copies of letters related to building projects at UVA. The originals are held at the New York Historical Society.","The large original linen drawings were given professional conservation treatment in 2010; drawings longer than 48 inches have been individually rolled.","The architectural drawings document building projects at the University of Virginia designed by Stanford White following the fire of 1895, including: the rebuilding of the Rotunda, the construction of the Academical Building (Cabell Hall), the Mechanical Laboratory (Cocke Hall), the Physical Laboratory (Rouss Hall), a Boiler House, the Refectory (Garrett Hall), the President's House (Carr's Hill) and a proposed dormitory that was never built.\nWith these are copies of letters pertinent to the above drawings including a letter from E. A. Alderman to Stanford White on the design for the University of Virginia president's home and student dining hall, 1906 May 1; a reply dictated by Stanford White on the style of the proposed president's home, May 31; and a 1942 list of blueprints made from White's original drawings and sent to the University at the request of librarian Louise Savage.\nThe drawing \"Design for Terrace\" is the work of the McDonald Brothers studio, circa 1895, the firm first hired to rebuild the Rotunda. The steel I-beams were undersized and the design was later corrected by Stanford White.\nThe collection also contains a blueprint map of the University by Kaigiro Sugino, 1899, showing the gas, water, and sewer systems.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":[" RG-31/1/2:2.872","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1547"],"normalized_title_ssm":["McKim, Mead, and White architectural drawings"],"collection_title_tesim":["McKim, Mead, and White architectural drawings"],"collection_ssim":["McKim, Mead, and White architectural drawings"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["University of Virginia Rotunda (Charlottesville, Va.)","University of Virginia -- Buildings -- Designs and plans","University of Virginia. Rouss Hall","University of Virginia. Cocke Hall","University of Virginia. Garrett Hall","University of Virginia -- Fire, 1895"],"geogname_ssim":["University of Virginia Rotunda (Charlottesville, Va.)","University of Virginia -- Buildings -- Designs and plans","University of Virginia. Rouss Hall","University of Virginia. Cocke Hall","University of Virginia. Garrett Hall","University of Virginia -- Fire, 1895"],"places_ssim":["University of Virginia Rotunda (Charlottesville, Va.)","University of Virginia -- Buildings -- Designs and plans","University of Virginia. Rouss Hall","University of Virginia. Cocke Hall","University of Virginia. Garrett Hall","University of Virginia -- Fire, 1895"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Architecture, Domestic -- Designs and plans.","Architecture, Domestic -- Virginia -- Charlottesville.","Public utilities -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Sewerage -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Gas pipelines -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Waterworks -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Historical maps ","Blueprints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Architecture, Domestic -- Designs and plans.","Architecture, Domestic -- Virginia -- Charlottesville.","Public utilities -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Sewerage -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Gas pipelines -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Waterworks -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Historical maps ","Blueprints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["251 items"],"extent_tesim":["251 items"],"genreform_ssim":["Historical maps ","Blueprints"],"date_range_isim":[1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe drawings, grouped by project, are arranged and listed by the drawing number assigned by the firm. The result is a chronological arrangement of sheets for each building project, with details, plans, elevations and sections interspersed among each grouping. Frequently, as many as three or four copies of a particular drawing, in a variety of media, survive.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The drawings, grouped by project, are arranged and listed by the drawing number assigned by the firm. The result is a chronological arrangement of sheets for each building project, with details, plans, elevations and sections interspersed among each grouping. Frequently, as many as three or four copies of a particular drawing, in a variety of media, survive."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEstablished by Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White in 1879, the McKim, Mead, and White firm quickly rose to prominence with its Beaux Arts masterpieces heavily inspired from the trio's travels through Europe. Among their works are the original Pennsylvania Station, Columbia University's library, and the Brooklyn Museum in New York City, not to mention the Boston Public Library. Stanford White was commissioned by the University of Virginia to oversee new construction after a destructive fire in 1895 razed the Rotunda Annex and reduced the Rotunda to its outer walls. The resulting building program restored the Rotunda, provided new classroom facilities to replace the space lost with the destruction of the Rotunda Annex, and addressed other building needs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eKaigiro Sugino attended University of Virginia from 1890-1894 and later worked [as a mining engineer?] in Ivanhoe, Va. The alumni directory for 1910 lists him as a resident of Sapporo, Japan. The directory for 1921 lists him in Kobe and manager of the Japan Tourist Board.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Established by Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White in 1879, the McKim, Mead, and White firm quickly rose to prominence with its Beaux Arts masterpieces heavily inspired from the trio's travels through Europe. Among their works are the original Pennsylvania Station, Columbia University's library, and the Brooklyn Museum in New York City, not to mention the Boston Public Library. Stanford White was commissioned by the University of Virginia to oversee new construction after a destructive fire in 1895 razed the Rotunda Annex and reduced the Rotunda to its outer walls. The resulting building program restored the Rotunda, provided new classroom facilities to replace the space lost with the destruction of the Rotunda Annex, and addressed other building needs.","Kaigiro Sugino attended University of Virginia from 1890-1894 and later worked [as a mining engineer?] in Ivanhoe, Va. The alumni directory for 1910 lists him as a resident of Sapporo, Japan. The directory for 1921 lists him in Kobe and manager of the Japan Tourist Board."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 1414, 1414-a, 1414-b, 1414-c: transferred to RG-31/1/2:2.872 1987 Sep 21.\nOriginally accessioned as MSS 8918 and MSS 1414, 1414-a, 1414-b, 1414-c AND MSS 6846-p.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["MSS 1414, 1414-a, 1414-b, 1414-c: transferred to RG-31/1/2:2.872 1987 Sep 21.\nOriginally accessioned as MSS 8918 and MSS 1414, 1414-a, 1414-b, 1414-c AND MSS 6846-p."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection include copies of letters related to building projects at UVA. The originals are held at the New York Historical Society.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The collection include copies of letters related to building projects at UVA. The originals are held at the New York Historical Society."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMcKim, Mead and White architectural drawings, RG-31/1/2:2.872, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["McKim, Mead and White architectural drawings, RG-31/1/2:2.872, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe large original linen drawings were given professional conservation treatment in 2010; drawings longer than 48 inches have been individually rolled.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The large original linen drawings were given professional conservation treatment in 2010; drawings longer than 48 inches have been individually rolled."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe architectural drawings document building projects at the University of Virginia designed by Stanford White following the fire of 1895, including: the rebuilding of the Rotunda, the construction of the Academical Building (Cabell Hall), the Mechanical Laboratory (Cocke Hall), the Physical Laboratory (Rouss Hall), a Boiler House, the Refectory (Garrett Hall), the President's House (Carr's Hill) and a proposed dormitory that was never built.\nWith these are copies of letters pertinent to the above drawings including a letter from E. A. Alderman to Stanford White on the design for the University of Virginia president's home and student dining hall, 1906 May 1; a reply dictated by Stanford White on the style of the proposed president's home, May 31; and a 1942 list of blueprints made from White's original drawings and sent to the University at the request of librarian Louise Savage.\nThe drawing \"Design for Terrace\" is the work of the McDonald Brothers studio, circa 1895, the firm first hired to rebuild the Rotunda. The steel I-beams were undersized and the design was later corrected by Stanford White.\nThe collection also contains a blueprint map of the University by Kaigiro Sugino, 1899, showing the gas, water, and sewer systems.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The architectural drawings document building projects at the University of Virginia designed by Stanford White following the fire of 1895, including: the rebuilding of the Rotunda, the construction of the Academical Building (Cabell Hall), the Mechanical Laboratory (Cocke Hall), the Physical Laboratory (Rouss Hall), a Boiler House, the Refectory (Garrett Hall), the President's House (Carr's Hill) and a proposed dormitory that was never built.\nWith these are copies of letters pertinent to the above drawings including a letter from E. A. Alderman to Stanford White on the design for the University of Virginia president's home and student dining hall, 1906 May 1; a reply dictated by Stanford White on the style of the proposed president's home, May 31; and a 1942 list of blueprints made from White's original drawings and sent to the University at the request of librarian Louise Savage.\nThe drawing \"Design for Terrace\" is the work of the McDonald Brothers studio, circa 1895, the firm first hired to rebuild the Rotunda. The steel I-beams were undersized and the design was later corrected by Stanford White.\nThe collection also contains a blueprint map of the University by Kaigiro Sugino, 1899, showing the gas, water, and sewer systems."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":251,"online_item_count_is":251,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:51:17.647Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1547_c61"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c23","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Судебно-психиатрическая экспертиза потерпевших, Метелица Ю.Л., Москва, «Юридическая литература»","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c23#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c23","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c23"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c23","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Loren Roth papers","Abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists","Miscellaneous files","Printed materials"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Loren Roth papers","Abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists","Miscellaneous files","Printed materials"],"text":["Loren Roth papers","Abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists","Miscellaneous files","Printed materials","Судебно-психиатрическая экспертиза потерпевших, Метелица Ю.Л., Москва, «Юридическая литература»","Russian"],"title_filing_ssi":"Судебно-психиатрическая экспертиза потерпевших, Метелица Ю.Л., Москва, «Юридическая литература»","title_ssm":["Судебно-психиатрическая экспертиза потерпевших, Метелица Ю.Л., Москва, «Юридическая литература»"],"title_tesim":["Судебно-психиатрическая экспертиза потерпевших, Метелица Ю.Л., Москва, «Юридическая литература»"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1990"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1990"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Судебно-психиатрическая экспертиза потерпевших, Метелица Ю.Л., Москва, «Юридическая литература»"],"component_level_isim":[4],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Loren Roth papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":226,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are access restrictions on some of the materials in this series. When a file or item is restricted, an additional note explaining the conditions of access is attached to the file or item description."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"date_range_isim":[1990],"language_ssim":["Russian"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#13/components#16/components#22","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:42:29.077Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_1347.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/169336","title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1950-2022","1974-2022"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1974-2022"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1950-2022"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"text":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347","Loren Roth papers","Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union","Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.","While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.","Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.","This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.","The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon","English Russian"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_ssim":["Loren Roth papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creators_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"access_terms_ssm":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["In March 2023, Dr. Loren Henry Roth donated all of the materials in this collection to the University of Virginia Law Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"date_range_isim":[1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFinally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhile it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotes:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. Id, pages xix and xx\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrom April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmong those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["History of the Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists in the U.S.S.R.","History of the 1989 U.S. State Department Investigative Mission to the U.S.S.R.","History of the 2021-2022 Oral History Project"],"bioghist_tesim":["While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"language_ssim":["English Russian"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":263,"online_item_count_is":18,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:42:29.077Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c23"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c26","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Первичная медико-санитарная помощь в Казахстане, Курлеутов Э.М., Алматы, «Казахстан»","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c26#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c26","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c26"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c26","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Loren Roth papers","Abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists","Miscellaneous files","Printed materials"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Loren Roth papers","Abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists","Miscellaneous files","Printed materials"],"text":["Loren Roth papers","Abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists","Miscellaneous files","Printed materials","Первичная медико-санитарная помощь в Казахстане, Курлеутов Э.М., Алматы, «Казахстан»","Russian"],"title_filing_ssi":"Первичная медико-санитарная помощь в Казахстане, Курлеутов Э.М., Алматы, «Казахстан»","title_ssm":["Первичная медико-санитарная помощь в Казахстане, Курлеутов Э.М., Алматы, «Казахстан»"],"title_tesim":["Первичная медико-санитарная помощь в Казахстане, Курлеутов Э.М., Алматы, «Казахстан»"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1988"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1988"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Первичная медико-санитарная помощь в Казахстане, Курлеутов Э.М., Алматы, «Казахстан»"],"component_level_isim":[4],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Loren Roth papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":229,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are access restrictions on some of the materials in this series. When a file or item is restricted, an additional note explaining the conditions of access is attached to the file or item description."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"date_range_isim":[1988],"language_ssim":["Russian"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#13/components#16/components#25","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:42:29.077Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_1347.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/169336","title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1950-2022","1974-2022"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1974-2022"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1950-2022"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"text":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347","Loren Roth papers","Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union","Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.","While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.","Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.","This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.","The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon","English Russian"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_ssim":["Loren Roth papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creators_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"access_terms_ssm":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["In March 2023, Dr. Loren Henry Roth donated all of the materials in this collection to the University of Virginia Law Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"date_range_isim":[1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFinally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhile it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotes:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. Id, pages xix and xx\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrom April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmong those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["History of the Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists in the U.S.S.R.","History of the 1989 U.S. State Department Investigative Mission to the U.S.S.R.","History of the 2021-2022 Oral History Project"],"bioghist_tesim":["While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. 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(Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"language_ssim":["English Russian"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":263,"online_item_count_is":18,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:42:29.077Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c26"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c29","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Деонтология в судебно-психиатрической практике, Методические рекомендации Министерства Здравоохранения СССС, Москва","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c29#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c29","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c29"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c29","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14","viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Loren Roth papers","Abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists","Miscellaneous files","Printed materials"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Loren Roth papers","Abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists","Miscellaneous files","Printed materials"],"text":["Loren Roth papers","Abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists","Miscellaneous files","Printed materials","Деонтология в судебно-психиатрической практике, Методические рекомендации Министерства Здравоохранения СССС, Москва","Russian"],"title_filing_ssi":"Деонтология в судебно-психиатрической практике, Методические рекомендации Министерства Здравоохранения СССС, Москва","title_ssm":["Деонтология в судебно-психиатрической практике, Методические рекомендации Министерства Здравоохранения СССС, Москва"],"title_tesim":["Деонтология в судебно-психиатрической практике, Методические рекомендации Министерства Здравоохранения СССС, Москва"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1987"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1987"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Деонтология в судебно-психиатрической практике, Методические рекомендации Министерства Здравоохранения СССС, Москва"],"component_level_isim":[4],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Loren Roth papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":232,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are access restrictions on some of the materials in this series. When a file or item is restricted, an additional note explaining the conditions of access is attached to the file or item description."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"date_range_isim":[1987],"language_ssim":["Russian"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#13/components#16/components#28","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:42:29.077Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_1347.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/169336","title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1950-2022","1974-2022"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1974-2022"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1950-2022"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"text":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347","Loren Roth papers","Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union","Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.","While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.","Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.","This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.","The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon","English Russian"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_ssim":["Loren Roth papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creators_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"access_terms_ssm":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["In March 2023, Dr. Loren Henry Roth donated all of the materials in this collection to the University of Virginia Law Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"date_range_isim":[1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFinally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhile it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotes:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. Id, pages xix and xx\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrom April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmong those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["History of the Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists in the U.S.S.R.","History of the 1989 U.S. State Department Investigative Mission to the U.S.S.R.","History of the 2021-2022 Oral History Project"],"bioghist_tesim":["While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"language_ssim":["English Russian"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":263,"online_item_count_is":18,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:42:29.077Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1347_c01_c14_c17_c29"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_503_c01_c747","type":"File","attributes":{"title":",","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_503_c01_c747#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_503_c01_c747","ref_ssm":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_503_c01_c747"],"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_503_c01_c747","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_503","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_503","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_503_c01","parent_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_503_c01","parent_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_503","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_503_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_503","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_503_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["John N. Warfield papers","Series 1: Textual Materials"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["John N. Warfield papers","Series 1: Textual Materials"],"text":["John N. Warfield papers","Series 1: Textual Materials",",","Box 25","Folder 2"],"title_filing_ssi":",","title_ssm":[","],"title_tesim":[","],"unitdate_other_ssim":["undated"],"normalized_title_ssm":[","],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["John N. Warfield papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":748,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no access restrictions on the processed papers in the collection. 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Warfield papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1931 - 2009"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1931 - 2009"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0016","/repositories/2/resources/503"],"text":["C0016","/repositories/2/resources/503","John N. Warfield papers","Complexity (Philosophy)","Education, Higher","Interactive management","Policy sciences","Problem solving","Social sciences -- Methodology","System design","Electrical engineering","There are no access restrictions on the processed papers in the collection. The two boxes from accession 2013.027 are restricted until they have a box level inventory.","Documents and video from this collection are available online through  .","A selection of VHS, U-Matic, and cassette tapes from this collection were reformatted to digital in 2020 and are are available for access. Please email speccoll@gmu.edu for more information.","Arranged into four series:","Series Series 1: Textual Material, 1943-2001 (Boxes 1 - 51) Series 2: Audiovisual Materials, 1978-2000 (Boxes 51 - 71) Series 3: Transparencies and Other Teaching Materials, 1979-2005 (Boxes 72 - 88) Series 4: Additional Materials Deposited After 1/2007, 1931-2009 (Boxes 89 - 99)","Born in 1925, Dr. John Nelson Warfield was educated in mathematics and electrical engineering, and worked at eight universities and in three industries. Dr. Warfield held a B.A. in mathematics, a B.S. in electrical engineering, an M.S. in electrical engineering, and eventually went on to achieve his Ph.D. in electrical communications from Purdue University in 1952. Dr. Warfield spent sixteen year of his academic career at George Mason University where he was affiliated with the School of Public Policy. The author of several books and two U.S. patents on electronic equipment, Warfield was an accomplished scientist and academic. Dr. Warfield passed away in 2009.","Processed by David Houpt in 2008 - 2009. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in April 2019 and Elizabeth Beckman in Febuary 2020. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in February 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center (SCRC) created an online exhibit on the life and work of John Warfield called  .","The SCRC holds other papers from George Mason University professors.","The John N. Warfield papers consist of materials from Warfield's academic career, including papers authored and co-authored by Warfield, presentations, videotapes, audiotapes, and correspondence. "," Series 1 consists of textual materials such as unpublished papers, correspondence, lecture notes, and project reports. These materials were donated between 1999 and 2006."," Series 2 is comprised of audiovisual materials including filmed lectures and workshops. "," Series 3 contains transparencies and other teaching materials."," Series 4 consists of materials deposited after January 2007, including material accessioned in 2013 but not fully processed."," List of Acronyms in the John N. Warfield Collection "," AAAS - American Association for the Advancement of Science "," ACAC - Academic Computing Advisory Committee "," ADH - Advanced Decision Handling, Inc. "," AI - Artificial Intelligence "," AIO - Americans for Indian Opportunity "," AIIM - American Institute for Interactive Management "," AIO - Americans for Indian Opportunity "," AIS - Association for Integrative Studies "," APT - Analytical Power Train (Ford Motor Company) "," ASC - American Society for Cybernetics "," C3P - Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Manufacturing, Computer Aided Engineering, Product Information Management "," CAD - Computer Aided Design "," CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing "," CAE - Computer Aided Engineering "," CIM - Center for Interactive Management "," CIMI - Cent for Interactive Management India "," CIT - Center for Innovative Technology "," DSMC - Defense Systems Management College "," FMC - Ford Motor Company "," IASIS - Institute for Advanced Study in Integrative Sciences "," IIT - Institute for Information Technology "," IM - Interactive Management "," IPAC - International Programs Committee "," ISM - Interpretive Structural Modeling "," ISSS - International Society for Systems Science "," ITESM - Instituto Technologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey "," ITRC - Information Technology Research Council "," NCMS - National Centre for Manufacturing Services "," NGT - Nominal Group Technique "," NMFS - National Marine Fisheries Service "," NSF - National Science Foundation "," OPMS - One Page Management Systems "," ORSA - Operations Research Society of America "," PIM - Product Information Management "," PIP - Process Improvement Plan "," SGSR - Society for General Systems Research "," TCS - Tata Consulting Services "," TIPP - The Institute of Public Policy "," UNI - University of Northern Iowa","The copyright and intellectual property ownership to these materials is held by the Warfield IP Trust (WIPT).","The John N. 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Warfield papers"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Warfield, John N."],"creator_ssim":["Warfield, John N."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Warfield, John N."],"creators_ssim":["Warfield, John N."],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and intellectual property ownership to these materials is held by the Warfield IP Trust (WIPT)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated in 1999 by Rose Warfield, and subsequent donations in 2007, 2009, and 2013."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Complexity (Philosophy)","Education, Higher","Interactive management","Policy sciences","Problem solving","Social sciences -- Methodology","System design","Electrical engineering"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Complexity (Philosophy)","Education, Higher","Interactive management","Policy sciences","Problem solving","Social sciences -- Methodology","System design","Electrical engineering"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["98 Linear Feet 99 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["98 Linear Feet 99 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions on the processed papers in the collection. 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Please email speccoll@gmu.edu for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternative Form Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["Documents and video from this collection are available online through  .","A selection of VHS, U-Matic, and cassette tapes from this collection were reformatted to digital in 2020 and are are available for access. Please email speccoll@gmu.edu for more information."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged into four series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSeries\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Textual Material, 1943-2001 (Boxes 1 - 51)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Audiovisual Materials, 1978-2000 (Boxes 51 - 71)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: Transparencies and Other Teaching Materials, 1979-2005 (Boxes 72 - 88)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: Additional Materials Deposited After 1/2007, 1931-2009 (Boxes 89 - 99)\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged into four series:","Series Series 1: Textual Material, 1943-2001 (Boxes 1 - 51) Series 2: Audiovisual Materials, 1978-2000 (Boxes 51 - 71) Series 3: Transparencies and Other Teaching Materials, 1979-2005 (Boxes 72 - 88) Series 4: Additional Materials Deposited After 1/2007, 1931-2009 (Boxes 89 - 99)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBorn in 1925, Dr. John Nelson Warfield was educated in mathematics and electrical engineering, and worked at eight universities and in three industries. Dr. Warfield held a B.A. in mathematics, a B.S. in electrical engineering, an M.S. in electrical engineering, and eventually went on to achieve his Ph.D. in electrical communications from Purdue University in 1952. Dr. Warfield spent sixteen year of his academic career at George Mason University where he was affiliated with the School of Public Policy. The author of several books and two U.S. patents on electronic equipment, Warfield was an accomplished scientist and academic. Dr. Warfield passed away in 2009.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Born in 1925, Dr. John Nelson Warfield was educated in mathematics and electrical engineering, and worked at eight universities and in three industries. Dr. Warfield held a B.A. in mathematics, a B.S. in electrical engineering, an M.S. in electrical engineering, and eventually went on to achieve his Ph.D. in electrical communications from Purdue University in 1952. Dr. Warfield spent sixteen year of his academic career at George Mason University where he was affiliated with the School of Public Policy. The author of several books and two U.S. patents on electronic equipment, Warfield was an accomplished scientist and academic. Dr. Warfield passed away in 2009."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn N. Warfield papers, C0016, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["John N. Warfield papers, C0016, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by David Houpt in 2008 - 2009. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in April 2019 and Elizabeth Beckman in Febuary 2020. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in February 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by David Houpt in 2008 - 2009. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in April 2019 and Elizabeth Beckman in Febuary 2020. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in February 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center (SCRC) created an online exhibit on the life and work of John Warfield called \u003cextptr href=\"http://warfield.gmu.edu/\" title=\"Attacking Complex Problems\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe SCRC holds other papers from George Mason University professors.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center (SCRC) created an online exhibit on the life and work of John Warfield called  .","The SCRC holds other papers from George Mason University professors."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John N. Warfield papers consist of materials from Warfield's academic career, including papers authored and co-authored by Warfield, presentations, videotapes, audiotapes, and correspondence. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series 1 consists of textual materials such as unpublished papers, correspondence, lecture notes, and project reports. These materials were donated between 1999 and 2006.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series 2 is comprised of audiovisual materials including filmed lectures and workshops. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series 3 contains transparencies and other teaching materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series 4 consists of materials deposited after January 2007, including material accessioned in 2013 but not fully processed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e List of Acronyms in the John N. 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Warfield papers consist of materials from Warfield's academic career, including papers authored and co-authored by Warfield, presentations, videotapes, audiotapes, and correspondence. "," Series 1 consists of textual materials such as unpublished papers, correspondence, lecture notes, and project reports. These materials were donated between 1999 and 2006."," Series 2 is comprised of audiovisual materials including filmed lectures and workshops. "," Series 3 contains transparencies and other teaching materials."," Series 4 consists of materials deposited after January 2007, including material accessioned in 2013 but not fully processed."," List of Acronyms in the John N. Warfield Collection "," AAAS - American Association for the Advancement of Science "," ACAC - Academic Computing Advisory Committee "," ADH - Advanced Decision Handling, Inc. "," AI - Artificial Intelligence "," AIO - Americans for Indian Opportunity "," AIIM - American Institute for Interactive Management "," AIO - Americans for Indian Opportunity "," AIS - Association for Integrative Studies "," APT - Analytical Power Train (Ford Motor Company) "," ASC - American Society for Cybernetics "," C3P - Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Manufacturing, Computer Aided Engineering, Product Information Management "," CAD - Computer Aided Design "," CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing "," CAE - Computer Aided Engineering "," CIM - Center for Interactive Management "," CIMI - Cent for Interactive Management India "," CIT - Center for Innovative Technology "," DSMC - Defense Systems Management College "," FMC - Ford Motor Company "," IASIS - Institute for Advanced Study in Integrative Sciences "," IIT - Institute for Information Technology "," IM - Interactive Management "," IPAC - International Programs Committee "," ISM - Interpretive Structural Modeling "," ISSS - International Society for Systems Science "," ITESM - Instituto Technologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey "," ITRC - Information Technology Research Council "," NCMS - National Centre for Manufacturing Services "," NGT - Nominal Group Technique "," NMFS - National Marine Fisheries Service "," NSF - National Science Foundation "," OPMS - One Page Management Systems "," ORSA - Operations Research Society of America "," PIM - Product Information Management "," PIP - Process Improvement Plan "," SGSR - Society for General Systems Research "," TCS - Tata Consulting Services "," TIPP - The Institute of Public Policy "," UNI - University of Northern Iowa"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and intellectual property ownership to these materials is held by the Warfield IP Trust (WIPT).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and intellectual property ownership to these materials is held by the Warfield IP Trust (WIPT)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2dacf86530612aee6f14595d8ca23ebf\"\u003eThe John N. Warfield papers consist of materials from Warfield's academic career, including papers authored and co-authored by Warfield, presentations, videotapes, audiotapes, and correspondence.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The John N. Warfield papers consist of materials from Warfield's academic career, including papers authored and co-authored by Warfield, presentations, videotapes, audiotapes, and correspondence."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_df69ac8aeae2e4f221d7be5ae4525bd2\"\u003eThis collection is housed at the WRLC Shared Collections Facility.\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["This collection is housed at the WRLC Shared Collections Facility."],"names_coll_ssim":["George Mason University. Center for Interactive Management","George Mason University. Institute for Advanced Study in the Integrative Sciences"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","George Mason University. Center for Interactive Management","George Mason University. Institute for Advanced Study in the Integrative Sciences","Warfield, John N."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","George Mason University. Center for Interactive Management","George Mason University. 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He makes the Brass see Red; The man Ike trusts with the cash; He runs the show for Ike; Silliest statues you ever saw; How to clean a dirty city; and I watched Eisenhower Campaign.\n\t"],"title_filing_ssi":", ","title_ssm":[", "],"title_tesim":[", "],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1952-1953"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1953"],"normalized_title_ssm":[","],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":269,"date_range_isim":[1952,1953],"containers_ssim":["box 60","Folder 1-7"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePublication images entitled, The Starling Nuisance: He's Driving Everybody Crazy; He makes the Brass see Red; The man Ike trusts with the cash; He runs the show for Ike; Silliest statues you ever saw; How to clean a dirty city; and I watched Eisenhower Campaign.\n\t\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Publication images entitled, The Starling Nuisance: He's Driving Everybody Crazy; He makes the Brass see Red; The man Ike trusts with the cash; He runs the show for Ike; Silliest statues you ever saw; How to clean a dirty city; and I watched Eisenhower Campaign.\n\t"],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#55","timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:46:57.587Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_vifgm00017","ead_ssi":"vifgm_vifgm00017","_root_":"vifgm_vifgm00017","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_vifgm00017","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/gmu/vifgm00017.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/","title_ssm":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection\n"],"title_tesim":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection\n"],"unitdate_ssm":["1917-1995\n"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1917-1995\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0032\n"],"text":["C0032\n","The Charles Baptie photograph collection","Buildings--Photographs.","Drive-in restaurants--Photographs.","Embassy buildings--Washington (D.C.)--Photographs.","Monuments and memorials--Washington (D.C.)--Photographs.","Nature--Photographs.","Service stations--Photographs.","Technology--Photographs.","Aerial photographs.","Negtaives.","Photographic prints.","Portraits.","Slides.","The collection is organized into 21 series.","Series 1: Buildings: Interior and Exterior, 1947-1975\n Series 2: Embassies, 1950s-1970s\n Series 3: Art, 1947-1975\n Series 4: Publications, 1942-1994\n Series 5: Texaco Stations, 1950-1972\n Series 6: Hot Shoppes, 1948-1953\n Series 7: Washington, D.C., Monuments, 1944-1991\n Series 8: Aerial Photographs, 1934-1991\n Series 9: Nature, 1917-1988\n Series 10: Maps and Building Plans, 1941-1973\n Series 11: People, 1944-1976\n Series 12: Food, 1950s-1960s\n Series 13: Museum Exhibits, 1952-1970s\n Series 14: Animals, 1946-1980s\n Series 15: Technology, 1948-1974\n Series 16: George Mason College, 1959-1976\n Series 17: Vehicles, 1946-1995\n Series 18: Gunston Hall, 1960s-1993\n Series 19: International, 1958-1989\n Series 20: Correspondence, 1955-1990s\n Series 21: Electronic Media, 1970s-1980s\n","Charles Baptie, a photographer, printer, and publisher, was born in Munhall, PA on March 13, 1914. Early in life, Baptie became interested in photography and airplanes, interests that would eventually lead to him becoming a photographer and public relations agent for Capital Airlines. His camera recorded the life of the airline for many years. When Capital Airlines merged with United Airlines, Baptie left the company and formed his own business, Charles Baptie Studios, Inc.\n","While operating his own studio, Baptie provided photographs for more than fifty books and other publications, including:  Capital Airlines: A Nostalgic Flight Into the Past ,  Great Houses of Washington ,  Camera on Assignment  (with Ollie Atkins), the sixteen volume  Encyclopedia of United States History ,  Guest House of the Presidents , the story of the Blair Lee House, and  Mid the Hills of Pennsylvania . As a photojournalist, Baptie covered feature stories for leading magazines and other news publications. Over the course of his journalistic career, Baptie met and photographed many world leaders and public figures.  He passed away in 2000.","The Charles Baptie Photograph Collection contains color prints and negatives of Gunston Hall, the home of George Mason; color transparencies from the Encyclopedia of United States History; color transparencies and prints from the Great Houses of Washington, D.C.; black \u0026 white negatives of the Washington metropolitan area; and photographs of George Mason College.  There are, in addition, aerial photographs, photographs of malaria prevention overseas, and publicity photographs for various publications. Also included in this collection are photographs pertaining to the childrens' book, Herkie the Pup, written by Charles Baptie. The total volume of the collection is 26 linear feet, consisting of 24 document boxes, 35 3-ring photo boxes, and 12 oversize boxes.  ","Series 1 is a group of images of buildings, both interior and exterior, including facades of famous houses and embassies around DC as well as images of the interior decorations; also included are images of churches, DC monuments, hotels, restaurants, schools, laboratories, service stations, theaters, hospitals, and personal homes.  \n","Series 2 consists of images of the Belgian, Brazilian, French, Irish, Mexican, Peruvian, Spanish, and Turkish embassies; most of these items are also found in series 1. \n","Series 3 contains images of artwork, including of paintings, sculptures, dolls, trophies, and architecture; also images of artwork used for publications such as a baseball book, an Encyclopedia of American History, a History of the Civil War, and a Northern Virginia guidebook.  \n","Series 4 is for Publications for which Baptie either provided photos or printed at his studio including brochures and pamphlets, guide books, logos, small print books, magazines, and poetry collections.  \n","Series 5 shows images of Texaco stations in the area, both on the ground and in the air throughout the Washington, D.C., area included are aerial views and on-the-ground images, as well as plans, blueprints, portraits, and vehicles.  \n","Hot Shoppes restaurant photos make up Series 6, Hot Shoppes were a chain of restaurant owned by the Marriott Company and the series includes images of food, their Airline service, their kitchens, and the dining rooms of the restaurants. \n","Series 7 includes photographs of D.C. monuments and landmarks including Capitol Hill, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Washington Monument, the White House, and Mount Vernon.  \n","Series 8 contains images from several other series that happen to be aerial shots, as well as general aerial views from around the country; images of nearby locations include Alexandria, Annandale, Texaco service stations, construction sites, DC monuments, Gunston Hall, Sully Plantation, and the Potomac River.  \n","Series 9 consists of nature scenes, such as trees, mountains, clouds, gardens, fireworks, sunsets, clouds, bodies of water, landscapes, and cemeteries.  \n","Series 10 contains maps and building plans, such as blueprints or architectural renderings, specific topics include St. Agnes School, Baltimore, Texaco, Hazelton labs, Woodbridge Toll Center, and Fairfax Hills.  \n","People make up the subject of Series 11, where the people are doing something else or just taking a portrait.  Many photos have unidentified subjects, while others show notable Washingtonians and politicians, athletes, scientists, wedding guests, presidents, actors, the National Symphony, and military leaders.  \n","Series 12 consists of pictures of food from restaurants, Hot Shoppes, and holiday events.  \n","Series 13 is made up of museum exhibits and artifacts including the Star Spangled Banner, dolls, and various Smithsonian objects and exhibits.  \n","Series 14 documents various animals including monkeys, horses, birds, bees, cattle, dogs, hippopotamuses, snakes, butterflies and animals for scientific testing.  \n","Series 15 shows different types of technology such as science labs, computers, a space shuttle, factories, and a camera.  ","George Mason College is featured in Series 16 with images of athletic teams, staff members, buildings, campus, students, graduations, George Mason Day, and printed materials.  \n","Series 17 includes pictures of vehicles, such as cars, baby carriage, planes, trains, ships, helicopters and bicycles.  \n","Series 18 consists of images from Gunston Hall, the historical home of George Mason.  Images in the series include the Mason coat of arms, publications, postcard images, aerial views, and a car show hosted by Gunston Hall.  \n","Series 19 is consists of images of international subjects taken during Baptie's many travels, including various settings in Central America, like Brazil, Honduras, and Ecuador; and other locations, such as Paris or India.  \n","Series 20 is made up of documents consisting of correspondence between Charles Baptie and others about photograph orders and publications. \n","Finally, Series 21 contains electronic media, specifically a number of 5 1/4 inch floppy discs used for a program called Wordstar.\n","Mid-20th century photographs of Washington, D.C., area landmarks, including Gunston Hall, the White House, and embassies; local businesses, including Texaco stations and Hot Shoppes; and more common subjects, like artwork, animals, nature, or people.  These images are in several formats: negatives, slides, prints, and publications.  \n","George Mason University--Photographs.","Gunston Hall (Va.)--Photographs.","Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n","Eisenhower, Dwight D., 1890-1969--Photographs.","Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972--Photographs.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["C0032\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection"],"collection_ssim":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n"],"creator_ssim":["Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n"],"creators_ssim":["Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was donated in several stages by Charles Baptie and J. Roger Bentley.  Charles Baptie, in November 1993, donated GMU materials and other material relating to Northern Virginia.  He donated 2.4 linear feet of negatives in July 1994.  He donated more photographic negatives and other material in September 1994.  In May 2002, J. Roger Bentley donated 1900 negatives, 1,400 photographs, and some publication materials.  The next year, May 2003, he donated approximately 2,000 negatives, slides, and photographs, as well as pamphlets, postcards, news clippings and other documents.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Buildings--Photographs.","Drive-in restaurants--Photographs.","Embassy buildings--Washington (D.C.)--Photographs.","Monuments and memorials--Washington (D.C.)--Photographs.","Nature--Photographs.","Service stations--Photographs.","Technology--Photographs.","Aerial photographs.","Negtaives.","Photographic prints.","Portraits.","Slides."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Buildings--Photographs.","Drive-in restaurants--Photographs.","Embassy buildings--Washington (D.C.)--Photographs.","Monuments and memorials--Washington (D.C.)--Photographs.","Nature--Photographs.","Service stations--Photographs.","Technology--Photographs.","Aerial photographs.","Negtaives.","Photographic prints.","Portraits.","Slides."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["26 linear feet (24 document boxes, 35 3-ring photo boxes, and 12 oversize boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["26 linear feet (24 document boxes, 35 3-ring photo boxes, and 12 oversize boxes)"],"date_range_isim":[1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into 21 series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Buildings: Interior and Exterior, 1947-1975\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Embassies, 1950s-1970s\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: Art, 1947-1975\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: Publications, 1942-1994\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Texaco Stations, 1950-1972\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 6: Hot Shoppes, 1948-1953\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 7: Washington, D.C., Monuments, 1944-1991\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 8: Aerial Photographs, 1934-1991\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 9: Nature, 1917-1988\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 10: Maps and Building Plans, 1941-1973\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 11: People, 1944-1976\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 12: Food, 1950s-1960s\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 13: Museum Exhibits, 1952-1970s\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 14: Animals, 1946-1980s\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 15: Technology, 1948-1974\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 16: George Mason College, 1959-1976\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 17: Vehicles, 1946-1995\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 18: Gunston Hall, 1960s-1993\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 19: International, 1958-1989\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 20: Correspondence, 1955-1990s\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 21: Electronic Media, 1970s-1980s\n\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into 21 series.","Series 1: Buildings: Interior and Exterior, 1947-1975\n Series 2: Embassies, 1950s-1970s\n Series 3: Art, 1947-1975\n Series 4: Publications, 1942-1994\n Series 5: Texaco Stations, 1950-1972\n Series 6: Hot Shoppes, 1948-1953\n Series 7: Washington, D.C., Monuments, 1944-1991\n Series 8: Aerial Photographs, 1934-1991\n Series 9: Nature, 1917-1988\n Series 10: Maps and Building Plans, 1941-1973\n Series 11: People, 1944-1976\n Series 12: Food, 1950s-1960s\n Series 13: Museum Exhibits, 1952-1970s\n Series 14: Animals, 1946-1980s\n Series 15: Technology, 1948-1974\n Series 16: George Mason College, 1959-1976\n Series 17: Vehicles, 1946-1995\n Series 18: Gunston Hall, 1960s-1993\n Series 19: International, 1958-1989\n Series 20: Correspondence, 1955-1990s\n Series 21: Electronic Media, 1970s-1980s\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Baptie, a photographer, printer, and publisher, was born in Munhall, PA on March 13, 1914. Early in life, Baptie became interested in photography and airplanes, interests that would eventually lead to him becoming a photographer and public relations agent for Capital Airlines. His camera recorded the life of the airline for many years. When Capital Airlines merged with United Airlines, Baptie left the company and formed his own business, Charles Baptie Studios, Inc.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile operating his own studio, Baptie provided photographs for more than fifty books and other publications, including: \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eCapital Airlines: A Nostalgic Flight Into the Past\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eGreat Houses of Washington\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eCamera on Assignment\u003c/title\u003e (with Ollie Atkins), the sixteen volume \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eEncyclopedia of United States History\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eGuest House of the Presidents\u003c/title\u003e, the story of the Blair Lee House, and \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eMid the Hills of Pennsylvania\u003c/title\u003e. As a photojournalist, Baptie covered feature stories for leading magazines and other news publications. Over the course of his journalistic career, Baptie met and photographed many world leaders and public figures.  He passed away in 2000.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Charles Baptie, a photographer, printer, and publisher, was born in Munhall, PA on March 13, 1914. Early in life, Baptie became interested in photography and airplanes, interests that would eventually lead to him becoming a photographer and public relations agent for Capital Airlines. His camera recorded the life of the airline for many years. When Capital Airlines merged with United Airlines, Baptie left the company and formed his own business, Charles Baptie Studios, Inc.\n","While operating his own studio, Baptie provided photographs for more than fifty books and other publications, including:  Capital Airlines: A Nostalgic Flight Into the Past ,  Great Houses of Washington ,  Camera on Assignment  (with Ollie Atkins), the sixteen volume  Encyclopedia of United States History ,  Guest House of the Presidents , the story of the Blair Lee House, and  Mid the Hills of Pennsylvania . As a photojournalist, Baptie covered feature stories for leading magazines and other news publications. Over the course of his journalistic career, Baptie met and photographed many world leaders and public figures.  He passed away in 2000."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Charles Baptie Photograph Collection contains color prints and negatives of Gunston Hall, the home of George Mason; color transparencies from the Encyclopedia of United States History; color transparencies and prints from the Great Houses of Washington, D.C.; black \u0026amp; white negatives of the Washington metropolitan area; and photographs of George Mason College.  There are, in addition, aerial photographs, photographs of malaria prevention overseas, and publicity photographs for various publications. Also included in this collection are photographs pertaining to the childrens' book, Herkie the Pup, written by Charles Baptie. The total volume of the collection is 26 linear feet, consisting of 24 document boxes, 35 3-ring photo boxes, and 12 oversize boxes.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 is a group of images of buildings, both interior and exterior, including facades of famous houses and embassies around DC as well as images of the interior decorations; also included are images of churches, DC monuments, hotels, restaurants, schools, laboratories, service stations, theaters, hospitals, and personal homes.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 consists of images of the Belgian, Brazilian, French, Irish, Mexican, Peruvian, Spanish, and Turkish embassies; most of these items are also found in series 1. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3 contains images of artwork, including of paintings, sculptures, dolls, trophies, and architecture; also images of artwork used for publications such as a baseball book, an Encyclopedia of American History, a History of the Civil War, and a Northern Virginia guidebook.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4 is for Publications for which Baptie either provided photos or printed at his studio including brochures and pamphlets, guide books, logos, small print books, magazines, and poetry collections.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5 shows images of Texaco stations in the area, both on the ground and in the air throughout the Washington, D.C., area included are aerial views and on-the-ground images, as well as plans, blueprints, portraits, and vehicles.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHot Shoppes restaurant photos make up Series 6, Hot Shoppes were a chain of restaurant owned by the Marriott Company and the series includes images of food, their Airline service, their kitchens, and the dining rooms of the restaurants. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7 includes photographs of D.C. monuments and landmarks including Capitol Hill, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Washington Monument, the White House, and Mount Vernon.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 8 contains images from several other series that happen to be aerial shots, as well as general aerial views from around the country; images of nearby locations include Alexandria, Annandale, Texaco service stations, construction sites, DC monuments, Gunston Hall, Sully Plantation, and the Potomac River.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 9 consists of nature scenes, such as trees, mountains, clouds, gardens, fireworks, sunsets, clouds, bodies of water, landscapes, and cemeteries.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 10 contains maps and building plans, such as blueprints or architectural renderings, specific topics include St. Agnes School, Baltimore, Texaco, Hazelton labs, Woodbridge Toll Center, and Fairfax Hills.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePeople make up the subject of Series 11, where the people are doing something else or just taking a portrait.  Many photos have unidentified subjects, while others show notable Washingtonians and politicians, athletes, scientists, wedding guests, presidents, actors, the National Symphony, and military leaders.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 12 consists of pictures of food from restaurants, Hot Shoppes, and holiday events.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 13 is made up of museum exhibits and artifacts including the Star Spangled Banner, dolls, and various Smithsonian objects and exhibits.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 14 documents various animals including monkeys, horses, birds, bees, cattle, dogs, hippopotamuses, snakes, butterflies and animals for scientific testing.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 15 shows different types of technology such as science labs, computers, a space shuttle, factories, and a camera.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Mason College is featured in Series 16 with images of athletic teams, staff members, buildings, campus, students, graduations, George Mason Day, and printed materials.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 17 includes pictures of vehicles, such as cars, baby carriage, planes, trains, ships, helicopters and bicycles.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 18 consists of images from Gunston Hall, the historical home of George Mason.  Images in the series include the Mason coat of arms, publications, postcard images, aerial views, and a car show hosted by Gunston Hall.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 19 is consists of images of international subjects taken during Baptie's many travels, including various settings in Central America, like Brazil, Honduras, and Ecuador; and other locations, such as Paris or India.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 20 is made up of documents consisting of correspondence between Charles Baptie and others about photograph orders and publications. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFinally, Series 21 contains electronic media, specifically a number of 5 1/4 inch floppy discs used for a program called Wordstar.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Charles Baptie Photograph Collection contains color prints and negatives of Gunston Hall, the home of George Mason; color transparencies from the Encyclopedia of United States History; color transparencies and prints from the Great Houses of Washington, D.C.; black \u0026 white negatives of the Washington metropolitan area; and photographs of George Mason College.  There are, in addition, aerial photographs, photographs of malaria prevention overseas, and publicity photographs for various publications. Also included in this collection are photographs pertaining to the childrens' book, Herkie the Pup, written by Charles Baptie. The total volume of the collection is 26 linear feet, consisting of 24 document boxes, 35 3-ring photo boxes, and 12 oversize boxes.  ","Series 1 is a group of images of buildings, both interior and exterior, including facades of famous houses and embassies around DC as well as images of the interior decorations; also included are images of churches, DC monuments, hotels, restaurants, schools, laboratories, service stations, theaters, hospitals, and personal homes.  \n","Series 2 consists of images of the Belgian, Brazilian, French, Irish, Mexican, Peruvian, Spanish, and Turkish embassies; most of these items are also found in series 1. \n","Series 3 contains images of artwork, including of paintings, sculptures, dolls, trophies, and architecture; also images of artwork used for publications such as a baseball book, an Encyclopedia of American History, a History of the Civil War, and a Northern Virginia guidebook.  \n","Series 4 is for Publications for which Baptie either provided photos or printed at his studio including brochures and pamphlets, guide books, logos, small print books, magazines, and poetry collections.  \n","Series 5 shows images of Texaco stations in the area, both on the ground and in the air throughout the Washington, D.C., area included are aerial views and on-the-ground images, as well as plans, blueprints, portraits, and vehicles.  \n","Hot Shoppes restaurant photos make up Series 6, Hot Shoppes were a chain of restaurant owned by the Marriott Company and the series includes images of food, their Airline service, their kitchens, and the dining rooms of the restaurants. \n","Series 7 includes photographs of D.C. monuments and landmarks including Capitol Hill, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Washington Monument, the White House, and Mount Vernon.  \n","Series 8 contains images from several other series that happen to be aerial shots, as well as general aerial views from around the country; images of nearby locations include Alexandria, Annandale, Texaco service stations, construction sites, DC monuments, Gunston Hall, Sully Plantation, and the Potomac River.  \n","Series 9 consists of nature scenes, such as trees, mountains, clouds, gardens, fireworks, sunsets, clouds, bodies of water, landscapes, and cemeteries.  \n","Series 10 contains maps and building plans, such as blueprints or architectural renderings, specific topics include St. Agnes School, Baltimore, Texaco, Hazelton labs, Woodbridge Toll Center, and Fairfax Hills.  \n","People make up the subject of Series 11, where the people are doing something else or just taking a portrait.  Many photos have unidentified subjects, while others show notable Washingtonians and politicians, athletes, scientists, wedding guests, presidents, actors, the National Symphony, and military leaders.  \n","Series 12 consists of pictures of food from restaurants, Hot Shoppes, and holiday events.  \n","Series 13 is made up of museum exhibits and artifacts including the Star Spangled Banner, dolls, and various Smithsonian objects and exhibits.  \n","Series 14 documents various animals including monkeys, horses, birds, bees, cattle, dogs, hippopotamuses, snakes, butterflies and animals for scientific testing.  \n","Series 15 shows different types of technology such as science labs, computers, a space shuttle, factories, and a camera.  ","George Mason College is featured in Series 16 with images of athletic teams, staff members, buildings, campus, students, graduations, George Mason Day, and printed materials.  \n","Series 17 includes pictures of vehicles, such as cars, baby carriage, planes, trains, ships, helicopters and bicycles.  \n","Series 18 consists of images from Gunston Hall, the historical home of George Mason.  Images in the series include the Mason coat of arms, publications, postcard images, aerial views, and a car show hosted by Gunston Hall.  \n","Series 19 is consists of images of international subjects taken during Baptie's many travels, including various settings in Central America, like Brazil, Honduras, and Ecuador; and other locations, such as Paris or India.  \n","Series 20 is made up of documents consisting of correspondence between Charles Baptie and others about photograph orders and publications. \n","Finally, Series 21 contains electronic media, specifically a number of 5 1/4 inch floppy discs used for a program called Wordstar.\n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eMid-20th century photographs of Washington, D.C., area landmarks, including Gunston Hall, the White House, and embassies; local businesses, including Texaco stations and Hot Shoppes; and more common subjects, like artwork, animals, nature, or people.  These images are in several formats: negatives, slides, prints, and publications.  \n\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Mid-20th century photographs of Washington, D.C., area landmarks, including Gunston Hall, the White House, and embassies; local businesses, including Texaco stations and Hot Shoppes; and more common subjects, like artwork, animals, nature, or people.  These images are in several formats: negatives, slides, prints, and publications.  \n"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University--Photographs.","Gunston Hall (Va.)--Photographs.","Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n","Eisenhower, Dwight D., 1890-1969--Photographs.","Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972--Photographs."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University--Photographs.","Gunston Hall (Va.)--Photographs."],"persname_ssim":["Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n","Eisenhower, Dwight D., 1890-1969--Photographs.","Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972--Photographs."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":775,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:46:57.587Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_vifgm00017_c04_c56"}},{"id":"vifgm_vifgm00017_c18_c01","type":"File","attributes":{"title":",","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_vifgm00017_c18_c01#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eImages of Gunston Hall, as well as the Mason Coat of Arms, publications, the Prophetic Pineapple of Gunston Hall, and postcard. (with negatives and slides) \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_vifgm00017_c18_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_vifgm00017_c18_c01","ref_ssm":["vifgm_vifgm00017_c18_c01"],"id":"vifgm_vifgm00017_c18_c01","ead_ssi":"vifgm_vifgm00017","_root_":"vifgm_vifgm00017","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_vifgm00017_c18","parent_ssi":"vifgm_vifgm00017_c18","parent_ssim":["vifgm_vifgm00017","vifgm_vifgm00017_c18"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_vifgm00017","vifgm_vifgm00017_c18"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection","Series 18: Gunston Hall,"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection","Series 18: Gunston Hall,"],"text":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection","Series 18: Gunston Hall,",",","box 16","Folder 1-19","Images of Gunston Hall, as well as the Mason Coat of Arms, publications, the Prophetic Pineapple of Gunston Hall, and postcard. (with negatives and slides)\n\t"],"title_filing_ssi":", ","title_ssm":[", "],"title_tesim":[", "],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1960s, 1970s, 1990"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1990"],"normalized_title_ssm":[","],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":752,"date_range_isim":[1990],"containers_ssim":["box 16","Folder 1-19"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eImages of Gunston Hall, as well as the Mason Coat of Arms, publications, the Prophetic Pineapple of Gunston Hall, and postcard. (with negatives and slides)\n\t\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Images of Gunston Hall, as well as the Mason Coat of Arms, publications, the Prophetic Pineapple of Gunston Hall, and postcard. (with negatives and slides)\n\t"],"_nest_path_":"/components#17/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:46:57.587Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_vifgm00017","ead_ssi":"vifgm_vifgm00017","_root_":"vifgm_vifgm00017","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_vifgm00017","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/gmu/vifgm00017.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/","title_ssm":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection\n"],"title_tesim":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection\n"],"unitdate_ssm":["1917-1995\n"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1917-1995\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0032\n"],"text":["C0032\n","The Charles Baptie photograph collection","Buildings--Photographs.","Drive-in restaurants--Photographs.","Embassy buildings--Washington (D.C.)--Photographs.","Monuments and memorials--Washington (D.C.)--Photographs.","Nature--Photographs.","Service stations--Photographs.","Technology--Photographs.","Aerial photographs.","Negtaives.","Photographic prints.","Portraits.","Slides.","The collection is organized into 21 series.","Series 1: Buildings: Interior and Exterior, 1947-1975\n Series 2: Embassies, 1950s-1970s\n Series 3: Art, 1947-1975\n Series 4: Publications, 1942-1994\n Series 5: Texaco Stations, 1950-1972\n Series 6: Hot Shoppes, 1948-1953\n Series 7: Washington, D.C., Monuments, 1944-1991\n Series 8: Aerial Photographs, 1934-1991\n Series 9: Nature, 1917-1988\n Series 10: Maps and Building Plans, 1941-1973\n Series 11: People, 1944-1976\n Series 12: Food, 1950s-1960s\n Series 13: Museum Exhibits, 1952-1970s\n Series 14: Animals, 1946-1980s\n Series 15: Technology, 1948-1974\n Series 16: George Mason College, 1959-1976\n Series 17: Vehicles, 1946-1995\n Series 18: Gunston Hall, 1960s-1993\n Series 19: International, 1958-1989\n Series 20: Correspondence, 1955-1990s\n Series 21: Electronic Media, 1970s-1980s\n","Charles Baptie, a photographer, printer, and publisher, was born in Munhall, PA on March 13, 1914. Early in life, Baptie became interested in photography and airplanes, interests that would eventually lead to him becoming a photographer and public relations agent for Capital Airlines. His camera recorded the life of the airline for many years. When Capital Airlines merged with United Airlines, Baptie left the company and formed his own business, Charles Baptie Studios, Inc.\n","While operating his own studio, Baptie provided photographs for more than fifty books and other publications, including:  Capital Airlines: A Nostalgic Flight Into the Past ,  Great Houses of Washington ,  Camera on Assignment  (with Ollie Atkins), the sixteen volume  Encyclopedia of United States History ,  Guest House of the Presidents , the story of the Blair Lee House, and  Mid the Hills of Pennsylvania . As a photojournalist, Baptie covered feature stories for leading magazines and other news publications. Over the course of his journalistic career, Baptie met and photographed many world leaders and public figures.  He passed away in 2000.","The Charles Baptie Photograph Collection contains color prints and negatives of Gunston Hall, the home of George Mason; color transparencies from the Encyclopedia of United States History; color transparencies and prints from the Great Houses of Washington, D.C.; black \u0026 white negatives of the Washington metropolitan area; and photographs of George Mason College.  There are, in addition, aerial photographs, photographs of malaria prevention overseas, and publicity photographs for various publications. Also included in this collection are photographs pertaining to the childrens' book, Herkie the Pup, written by Charles Baptie. The total volume of the collection is 26 linear feet, consisting of 24 document boxes, 35 3-ring photo boxes, and 12 oversize boxes.  ","Series 1 is a group of images of buildings, both interior and exterior, including facades of famous houses and embassies around DC as well as images of the interior decorations; also included are images of churches, DC monuments, hotels, restaurants, schools, laboratories, service stations, theaters, hospitals, and personal homes.  \n","Series 2 consists of images of the Belgian, Brazilian, French, Irish, Mexican, Peruvian, Spanish, and Turkish embassies; most of these items are also found in series 1. \n","Series 3 contains images of artwork, including of paintings, sculptures, dolls, trophies, and architecture; also images of artwork used for publications such as a baseball book, an Encyclopedia of American History, a History of the Civil War, and a Northern Virginia guidebook.  \n","Series 4 is for Publications for which Baptie either provided photos or printed at his studio including brochures and pamphlets, guide books, logos, small print books, magazines, and poetry collections.  \n","Series 5 shows images of Texaco stations in the area, both on the ground and in the air throughout the Washington, D.C., area included are aerial views and on-the-ground images, as well as plans, blueprints, portraits, and vehicles.  \n","Hot Shoppes restaurant photos make up Series 6, Hot Shoppes were a chain of restaurant owned by the Marriott Company and the series includes images of food, their Airline service, their kitchens, and the dining rooms of the restaurants. \n","Series 7 includes photographs of D.C. monuments and landmarks including Capitol Hill, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Washington Monument, the White House, and Mount Vernon.  \n","Series 8 contains images from several other series that happen to be aerial shots, as well as general aerial views from around the country; images of nearby locations include Alexandria, Annandale, Texaco service stations, construction sites, DC monuments, Gunston Hall, Sully Plantation, and the Potomac River.  \n","Series 9 consists of nature scenes, such as trees, mountains, clouds, gardens, fireworks, sunsets, clouds, bodies of water, landscapes, and cemeteries.  \n","Series 10 contains maps and building plans, such as blueprints or architectural renderings, specific topics include St. Agnes School, Baltimore, Texaco, Hazelton labs, Woodbridge Toll Center, and Fairfax Hills.  \n","People make up the subject of Series 11, where the people are doing something else or just taking a portrait.  Many photos have unidentified subjects, while others show notable Washingtonians and politicians, athletes, scientists, wedding guests, presidents, actors, the National Symphony, and military leaders.  \n","Series 12 consists of pictures of food from restaurants, Hot Shoppes, and holiday events.  \n","Series 13 is made up of museum exhibits and artifacts including the Star Spangled Banner, dolls, and various Smithsonian objects and exhibits.  \n","Series 14 documents various animals including monkeys, horses, birds, bees, cattle, dogs, hippopotamuses, snakes, butterflies and animals for scientific testing.  \n","Series 15 shows different types of technology such as science labs, computers, a space shuttle, factories, and a camera.  ","George Mason College is featured in Series 16 with images of athletic teams, staff members, buildings, campus, students, graduations, George Mason Day, and printed materials.  \n","Series 17 includes pictures of vehicles, such as cars, baby carriage, planes, trains, ships, helicopters and bicycles.  \n","Series 18 consists of images from Gunston Hall, the historical home of George Mason.  Images in the series include the Mason coat of arms, publications, postcard images, aerial views, and a car show hosted by Gunston Hall.  \n","Series 19 is consists of images of international subjects taken during Baptie's many travels, including various settings in Central America, like Brazil, Honduras, and Ecuador; and other locations, such as Paris or India.  \n","Series 20 is made up of documents consisting of correspondence between Charles Baptie and others about photograph orders and publications. \n","Finally, Series 21 contains electronic media, specifically a number of 5 1/4 inch floppy discs used for a program called Wordstar.\n","Mid-20th century photographs of Washington, D.C., area landmarks, including Gunston Hall, the White House, and embassies; local businesses, including Texaco stations and Hot Shoppes; and more common subjects, like artwork, animals, nature, or people.  These images are in several formats: negatives, slides, prints, and publications.  \n","George Mason University--Photographs.","Gunston Hall (Va.)--Photographs.","Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n","Eisenhower, Dwight D., 1890-1969--Photographs.","Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972--Photographs.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["C0032\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection"],"collection_ssim":["The Charles Baptie photograph collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n"],"creator_ssim":["Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n"],"creators_ssim":["Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was donated in several stages by Charles Baptie and J. Roger Bentley.  Charles Baptie, in November 1993, donated GMU materials and other material relating to Northern Virginia.  He donated 2.4 linear feet of negatives in July 1994.  He donated more photographic negatives and other material in September 1994.  In May 2002, J. Roger Bentley donated 1900 negatives, 1,400 photographs, and some publication materials.  The next year, May 2003, he donated approximately 2,000 negatives, slides, and photographs, as well as pamphlets, postcards, news clippings and other documents.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Buildings--Photographs.","Drive-in restaurants--Photographs.","Embassy buildings--Washington (D.C.)--Photographs.","Monuments and memorials--Washington (D.C.)--Photographs.","Nature--Photographs.","Service stations--Photographs.","Technology--Photographs.","Aerial photographs.","Negtaives.","Photographic prints.","Portraits.","Slides."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Buildings--Photographs.","Drive-in restaurants--Photographs.","Embassy buildings--Washington (D.C.)--Photographs.","Monuments and memorials--Washington (D.C.)--Photographs.","Nature--Photographs.","Service stations--Photographs.","Technology--Photographs.","Aerial photographs.","Negtaives.","Photographic prints.","Portraits.","Slides."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["26 linear feet (24 document boxes, 35 3-ring photo boxes, and 12 oversize boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["26 linear feet (24 document boxes, 35 3-ring photo boxes, and 12 oversize boxes)"],"date_range_isim":[1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into 21 series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Buildings: Interior and Exterior, 1947-1975\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Embassies, 1950s-1970s\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: Art, 1947-1975\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: Publications, 1942-1994\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Texaco Stations, 1950-1972\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 6: Hot Shoppes, 1948-1953\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 7: Washington, D.C., Monuments, 1944-1991\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 8: Aerial Photographs, 1934-1991\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 9: Nature, 1917-1988\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 10: Maps and Building Plans, 1941-1973\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 11: People, 1944-1976\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 12: Food, 1950s-1960s\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 13: Museum Exhibits, 1952-1970s\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 14: Animals, 1946-1980s\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 15: Technology, 1948-1974\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 16: George Mason College, 1959-1976\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 17: Vehicles, 1946-1995\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 18: Gunston Hall, 1960s-1993\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 19: International, 1958-1989\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 20: Correspondence, 1955-1990s\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 21: Electronic Media, 1970s-1980s\n\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into 21 series.","Series 1: Buildings: Interior and Exterior, 1947-1975\n Series 2: Embassies, 1950s-1970s\n Series 3: Art, 1947-1975\n Series 4: Publications, 1942-1994\n Series 5: Texaco Stations, 1950-1972\n Series 6: Hot Shoppes, 1948-1953\n Series 7: Washington, D.C., Monuments, 1944-1991\n Series 8: Aerial Photographs, 1934-1991\n Series 9: Nature, 1917-1988\n Series 10: Maps and Building Plans, 1941-1973\n Series 11: People, 1944-1976\n Series 12: Food, 1950s-1960s\n Series 13: Museum Exhibits, 1952-1970s\n Series 14: Animals, 1946-1980s\n Series 15: Technology, 1948-1974\n Series 16: George Mason College, 1959-1976\n Series 17: Vehicles, 1946-1995\n Series 18: Gunston Hall, 1960s-1993\n Series 19: International, 1958-1989\n Series 20: Correspondence, 1955-1990s\n Series 21: Electronic Media, 1970s-1980s\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Baptie, a photographer, printer, and publisher, was born in Munhall, PA on March 13, 1914. Early in life, Baptie became interested in photography and airplanes, interests that would eventually lead to him becoming a photographer and public relations agent for Capital Airlines. His camera recorded the life of the airline for many years. When Capital Airlines merged with United Airlines, Baptie left the company and formed his own business, Charles Baptie Studios, Inc.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile operating his own studio, Baptie provided photographs for more than fifty books and other publications, including: \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eCapital Airlines: A Nostalgic Flight Into the Past\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eGreat Houses of Washington\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eCamera on Assignment\u003c/title\u003e (with Ollie Atkins), the sixteen volume \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eEncyclopedia of United States History\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eGuest House of the Presidents\u003c/title\u003e, the story of the Blair Lee House, and \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eMid the Hills of Pennsylvania\u003c/title\u003e. As a photojournalist, Baptie covered feature stories for leading magazines and other news publications. Over the course of his journalistic career, Baptie met and photographed many world leaders and public figures.  He passed away in 2000.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Charles Baptie, a photographer, printer, and publisher, was born in Munhall, PA on March 13, 1914. Early in life, Baptie became interested in photography and airplanes, interests that would eventually lead to him becoming a photographer and public relations agent for Capital Airlines. His camera recorded the life of the airline for many years. When Capital Airlines merged with United Airlines, Baptie left the company and formed his own business, Charles Baptie Studios, Inc.\n","While operating his own studio, Baptie provided photographs for more than fifty books and other publications, including:  Capital Airlines: A Nostalgic Flight Into the Past ,  Great Houses of Washington ,  Camera on Assignment  (with Ollie Atkins), the sixteen volume  Encyclopedia of United States History ,  Guest House of the Presidents , the story of the Blair Lee House, and  Mid the Hills of Pennsylvania . As a photojournalist, Baptie covered feature stories for leading magazines and other news publications. Over the course of his journalistic career, Baptie met and photographed many world leaders and public figures.  He passed away in 2000."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Charles Baptie Photograph Collection contains color prints and negatives of Gunston Hall, the home of George Mason; color transparencies from the Encyclopedia of United States History; color transparencies and prints from the Great Houses of Washington, D.C.; black \u0026amp; white negatives of the Washington metropolitan area; and photographs of George Mason College.  There are, in addition, aerial photographs, photographs of malaria prevention overseas, and publicity photographs for various publications. Also included in this collection are photographs pertaining to the childrens' book, Herkie the Pup, written by Charles Baptie. The total volume of the collection is 26 linear feet, consisting of 24 document boxes, 35 3-ring photo boxes, and 12 oversize boxes.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 is a group of images of buildings, both interior and exterior, including facades of famous houses and embassies around DC as well as images of the interior decorations; also included are images of churches, DC monuments, hotels, restaurants, schools, laboratories, service stations, theaters, hospitals, and personal homes.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 consists of images of the Belgian, Brazilian, French, Irish, Mexican, Peruvian, Spanish, and Turkish embassies; most of these items are also found in series 1. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3 contains images of artwork, including of paintings, sculptures, dolls, trophies, and architecture; also images of artwork used for publications such as a baseball book, an Encyclopedia of American History, a History of the Civil War, and a Northern Virginia guidebook.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4 is for Publications for which Baptie either provided photos or printed at his studio including brochures and pamphlets, guide books, logos, small print books, magazines, and poetry collections.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5 shows images of Texaco stations in the area, both on the ground and in the air throughout the Washington, D.C., area included are aerial views and on-the-ground images, as well as plans, blueprints, portraits, and vehicles.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHot Shoppes restaurant photos make up Series 6, Hot Shoppes were a chain of restaurant owned by the Marriott Company and the series includes images of food, their Airline service, their kitchens, and the dining rooms of the restaurants. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7 includes photographs of D.C. monuments and landmarks including Capitol Hill, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Washington Monument, the White House, and Mount Vernon.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 8 contains images from several other series that happen to be aerial shots, as well as general aerial views from around the country; images of nearby locations include Alexandria, Annandale, Texaco service stations, construction sites, DC monuments, Gunston Hall, Sully Plantation, and the Potomac River.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 9 consists of nature scenes, such as trees, mountains, clouds, gardens, fireworks, sunsets, clouds, bodies of water, landscapes, and cemeteries.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 10 contains maps and building plans, such as blueprints or architectural renderings, specific topics include St. Agnes School, Baltimore, Texaco, Hazelton labs, Woodbridge Toll Center, and Fairfax Hills.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePeople make up the subject of Series 11, where the people are doing something else or just taking a portrait.  Many photos have unidentified subjects, while others show notable Washingtonians and politicians, athletes, scientists, wedding guests, presidents, actors, the National Symphony, and military leaders.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 12 consists of pictures of food from restaurants, Hot Shoppes, and holiday events.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 13 is made up of museum exhibits and artifacts including the Star Spangled Banner, dolls, and various Smithsonian objects and exhibits.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 14 documents various animals including monkeys, horses, birds, bees, cattle, dogs, hippopotamuses, snakes, butterflies and animals for scientific testing.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 15 shows different types of technology such as science labs, computers, a space shuttle, factories, and a camera.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Mason College is featured in Series 16 with images of athletic teams, staff members, buildings, campus, students, graduations, George Mason Day, and printed materials.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 17 includes pictures of vehicles, such as cars, baby carriage, planes, trains, ships, helicopters and bicycles.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 18 consists of images from Gunston Hall, the historical home of George Mason.  Images in the series include the Mason coat of arms, publications, postcard images, aerial views, and a car show hosted by Gunston Hall.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 19 is consists of images of international subjects taken during Baptie's many travels, including various settings in Central America, like Brazil, Honduras, and Ecuador; and other locations, such as Paris or India.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 20 is made up of documents consisting of correspondence between Charles Baptie and others about photograph orders and publications. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFinally, Series 21 contains electronic media, specifically a number of 5 1/4 inch floppy discs used for a program called Wordstar.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Charles Baptie Photograph Collection contains color prints and negatives of Gunston Hall, the home of George Mason; color transparencies from the Encyclopedia of United States History; color transparencies and prints from the Great Houses of Washington, D.C.; black \u0026 white negatives of the Washington metropolitan area; and photographs of George Mason College.  There are, in addition, aerial photographs, photographs of malaria prevention overseas, and publicity photographs for various publications. Also included in this collection are photographs pertaining to the childrens' book, Herkie the Pup, written by Charles Baptie. The total volume of the collection is 26 linear feet, consisting of 24 document boxes, 35 3-ring photo boxes, and 12 oversize boxes.  ","Series 1 is a group of images of buildings, both interior and exterior, including facades of famous houses and embassies around DC as well as images of the interior decorations; also included are images of churches, DC monuments, hotels, restaurants, schools, laboratories, service stations, theaters, hospitals, and personal homes.  \n","Series 2 consists of images of the Belgian, Brazilian, French, Irish, Mexican, Peruvian, Spanish, and Turkish embassies; most of these items are also found in series 1. \n","Series 3 contains images of artwork, including of paintings, sculptures, dolls, trophies, and architecture; also images of artwork used for publications such as a baseball book, an Encyclopedia of American History, a History of the Civil War, and a Northern Virginia guidebook.  \n","Series 4 is for Publications for which Baptie either provided photos or printed at his studio including brochures and pamphlets, guide books, logos, small print books, magazines, and poetry collections.  \n","Series 5 shows images of Texaco stations in the area, both on the ground and in the air throughout the Washington, D.C., area included are aerial views and on-the-ground images, as well as plans, blueprints, portraits, and vehicles.  \n","Hot Shoppes restaurant photos make up Series 6, Hot Shoppes were a chain of restaurant owned by the Marriott Company and the series includes images of food, their Airline service, their kitchens, and the dining rooms of the restaurants. \n","Series 7 includes photographs of D.C. monuments and landmarks including Capitol Hill, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Washington Monument, the White House, and Mount Vernon.  \n","Series 8 contains images from several other series that happen to be aerial shots, as well as general aerial views from around the country; images of nearby locations include Alexandria, Annandale, Texaco service stations, construction sites, DC monuments, Gunston Hall, Sully Plantation, and the Potomac River.  \n","Series 9 consists of nature scenes, such as trees, mountains, clouds, gardens, fireworks, sunsets, clouds, bodies of water, landscapes, and cemeteries.  \n","Series 10 contains maps and building plans, such as blueprints or architectural renderings, specific topics include St. Agnes School, Baltimore, Texaco, Hazelton labs, Woodbridge Toll Center, and Fairfax Hills.  \n","People make up the subject of Series 11, where the people are doing something else or just taking a portrait.  Many photos have unidentified subjects, while others show notable Washingtonians and politicians, athletes, scientists, wedding guests, presidents, actors, the National Symphony, and military leaders.  \n","Series 12 consists of pictures of food from restaurants, Hot Shoppes, and holiday events.  \n","Series 13 is made up of museum exhibits and artifacts including the Star Spangled Banner, dolls, and various Smithsonian objects and exhibits.  \n","Series 14 documents various animals including monkeys, horses, birds, bees, cattle, dogs, hippopotamuses, snakes, butterflies and animals for scientific testing.  \n","Series 15 shows different types of technology such as science labs, computers, a space shuttle, factories, and a camera.  ","George Mason College is featured in Series 16 with images of athletic teams, staff members, buildings, campus, students, graduations, George Mason Day, and printed materials.  \n","Series 17 includes pictures of vehicles, such as cars, baby carriage, planes, trains, ships, helicopters and bicycles.  \n","Series 18 consists of images from Gunston Hall, the historical home of George Mason.  Images in the series include the Mason coat of arms, publications, postcard images, aerial views, and a car show hosted by Gunston Hall.  \n","Series 19 is consists of images of international subjects taken during Baptie's many travels, including various settings in Central America, like Brazil, Honduras, and Ecuador; and other locations, such as Paris or India.  \n","Series 20 is made up of documents consisting of correspondence between Charles Baptie and others about photograph orders and publications. \n","Finally, Series 21 contains electronic media, specifically a number of 5 1/4 inch floppy discs used for a program called Wordstar.\n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eMid-20th century photographs of Washington, D.C., area landmarks, including Gunston Hall, the White House, and embassies; local businesses, including Texaco stations and Hot Shoppes; and more common subjects, like artwork, animals, nature, or people.  These images are in several formats: negatives, slides, prints, and publications.  \n\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Mid-20th century photographs of Washington, D.C., area landmarks, including Gunston Hall, the White House, and embassies; local businesses, including Texaco stations and Hot Shoppes; and more common subjects, like artwork, animals, nature, or people.  These images are in several formats: negatives, slides, prints, and publications.  \n"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University--Photographs.","Gunston Hall (Va.)--Photographs.","Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n","Eisenhower, Dwight D., 1890-1969--Photographs.","Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972--Photographs."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University--Photographs.","Gunston Hall (Va.)--Photographs."],"persname_ssim":["Charles Baptie, 1914-2000\n","Eisenhower, Dwight D., 1890-1969--Photographs.","Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972--Photographs."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":775,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:46:57.587Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_vifgm00017_c18_c01"}},{"id":"vifgm_vifgm00008_c01_c747","type":"File","attributes":{"title":",","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_vifgm00008_c01_c747#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_vifgm00008_c01_c747","ref_ssm":["vifgm_vifgm00008_c01_c747"],"id":"vifgm_vifgm00008_c01_c747","ead_ssi":"vifgm_vifgm00008","_root_":"vifgm_vifgm00008","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_vifgm00008_c01","parent_ssi":"vifgm_vifgm00008_c01","parent_ssim":["vifgm_vifgm00008","vifgm_vifgm00008_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_vifgm00008","vifgm_vifgm00008_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["John N. 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Warfield papers","Complexity (Philosophy)","Education, Higher.","Interactive Management.","Policy Sciences.","Problem Solving.","Social Science--Methodology.","System Design.","Organized into four series:\n","Series 1: Textual Material, 1943-2001 (Boxes 1-51)\n Series 2: Audiovisual Materials, 1978-2000 (Boxes 51-71)\n Series 3: Transparencies and Other Teaching Materials, 1979-2005 (Boxes 72-88)\n Series 4: Additional Materials Deposited After 1/2007, 1931-2009 (Boxes 89-99)\n","John N. Warfield was educated in mathematics and electrical engineering. He worked in eight universities and in three industries. Early on, he concentrated on teaching but later focused his energies on research. His publications include books on computers and complexity reflecting his development of systems science, incorporating a system for managing complexity. 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Warfield papers consist of materials from Warfield's long and distinguished career, including papers authored and co-authored by Warfield, presentations, videotapes, audiotapes, and\ncorrespondence.\n","George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives.\n","Center for Interactive Management.","George Mason University. Institute for Advanced Study in the Integrative Sciences.","John N. Warfield, 1925-2009\n","Warfield, John N.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["C0016\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John N. Warfield papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["John N. Warfield papers"],"collection_ssim":["John N. Warfield papers"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["John N. Warfield, 1925-2009\n"],"creator_ssim":["John N. Warfield, 1925-2009\n"],"creator_persname_ssim":["John N. Warfield, 1925-2009\n"],"creators_ssim":["John N. 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Warfield was educated in mathematics and electrical engineering. He worked in eight universities and in three industries. Early on, he concentrated on teaching but later focused his energies on research. His publications include books on computers and complexity reflecting his development of systems science, incorporating a system for managing complexity. Understanding complexity, Warfield discovered, depended on a theory of thought about thought merged with empirical evidence of human behavioral pathologies and the application of design concepts in groups. Warfield's scientific research emphasized adherence to established criteria for scientific work, drawing inspiration from numerous well-known scholars, most especially Charles S. Peirce. Other scholars adopted his theories and methodologies, applying his research results in many locations and on many projects, invariably involving complexity. Their work provided ample and significant empirical evidence to support hypotheses and theories developed through his scientific endeavors, verifying the theoretical foundations of his scientific investigation. He also applied the results of his research to all levels of education with special attention paid to the shortcomings of higher education and requirements for adapting it to modern necessities.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["John N. Warfield was educated in mathematics and electrical engineering. He worked in eight universities and in three industries. Early on, he concentrated on teaching but later focused his energies on research. His publications include books on computers and complexity reflecting his development of systems science, incorporating a system for managing complexity. Understanding complexity, Warfield discovered, depended on a theory of thought about thought merged with empirical evidence of human behavioral pathologies and the application of design concepts in groups. Warfield's scientific research emphasized adherence to established criteria for scientific work, drawing inspiration from numerous well-known scholars, most especially Charles S. Peirce. Other scholars adopted his theories and methodologies, applying his research results in many locations and on many projects, invariably involving complexity. Their work provided ample and significant empirical evidence to support hypotheses and theories developed through his scientific endeavors, verifying the theoretical foundations of his scientific investigation. He also applied the results of his research to all levels of education with special attention paid to the shortcomings of higher education and requirements for adapting it to modern necessities.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John N. Warfield papers consist of materials from Warfield's long and distinguished career, including papers authored and co-authored by Warfield, presentations, videotapes, audiotapes, and\ncorrespondence.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 consists of textual materials such as unpublished papers, correspondence, lecture notes, and project reports.  These materials were donated between 1999 and 2006.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 is comprised of audiovisual materials including filmed lectures and workshops. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3 contains transparencies and other teaching materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4 consists of materials deposited after January 2007.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms in the John N. Warfield Collection\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAAAS - American Association for the Advancement of Science\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eACAC - Academic Computing Advisory Committee\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eADH - Advanced Decision Handling, Inc.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAI - Artificial Intelligence\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAIO - Americans for Indian Opportunity\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAIIM - American Institute for Interactive Management\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAIO - Americans for Indian Opportunity\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAIS - Association for Integrative Studies\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAPT - Analytical Power Train (Ford Motor Company)\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASC - American Society for Cybernetics\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eC3P - Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Manufacturing, Computer Aided Engineering, Product Information Management\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCAD - Computer Aided Design\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCAE - Computer Aided Engineering\t\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCIM - Center for Interactive Management\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCIMI - Cent for Interactive Management India\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCIT - Center for Innovative Technology\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDSMC - Defense Systems Management College\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFMC - Ford Motor Company\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIASIS - Institute for Advanced Study in Integrative Sciences\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIIT - Institute for Information Technology\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIM - Interactive Management\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIPAC - International Programs Committee\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eISM - Interpretive Structural Modeling\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eISSS - International Society for Systems Science\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eITESM - Instituto Technologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eITRC - Information Technology Research Council\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNCMS - National Centre for Manufacturing Services\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNGT - Nominal Group Technique\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNMFS - National Marine Fisheries Service\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNSF - National Science Foundation\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOPMS - One Page Management Systems\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eORSA - Operations Research Society of America\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePIM - Product Information Management\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePIP - Process Improvement Plan\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSGSR - Society for General Systems Research\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTCS - Tata Consulting Services\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTIPP - The Institute of Public Policy\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUNI - University of Northern Iowa\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The John N. Warfield papers consist of materials from Warfield's long and distinguished career, including papers authored and co-authored by Warfield, presentations, videotapes, audiotapes, and\ncorrespondence.\n","Series 1 consists of textual materials such as unpublished papers, correspondence, lecture notes, and project reports.  These materials were donated between 1999 and 2006.","Series 2 is comprised of audiovisual materials including filmed lectures and workshops. ","Series 3 contains transparencies and other teaching materials.","Series 4 consists of materials deposited after January 2007.","List of Acronyms in the John N. Warfield Collection\n","AAAS - American Association for the Advancement of Science\n","ACAC - Academic Computing Advisory Committee\n","ADH - Advanced Decision Handling, Inc.\n","AI - Artificial Intelligence\n","AIO - Americans for Indian Opportunity\n","AIIM - American Institute for Interactive Management\n","AIO - Americans for Indian Opportunity\n","AIS - Association for Integrative Studies\n","APT - Analytical Power Train (Ford Motor Company)\n","ASC - American Society for Cybernetics\n","C3P - Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Manufacturing, Computer Aided Engineering, Product Information Management\n","CAD - Computer Aided Design\n","CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing\n","CAE - Computer Aided Engineering\t\n","CIM - Center for Interactive Management\n","CIMI - Cent for Interactive Management India\n","CIT - Center for Innovative Technology\n","DSMC - Defense Systems Management College\n","FMC - Ford Motor Company\n","IASIS - Institute for Advanced Study in Integrative Sciences\n","IIT - Institute for Information Technology\n","IM - Interactive Management\n","IPAC - International Programs Committee\n","ISM - Interpretive Structural Modeling\n","ISSS - International Society for Systems Science\n","ITESM - Instituto Technologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey\n","ITRC - Information Technology Research Council\n","NCMS - National Centre for Manufacturing Services\n","NGT - Nominal Group Technique\n","NMFS - National Marine Fisheries Service\n","NSF - National Science Foundation\n","OPMS - One Page Management Systems\n","ORSA - Operations Research Society of America\n","PIM - Product Information Management\n","PIP - Process Improvement Plan\n","SGSR - Society for General Systems Research\n","TCS - Tata Consulting Services\n","TIPP - The Institute of Public Policy\n","UNI - University of Northern Iowa\n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe John N. Warfield papers consist of materials from Warfield's long and distinguished career, including papers authored and co-authored by Warfield, presentations, videotapes, audiotapes, and\ncorrespondence.\n\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The John N. Warfield papers consist of materials from Warfield's long and distinguished career, including papers authored and co-authored by Warfield, presentations, videotapes, audiotapes, and\ncorrespondence.\n"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives.\n","Center for Interactive Management.","George Mason University. Institute for Advanced Study in the Integrative Sciences.","John N. Warfield, 1925-2009\n","Warfield, John N."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives.\n","Center for Interactive Management.","George Mason University. Institute for Advanced Study in the Integrative Sciences."],"persname_ssim":["John N. 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Richard Smith at Lee-Jackson Birthday Dinner, Farmington Country Club, 20 January 1975.","(4) Speech delivered by Bernard P. 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